FORENSIC FINAL EXAM BRE
Classifying fires
-accidental: no deliberate act to ignite -natural: no human intervention -incendiary: deliberately ignited
5. skeletal
-all tissue has been decomposed -not much insect activity
Stimulants/Psychoactive Drugs
-amphetamine -dextroamphetamine (adderall, Vyvanse) -methamphetamine (meth, MDMA,)
Organized Serial Killers
-are usually of high intelligence and social awareness. -There will be evidence of the crime being planned, such as the killer bringing tools with them. -Very few clues will be left -The killer will not leave much evidence behind tying them to the crime
Poisons used in homicide
-arsenic -cyanide -strychnine -belladonna/atropine -ricin
1. fresh
-begins as soon as heart stops -livor, rigor, algor, mortis occur -blisters may appear on skin surface
A conscious attempt to deliberately attempt to minimize or deny symptoms of a mental disorder is known as what?
Dissimulation
Incisions
-mechanically going in and cutting - round edges, clean, can be lapped together -defensive wounds: frequently seen - flat side wound of a wound is the back of the knife -point side of a knife is the front of a knife
alcohol oxidation
elimination: urine, sweat, breath
entry v exit wounds
entry wounds typically small and round. exit wounds typically large and star like
conflicting evidence
evidence that contradicts other evidence
corroborating evidence
evidence which helps to strengthen a position (comparing to another piece of evidence)
drug chemist
examine powders, crystals, liquids, oils plant material, tablets, capsules, pipes
Triangle of fire
exothermic chain reaction -fuel + O2 + energy -> CO2 + H2O + heat -reaction in gaseous state
fire marshal
experienced firefighter, sworn peace officer, trained investigator
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone than right angle
blue star test
reacts with heme group to produce light; does not require complete darkness; used with cleaned up scenes
luminol
reacts with heme group to produce short lived light; used with cleaned up scenes
kastle meyer
reacts with iron in hemoglobin to turn a suspected visible or faint blood stain pink
mcphail's reagent
reacts with iron in hemoglobin to turn suspected visible or faint blood stain green
Which is not a common form of heat transfer?
reduction
chemical explosion
release of bond energy
what makes evidence admissiable
relevant, reliable
Investigative profiling
psychological analysis of M.O shows the offender's characteristics. (based on the fact that he has assaulted 5 blonde thin college aged women, he has an unnatural fixation on this type of person)
explosion:
rapid 360 degree release of stored energy
Which technique would be best for comparing a pigment-based ink from a valuable document?
VSC 6000
Primary high explosives
Very low initiation energy (nitroglycerin)
Primary High Explosives
Very low initiation energy: little influence to cause an explosion
What characteristic of different parts of a molecule does IR spectroscopy analyze when exposed to IR light?
Vibrations
Hydrocodone (opioid)
Vicodin, Lortab
Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME)
a charcoal strip and a vacuum are used
comminuted fracture
complete and fragments the bone
Schedule 2:
drugs with a high potential for abuse, but with a limited currently accepted medical use ex. Cocaine, meth, methadone, oxycontin, Ritalin, Adderall
Gas Chromatography
drugs, paint, ink, arson residues -any material that can be easily heated to gas form
how to identify benzo pills
drugs.com - indicate number, shape, color, to identify pill
natural fires
ignition energy: lightning -fern burn -spontaneous combustion -point of origin: outdoors, high up
hematrace test
immunoassay that reacts to proteins on the outside of the red blood cells
A detonation is initiated by a match or a flame
false
Cocaine usually appears in large quantities in urine for up to three days following use.
false
Crime scene tampering is the act of distorting the crime scene in an attempt to throw off investigators.
false
One type of loop fingerprint patterns is the "double loop"
false
Primers in ammunition and blasting caps contain low explosives.
false
Stenography is a good way to associate two different digital images with the same camera.
false
The component of Lophophora diffusa that produces hallucinogenic effects is psilocin.
false
When comparing hand writing samples a printed questioned material may be accurately compared to a cursive sample.
false
Which of the following is the type of fracture that indicates that a part has been partially cracked or damaged prior to an accident
fatigue-type fracture
infrared luminescence
features allow document examiners to reveal original information and possible forgery.
nuclear explosion
fission of atomic nuclei
combustion = burning
requires activation energy
The time at which a compound emerges from the gas chromatography or liquid chromatography column is referred to as...
retention time
Spectrophotometer
-Looks at the chemical composition and color and dye information of fibers -Measures the amount of light reflected at precise wavelengths -Moderatley selective for chemistry of pigments and binders of paints
Paul l kirk
"principle of individuality"
sanity/ compos mentis
-Mental state at the time of the offense -Soundness of mind and ability to take legal responsibility for actions
Marquis test (preliminary)
-morphine turns purple -amphetamine turns red/orange -methamphetamine turns orange
4. advanced decay
-mush flesh has been removed -dry skin beetles will feed on body
questioned document examiners
-no formal degree requirements -2 year apprenticeship -professional groups: ASQDE, NADE, ABFDE
The forensic psychologist will provide testimony and evaluations regarding civil issues such as the following:
-personal injury -child custody -employment discrimination -mental disability -product liability -malpractice -guardianship
evidence collection of fires
-photographs of scene -samples likely to contain volatiles, inert glass or metal
forensic imagining
-physical image: all binary data, including empty space. -logical: all active files, not deleted files -targeted: recovery of specific files, including deleted
Cybercrime
-refers to criminal acts where a computer or network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. -often includes offenses such as stealing bank information, creating an internet virus, even possessing child pornography.
first responder
-secure scene -ensure safety -begin information collection
chemical analysis: GCMS
-separate ignitable liquid from debris
liver mortis (20 min)
-settling blood under gravity -areas under pressure remain white
Albert S. Osborn (1858-1946)
-started as a teacher of penmanship -1910: questioned documents -encouraged courts to accept questioned document evidence -founded ASQDE -two individuals cant produce same handwriting characteristics
Entomology
-study of anthropoids, insects, spiders, mites, centi/millipedes, or any aquatic cousin - effecting human life
Lacerations
-tearing of skin -tension: skin is snagged and rips -compression laceration: skin squeezed and bursts
Scott Reagent
-testing for cocaine -Substance mixed with cobalt thiocyanate
forensic psychologist will give psychological evaluations and expert testimony regarding criminal forensic issues like the following:
-trial competency -waiving of the Miranda rights -criminal responsibility -death penalty mitigation -domestic violence -drug dependence -sexual disorders
boston marathon
-two pressure cooker bombs -black powder -blasting cap -nails and ball bearings -rc car remote
recovering deleted file
-visual info (recycle bin) -restore file info system -search for recognizable file types
injected herion
-white powder -spoon -heat source -syringe
opiate evidence
-white(ish) powders -dark clay bricks (black tar herion) -pills, patches
A psychiatrist:
-will need a medical degree with a specialization in psychiatry and be licensed to practice. -deal with diagnoses of specific defects
Death by electrocution is suspected. A sweaty John Lennon (1000 ohm resistance) was playing guitar and shorted out an amplifier running on 100 volt current. How much current was he exposed to?
.1 amps (voltage/resistance)
Forensic toxicologist
-BS in chemistry or biochemistry -analyze and identify substance within the body -knowledge of metabolism -postmortem analysis -workplace drug testing
Immunoassay
-Determines if the blood is human -Presumptive test for blood, semen, saliva, and urine
Alexandre lacassagne
-First to study bloodstain patterns -Founder of forensic science -how people died and decomposed
characteristics of serial killer
-High intelligence -Physical, emotinal, or sexual abuse as a child -Meet one or more of the Macdonald Critera: 1. A history of setting fires 2.A history of animal torture 3. Bedwetting past the age of 12
Medium velocity blood spatter
1-3mm in diameter
abrasion
1st degree: epidermis 2nd degree: epidermis and dermis 3rd degree: avulsion damage to muscle
entrance hole
20 feet firing distance
During the autopsy, recent burns which have raised blisters and damaged the upper dermis are observed. What type of burn are these?
2nd degree
Low velocity blood spatter
3mm or greater in diameter
shooting distance
6" - seared or burned wounds, powder deeply embedded 6-12" - gas fouling & powder stippling 12-36" - stippling only
gas fouling
6-12" firing distance
High velocity spatter
<1mm in diameter
mechanical mark comparison
-Impact printers often have individualizing marks -Copiers often leave "trash marks" -Fonts & styles change with machinery
ion mobility spectrometry
-Ionized molecules "drift" down a tube -Speed depends on mass, charge, and shape
SEM
-Locates particles of gunshot residue
IAFIS uses which of the following minutiae to encode and compare fingerprints?
-Location of ending ridges -Location of bifurcations
Where deleted file information might be found
-Logical Extraction: Acquires files and directories -Physical Extraction: Bit-for-bit copy of entire data
What conditions would lead to a high quality compression tool mark?
A firm object pressed into a malleable, ductile one (steel into copper)
pyrolysis
A solid, such as wood, burns only when exposed to heat hot enough to decompose it into a gaseous product, known as
Schedule V drugs
have a low potential for abuse and a current medical use. Examples of these drugs are opiate drug mixtures that have non-narcotic medicinal ingredients.
Physical extraction
Bit for bit copy of entire data
Physical Extraction
Bit-for-bit copy of entire data
A copy of the original disk with evidence should be created to avoid contaminating the original evidence. It should be copied as what:
Bitstream data copy
Biological evidence
Blood, spit, semen etc.
Van Urk
Blue/purple with LSD (not appropriate for field tests)
Which markings would we expect on a cartridge case from Fudd's firearm?
Breechface, ejector,
Contusion
Bruising, ruptures capillaries
Clinical profiling
Determines whether the offender is mentally ill
High Explosives
Detonate Large pressure wave Balance sensitivity vs. stability
Secondary Explosives
Detonate in response to shockwave Temperature/ignition stable
Electrical trauma
Electrical conduction through the body
The prime suspect has a boarding pass for a flight out Pittsburgh at 10pm (approximately 85 miles away by car). This evidence can be described as:
Exculpatory (shows suspect is not guilty)
ALI/MPC Rule
Excuses a defendant because of a mental disease or defect
A random work drug test comes up positive for opiates, but you've never used any. How should this test result be described?
False Positive
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens cause changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods. Most common hallucinogen is marijuana. Other hallucinogens are LSD and PCP.
Which person is associated with increasing the importance of considering scientific evidence in the courtroom?
Hans Gross
Disorganized serial killer
Impulsive, improvised, abundant evidence left behind
Point of origin
Low position, deep charring, V pattern up
Aaron Burr shot Alexander Hamilton from approximately 20 feet away. How should Hamilton's wound appear?
Neither powder nor stippling
What is the name for tests based on the notion that an individual's response to an ambiguous stimulus reveals aspects of his/her personality.
Projective tests
Abrasions
Removal of the skin through a friction
test to identify cocaine
Scott reagent (wipes or spray) - turns blue then pink and blue and pink
Albert S. Osborn
Teacher of penmanship, encouraged courts to accept questioned documents as evidence, founded ASQDE
Autoignition temp
Temp. at which spontaneous burning occurs
Flash point
Temp. at which vapors will burn given a spark
ELISA test (immunoassay)
Test that detects and measures antibodies in a persons blood to determine if you have antibodies related to certain infectious conditions or diseases.
Paper chemical characteristics are tested by using
Tested by GC-MS Color by spectrophotometer
What is the major active chemical in Marijuana?
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC
What is the basic hypothesis tested during the identification stage of evidence analysis?
The evidence is indistinguishable from the known
Conventional bloodstain
The faster the impact, the more energy, the more dispersive power
A second witness, Gial Ackbar, comes forward. How should he be treated?
The first responder should note Ackbar's identity, and keep him on-scene but separated.
point of impact
The focus point where two loads converge.
Most trace evidence is only associated to a crime/scene/suspect at the class level. Why?
The tools we use aren't always precise enough to match characteristics to source material.
Chromatograph for fires
Time of peak emergence (gas) or distance of travel (liquid)
Marquis Reagent
Turns purple with Heroin and Morphine, orange/brown with amphetamines
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Type of microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons.
Signature
Unique aspects of the criminal act derived from the psyche
Which approach to paint identification would be correct in this situation?
Use a colorimeter in the visible light spectrum to compare the color of the two materials
GCMS
Used by toxicologist to separate the GC, and then identify the mixture components based on how they break up in ionization. -GC does the separation -MS gives us our results
TLC
Used for the comparison of drugs, explosives, inks, and dyes
Comparison Microscope
Used to analyze side by side specimen up close
Thin Layer Chrom. (TLC)
Uses a solid stationary phase and a mobile liquid phase to separate inks or dyes. Very rapid and sensitive.
Light examination
Uses filters to look beyond human vision, can locate additions or obliteration (VSC 6000)
Which are forms of electronic surveillance:
camera and digital surveillance
Documentation Guidelines
case #, item #, description, date & time, who collected it, signed by
spiral fracture
caused by twisting a bone excessively
lacerations
caused when skin tears
Indented writing recovery
electrostatic detection apparatus
proteinase k
causes tails to fall off
paper: the foudrinier machine
cellulose fibers pressed into thin sheets -wood, linen, cotton, synthetic fibers
contact wound
charred flesh
How many insanity pleas are successful?
Less than 1%
Which tool is the first one used to begin fiber identification?
Light microscope
The number one problem with surveillance videos is usually caused by what?
Lighting
What portion of the fingerprint does fingerprint powder adhere to?
Lipids
What is the most common organization form for handling digital evidence?
Local (city or county) units
What is a good summary of Locard's Principle?
Locards principle was based on the idea that everything that comes in contact with something leaves a trace of the original source behind. For example, A person that sits on a couch and leaves fibers from their sweater on the couch then another person sits on that couch a day later and the fibers stick to that persons jeans. Those fibers were transfered because it came in contact with the couch then the new person came in contact with the couch.
How can we use the spectrophotometer to identify the chemistry of trace evidence, as opposed to the color?
Look at the pattern of peaks outside the visible light spectrum
Durham Rule
Offense is the product of a mental defect
"Good Faith" Exception :
Officer thought they had a legitimate warrant or unknowingly searching beyond boundary of warrant.
encryption
Process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access.
Which technique is a type of confirmatory analysis?
GC-MS
Secondary high explosives
Shock sensitive, temp/ignition stable (TNT)
Spectroscope
Shows ion charge/mass ratio for component ions, finds the identity of chemicals used
Abrasion
Skin is scraped off
Swipe pattern
Movement of a bloody object against a surface
urine presumptive test
als and odor
after preliminary analysis of drugs it moves to
confirmatory analysis
fentanyl (opioid)
Actiq, Duragesic, lazanda
slack space
is the empty space on the hard drive.
individual stains
swabbed then air dry
Modus operandi
"M.O", mode of operations
Point of Origin Determination
"V" Pattern Low Position Deep charring or spalling Near source of ignition energy
high explosives
- detonate - large pressure wave - balance sensitivity vs. stability
intentional machine marks
- water marks - Fax: transmitting terminal identifier - microprinting - Steganography - safety features on checks
Comparison microscope
-All microscopic evidence requiring visual comparison -Compares bullets
Disorganized Serial Killers:
-Are less well-integrated into society. -They are ruled by impulse, so their crimes tend to be unplanned. -The tools used to commit the crime will be from the crime scene. -Tends to be more evidence left at the crime scene
powder stippling
12-36" firing distance
What is actually being tested in a drug test?
-Original chemicals -Metabolites: products of biological processing -You would have the drug in your system along with its break down processes
PCR & Electrophoresis
-PCR: Technique to exponentially copy DNA fragments -Electrophoresis: uses agarose gel to sort chunks of DNA and electricity to power their movement
Handguns
-Revolvers: feed ammunitions through a revolving cylinder -Pistols: feed ammunition through a spring-loaded magazine
Long Arms
-Rifles: fire a bullet from a rifled barrel -Shotguns: fire shot or slugs from a smooth barrel
Multijurisdictional Issues when examining electronic data include
-Statutory authority for legal action -Judicial search warrants
mechanical asphyxia
-Strangulation -Hanging -Smothering
A chemical chain reaction requires which of the following conditions?
-The oxidation reaction to produce sufficient heat to maintain continued oxidation -The fuel mass to be broken into similar compounds and vaporized from the mass itself
Which statement or statements is true of carbon monoxide
-The presence of carbon monoxide also causes oxygen to more tightly bind to hemoglobin -Hemoglobin which has been exposed to carbon monoxide forms methemoglobin
Point of origin determination (fire)
-V pattern -low position -deep charring or spalling -near source of ignition energy
Chain of custody
-a written record of all people who have had possession of an item of evidence -in court intended to ensure evidence hasn't been tampered with
smoked herion (chasing the dragon)
-black tar herion, so thick that it will clog up veins so it needs to be smoked -long pipe -long strip of foil
psychoactive evidence
-blotter paper (acid tabs, covered in art) -peyote cactus buttons -dried mushrooms
3. decay
-body has greatest loss of tissue because they liquify -maggots continue to migrate body
Contusions
-bruising -ruptured capillaries and small blood vessels -fluid is released into tissue
initial assessment
-conduct walkthrough -develop plan for handling evidence -ensure you have justification to search -photograph first -mark everything that might be evidence -photograph with markers -record crime scene -crime scene sketch
post mortem drug testing challenges
-decomposition -contamination
-Spectrophotometer -% light absorbance at different wavelengths
-defines color -absorbance is a function of structure -generally nondestructive
low explosives
-deglagrate -large gas volume -function well as propellants ex. black powder, safety fuse
Opiates -depressent
-derived from the opium poppy -morphine -coedine -central nervous system depressant -used in pain control
secondary explosives
-detonate in response to shockwave -temperature/ignition stable -ex. detcord, TNT, C4, ANFO
questioned document evidence collection
-dna -fingerprints -ink and paper samples -indented writing -handwriting type -obliterations and additions
Test for identifying marijuana
-duquenois- levine reagent (turns purple when exposed to marijuana) -microscopy for cystolithic hairs
Cocaine (stimulant and anesthetic) schedule 2 drug
-extract of coco leaf -evidence: powder, crack rocks, pipes
ignition = activation energy
-flash point: vapors will burn given a spark -autoignition temperature: spontaneous burn
rigor mortis (10-12 hours)
-fusion of actin and myosin filaments -stiffening of body in particular position
2. bloat
-gases accumulate in body -pressure causes skin to rupture -marbling of skin
spiral search
-handle solo -detects entry/exit paths -dont start in center
Focal Fracture
-head trauma - rib trauma - pelvis -shoulder blades -star like
Ignition energy
-heat: friction, electrical resistance, radiation, non-combustion exothermy -spark: electric discharge
Presumptive blood test
-high sensitivity, moderate selectivity - Castle-Meyer phenolphthalein: neg=clear, pos=pink -Hemastix:yellow to dark green=positive -Luminol: glows for 20 sec -Hemascien: glows orange -Bluestar: lasts long and doesn't degrade
line search
-large areas -irregular terrain
accelerants/ignitible liquids
-liquid fuel with a low flash point -highly exothermic -often petroleum based
Liquid Chromatography
-materials that readily dissolve -proteins and metabolites, drugs
Reference and Control sample:
-materials that you know what they are. -Use with analytical test 1. verify test is working properly 2. Tell us what the results should look like.
Confirmatory blood test
-moderate sensitivity, high selectivity -Teichman and takayama
Wound Types
1. Blunt force trauma (Contusions, Abrasions, Lacerations, Fracture) 2. Penetrating trauma (Incisions, Punctures, Penetrations)
Place the following fingerprint scientists in order of publication on fingerprints:
1. Henry Faulds 2. William Hersche 3. Francis Galton 4. Sir Edward Henry
Place the assessments for insanity in the order of their introduction
1. McNaughten 2. Durham 3. American Law Institute Model Penal Code 4. Omnibus Crime Code for Insanity
The different kinds of trauma
1. Mechanical - Physical Actions (force applied to the body) 2. Thermal - Temperature Effects (hypothermia, hyperthermia, burns) 3. Electrical - Electrical Conduction through the body (fibrillation, tetany) 4. Chemical - Chemical Alteration of body processes (Damage resulting 5. Asphyxiation - Oxygen deprivation (suffocation)
motivations of serial killers
1. Visionary - killing due to mental illness 2. Psychotic Break 3. Messiah Complex - they were told by a higher power to commit the crime 4. Mission Oriented - the individual believes it is their purpose to rid the world of a certain type of individual 4. Hedonistic - the killing causes a reaction in the killer that they want to continue to feel or gives them something they want 5. Lust - the killer gets sexual pleasure of out killing 6. Thrill - the killer get excitement or joy out of killing 7. Material comfort - the killer gets material objects from the killings 8. Power seeker - the killer feels power over their victims and wants to continue to feel powerful
Drug processing in the body
1. consumption 2. absorption 3. distribution 4. oxidation/metabolism 5. elimination
evidence analysis steps
1. detection 2. preservation 3. comparison/identification 4. association 5. reconstruction
metabolism process
1. enzymes in digestive system attack materials that are swallowed 2. enzymes in the liver attack materials in the blood 3. metabolites: intermediate breakdown products
stages of decomposition
1. fresh 2. bloat 3. active decay 4. dry remains
To initiate and sustain a fire, the following are required:
1. fuel (vapor) must be present 2. oxygen must be available 3. heat be applied to initiate combustion
1. When we _______ an object, we determine enough about an object to determine what it is. 2. When we _______ an object, we determine enough to separate an object from all others.
1. identify 2. individualize
Put the following phases of fire progression in the correct order
1. incipient 2. emergent smoldering 3. free burning 4. oxygen-related smoldering
collecting cell phones
1. keep powered on 2. dont attempt to unlock (auto erase) 3. place in faraday cage (wavelengths keep it in existing condition cant communicate) 4. avoid heat, moisture, magnetic fields, static electricity)
collecting computer evidence
1. photograph screen appearance 2. photograph any attached peripherals (mouse, printer, microphone) 3. remove power supply to off or perform active acquisition (trained person only)
protecting hard drive integrity
1. remove the drive 2. write-block drive (cant change info that already exist) 3. use a hash algorithm to create signature string (takes data and produces chain of letters and numbers) 4. copy data to a test bench 5. use the same hash on the copy 6. compare hash sums
Model Penal Code of the American Law Institute must have three things
1.cognitive - knowing right from wrong 2. emotional - extreme emotional distress 3. volitional- individual knows right from wrong but cannot control their behavior
Which statement best defines chain of custody?
A chronological record of who has had control of evidence, and their actions, starting at the time of collection
What is an opiate?
A large class of drugs able to cause euphoria as well as relieve pain
If this happened in West Virginia, which statement would be true?
A pathologist with a required MD or DO would determine cause and manner of death West Virginia is medical examiner state
Tire track evidence would be more useful than a tire impression in which circumstance?
A vehicle-pedestrian collision
Professional groups for questioned documents
ASQDE, NADE, ABFDE
Logical Extraction
Acquires files and directories
Logical extraction
Acquires files and directories
Triangle of fire
Air fuels the fire and causes it to rise and spread outward
Alcohol Oxidation
Alcohol dehydrogenase changes ethanol (liver) to acetic acid through the krebs cycle (body tissue)
Profiling is good tool to use when multiple crimes have occurred.
Although crime profiling can be used on any serial offender, the most common use is to focus on the most serious crime of multiple homicides. Multiple homicides include: 1.Spree Killer: Two or more killings in two or more places with no break. 2. Mass Killer: Four or more killings in a single event. 3. Serial Killer: three or more killings with a cooling-off period between the murders, motivated by psychological gratification
Forensic Chemists
Analyze and identify substances outside the body, understand how illicit materials are made
Toxicologists
Analyze and identify substances within the body, understand the effects of substances as they are metabolized, postmortem analysis, workplace drug testing
Questioned Document
Any document whose authenticity or origin is suspect either as a whole or a part.
what is a questioned document?
Any objecf that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authencity is in doubt
Chromatography
Any of several analytical techniques for separating organic mixtures into their components by attraction to their stationary phase by a mobile phase
GCMS would not be particularly useful for detecting which poison?
Arsenic
Profiling
Assessment of characteristics of an unknown perpetrator, based on the way previous acts were committed.
Case #2: Will Turner calls 911 to report that he has just found his back door forced open, and that his fiancée, Elizabeth Swann dead, apparently strangled to death. There are large muddy footprints in the tile bathroom. There is also a possible fingerprint in a dark red substance is found on the ceramic sink. You have been sent to collect relevant evidence. Any tool marks on the door frame should be cast _________ using _______ .
At the scene, Mikrosil
Lorazepam (Benzodiazepine)
Ativan (anti anxiety)
Typological profiling
Categorizes offender based on characteristics of the MO vs. typical characteristics of other offenders
Typological (reverse investigative):
Categorizes offender based on specific characteristics of the M.O vs. 'typical' characteristics of other offenders
Paper Chemicals
Cellulose fibers, Bleaches/dyes, fillers or coatings (Use GCMS, color by spectrogram)
Disorganized Offender
Characterized by an impulsive and generally thoughtless approach to offending.
Organized Offender
Characterized by clear forethought regarding the approach to and conduct of an offense.
Manner of death
Characterizes the death (natural, accidental, suicide, homicidal)
An investigator tracking the origin of an e-mail seeks out the sender's IP address in the e-mail's header.
Chat and instant messages are typically located in a computer's random-access memory (RAM). Tracking the origin of unauthorized computer intrusions, or hacking, requires investigating a computer's log file, RAM, and network traffic.
Chemical trauma
Chemical Alteration of body processes
confirmatory test for semen
Christmas tree stain
How can we best verify that Fudd has been shooting a firearm?
Collect primer residue with sticky stubs, which would then be examined with the EDS-SEM
Scott Test
Color test for Cocaine. Adding cobalt thiocyanate turns solution blue, add hydrochloric acid and blue turns to pink, then add chloroform and it turns back to blue for positive result.
Deflagration
Combustion through subsonic heat transfer
Detonation
Combustion through supersonic pressure front
Sanity
Compos mentis, soundness of mind
Postmortem redistribution refers to...
Concentration changes that occur after death as drugs are absorbed from one bodily region into another
What, specifically, will we look at to determine the direction of force in broken glass?
Conchoidal lines
Confirmatory test
Confirms a drug or substance in court
Blunt force trauma
Contusions, abrasions, lacerations, fracture
If the computer database returned potential matching firearms, how would criminalists determine if they did indeed match the bullet from Bugs
Current best practice requires a minimum of five consecutive matching striations or two groups of three on a three dimensional object, found using the comparison microscope
Short Tandem Repeats (STR)
DNA regions with short repeated strands that contain polymerase chain reactions (PCR) which help in identification of a person.
Chemical Trauma
Damage resulting from drugs and poisons
Low Explosives
Deflagrate Large gas volume Function well as propellants Example: Black powder
Which feature would be particularly documented during the external exam phase of his autopsy?
Degree of healing of any open wounds
Incendiary fire
Deliberately ignited
Photographs of the injuries to Calrissian's face taken at the scene and presented in court would be:
Demonstrative Evidence
Depressants
Depressants are drugs that depress functions within the central nervous system. Depressants are used to calm irritability and anxiety and to induce sleep. Examples of depressants are alcohol, barbiturate, and anti-anxiety drugs (Xanax).
Pathology
Determine cause of disease or trauma based on appearance and chemistry of bodies or tissues
M'Naughten Rule:
Disease of the Mind; Understand nature of act; Knowledge of the wrongfulness
M'Naghten Rule
Disease of the mind, understand the nature of act, knowledge of the wrongfulness
Presumptive tests
Doesn't hold up in court, not 100% positive
The first thing to do at a crime scene to protect the electronic evidence is:
Don't permit anyone to touch the electronic devices
What is the chemical color test to confirm the presence of cannabinoids and THC?
Duquenois Levine test
What form of documentation absolutely must have the names of everyone authorized to be on scene?
Entry Log
What areas of a crime scene would be specifically targeted with dusting?
Entry and exit points such as doors or windows are the primary focus
Questioned document Examiner tasks
Establish forgery, Identify or eliminate handwriting or source of typewriting
Roles of a Forensic Psychologist
Evaluation of possible malingering, competency to stand trial, assessment of mental state, assessment of risk of violence, evaluation of child custody, interpretation of polygraph, specialized of forensic personality assessment
Individuality
Evidence can be distinguished
Transfer principle
Evidence is generated by objects at a crime scene
Divisible matter
Evidence shares characteristics with their source
Which statement is NOT true about crime scene sketches?
Final sketches are usually drawn at the scene.
Other personal forensic evidence collected at the crime scene would include:
Fingerprints
The concept of divisible matter is not applicable to which type of evidence, and why?
Fingerprints and impressions; we are interested in patterns rather than substances
Investigation of fires
Firefighters: determine cause and origin Police: investigate non accidental
Strangling requires close physical contact. You suspect that there might be transferred hair evidence on Swann. To recover any culprit hairs with a minimum of background noise, you should use
Forceps, tweezers
Surgeons remove 40 grains of bullet fragments from Bug's shoulder. What is our initial conclusion, given the following table of bullet mass: caliber?
Fudd's gun can be associated with the bullet at the class level
Trace evidence
Hair, fibers, fingerprints etc.
ohn Hinckley Jr. attempted to assassinate Preside Ronald Reagan.
He was found not guilty for reason of insanity in 1982 due to a test that was implemented by the Model Penal Code of the American Law Institute. The code states "a person would be found not guilty by reason of insanity if at the time of the commission of the crime the person lacked substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of the behavior or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law."
Which members of the following list are schedule I drugs?
Heroin LSD
Forensic computer Technicians
Hired for specialty forensic consulting to restore deleted data or extract info.
Pharmacokinetics is best described as
How drugs and other complex molecules move through the body
It is 10:30pm. Ginny Weasley has called 911 because she has returned from a trip to the grocery store to find that her back window broken and her laptop and jewelry stolen from her bedroom. The house is located in Morgantown, WV, and is messy and full of furntiture. You have been dispatched to the scene as the lone CSI.
I believe the best overall search strategy would be the Zone Method because it can be done alone and its good for irregular areas and her house is apparently messy with a lot of furniture
Spectrophotometry
Identifies a substance by its selective absorption to different wavelengths of light (non destructive)
Cause of death
Identifies the medical reason or injury that led to death
Serology
Identify human body fluids
Slack space
If a person deletes a file and then saved new files over it then the latter half wont be empty, it may include left over info.
In which circumstance could the Escalade's windshield be individualized as the source of the chip from the shoe?
If the chip has the same shape as a missing fragment of the windshield
Penetrating trauma
Incision, puncture, penetration
Types of memory
Internal Hard drive, external hard drive, USB, memory card, optical disks (CD)
IMEI
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity
Network/Internet Evidence
Internet cache's, tracking cookies, history, bookmarks
What does the role of contrite fallibilism play in constructing science-based explanations of criminal events?
It encourages us to be open to changing our conclusions in light of the limitation of our tools or knowledge
Blood is later found on the passenger seat of Solo's car, as shown in the image below. What's the most likely source, given what you know?
It is secondary transfer from Solo
What is the main purpose of putting each piece of evidence in its own box or bag?
It protects against contamination
Case #1: Tyrion Lannister owns a red Cadillac Escalade, which was vandalized: windshield broken, tires slashed, and "We Do Not Sow" spray-painted on the side in gold paint. He immediately suspects Theon Greyjoy as the culprit. When Theon is questioned, police notice that his hoodie has tiny droplets of gold paint, and there is a piece of glass embedded in his shoe. There is a can of spray paint in his backpack. In this scenario, how should fingerprints be collected from the outside of the vehicle?
It should be dusted and tape lifted
What approach should be used with the evidence from the sink?
It should be enhanced with Coomassie Blue or Amido Black
What useful information might this shoe impression provide?
It would associate the owner of the shoe with the crime location
Identify this fiber, based on the image shown (the upper is the width, the lower is the cross section)
It's probably natural cotton
How a gas defuses in air depends on what?
Its vapor density relative to air
Which legal case sets a precedent for the defendant to be committed to a civil hospital?
Jackson v. Indiana
How to collect a cell phone
Keep powered on, Don't attempt to unlock, place in a faraday cage, avoid heat/moisture/magnetic fields
What is not an example of a common screening technique for arson & explosive residues?
LC-MS
Psychoactives
LSD, mescaline, psilocybin -alter perception and cognition -historically used for religious purposes
The skin around Lando's head wounds have jagged, ripped edges. What kind of wounds are these?
Lacerations
If we wanted to find out if Fudd's gun had been involved in other shootings, what could we do?
Mark up the firing pin impression and breechface marks of a test fired cartridge and submit to NIBIN
Mass Spectro. (MS)
Material from the GC enters MS in a chamber where a beam of electrons collide with the molecules. MS provides the specifics that GC doesn't.
Father of Toxicology
Mathieu Orfila: -studied poisons -pathology -post mortem detection -adulteration of food and wine -became famous from LaFarge case
Not guilty by reason of insanity
May be allowed to walk free, usually put into a mental institution until no longer a danger
Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity:
Might be allowed to walk free, but usually remanded to a mental institution until no longer a danger to self or society
MEID
Mobile Equipment Identifier
Which situation would lead to the production of the most useful footwear impressions?
Month-old work boot in snow
Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, what qualifies someone to be an expert witness?
More knowledge about the subject than the trier of fact
Narcotics
Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain by depressing an action in the central nervous system. The depression action of these drugs can affect blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate. Examples are heroin, codeine, morphine, and oxycontin.
Manner of death
Natural, Accidental, Homicide, Suicide, Undetermined.
Accidental fire
No deliberate act to ignite
Natural fire
No human intervention
Insanity
Non compos mentis
NGMD (Diminished Capacity)
Not guilty of charge as brought - may be guilty of lesser charges of intent or degree.
Diminished capacity
Not guilty of charge that's brought up but may be guilty of lesser charges of intent or degree
ALI/MPC:
Offender lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law
Durham Rule
Offense is the "product" of a mental defect
Loop fingerprint
One or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. One delta.
Combustion
Organic matter + O2, activation energy required
oxycodone (opioid)
Oxycontin, Percocet, percodan
Asphyxiation
Oxygen deprivation
Given what you know, what PPE seems appropriate in this situation?
PPE gloves or ALS goggles are standard
Storage types
Paper, magnetic, optical, flash
How to collect digital evidence
Photograph screen appearance, remove power supply
The tires on the Escalade have four ribs. Another tire impression at the scene has five ribs. What is the appropriate treatment for this tire evidence in this scene context?
Photographed and cast with dental stone, it is probably the culprit's vehicle
What kind of change does a drug cause once ingested?
Physiological
Organized serial killer
Plans, rehearses, leaves very few clues
When fantasies are used to organize a collection of deviant thinking into a criminal thought, it is known as what?
Premeditation
Investigative profiling
Psychological analysis of MO shows the offenders characteristics
Puncture
Puncture wounds
Duquenosis-Levine
Purple with marijuana when chloroform is added
The print to the right is found on the outside of the Cadillac. What type is it?
Radial loop & Bifurcation
RAM
Random Access Memory; temporary memory. RAM is expandable, and resides on the motherboard. -lost once electrical power is removed
You find a spot of blood on the outside of the window sill. You deduce that the only way to find blood on the outside of the window was if the criminal cut himself breaking into Ginny's home, and left the blood on his or her way out by the same window. Which stage of evidence analysis is this?
Reconstruction
A stimulant has all the following characteristics except...
Reduced respiration
Whorl fingerprints
Ridge patterns that are circular, plain whorl, central pocket loop, double loop, accidental
Arches
Ridge patterns that enter form one side and exit the other, plain arches, tented arches
Loop fingerprints
Ridge patterns that enter from one side and curve to end in the other side, ulnar loop (opens towards little pinky) radial loop (opens towards thumb) *most common*
Arch fingerprint
Ridges on one side of the print and exit on the other. No deltas.
STR/YSTR/mtDNA
STR: highly variable number of repeats in a population YSTR: nucleus, 11-17 locie w/STRs, passed father to son mtDNA: inherited from mom, shows family relationship, 1-1000/ cell, circular DNA
When collecting charred samples from the point of origin to help determine which type of accelerant used, what is also important to collect?
Samples from unburnt areas
Guilty but insane
Sent to mental institution and then prison if cured
Gas Chrom. (GC)
Separates mixtures based on their distribution between a stationary liquid phase and a moving gas phase. As the gas flows through the columns it carries the components of the mixture. (Cannot produce specific identification)
Tensile force
Skin stretched and will break
Satellite blood spatter
Small droplets of blood broken from main drop
Crime Scene sketches are better than photos at showing what?
Spatial relationships
Rotational fracture
Spiral break, rotate, pull, people who are grabbed, bound, common in arm bones
Guilty but Insane:
State of mind considered in sentencing. Sent to a mental institution, and if "cured", sent to prison to serve sentence.
Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs take to increase an individual's alertness or activity level and can lead to decrease in fatigue and loss of appetite. Examples of stimulants are amphetamines and cocaine.
buprenorphine (opioid)
Suboxone
SIM
Subscriber Information Module
Components of a questioned document
Substrate, messaging compound, marking mechanism (pen, pencil)
Leia Organa calls to report that Han Solo and Lando Calrissian are fighting in the parking lot. When officers arrive, Calrissian is unconscious and bleeding profusely from injuries on his face. Solo has driven off. You are dispatched to collect evidence at the scene. Which task should have been completed first by the first responder?
Summoning medical help for Lando -One of the primary tasks of a first responder is to assist the living.
Which of the following tools/techniques could not be used to determine the refractive index of the glass?
Suspension in liquid like bromoflurane or sodium polytungsten
The pathologist believes that Johnson may have consumed alcohol along with the oxycodone, but cannot be certain because the decomposed tissue samples give poor analysis results. What quality or qualities of evidence are hampering the pathologist's efforts? (no more than one sentence, please)
The maggots feeding on the tissue and lack of tissue due to decomposition is hampering the pathologists efforts because they aren't able to get blood samples to see if ethanol was a factor. It also wasn't mentioned if there was evidence of alcohol bottles or cans around the scene. Also, Because of the low persistence of the alcohol evidence, it has been lost.
Modus Operandi
The method by which an act is committed.
IP address
The numeric address assigned to a client computer by the internet service provider
Modus Operandi (MO):
The particular method by which a crime is committed: -Time & Location -Means of Entry -Tools Used -Objects stolen -assault committed -Use of confederates -Transportation -Trademark/Signature
Holistic bloodstain
The same weapon can produce fast and slow spatter
The firearms examiner notice that Fudd has illegally attempted to remove his gun's serial number. Describe the recovery process, and identify at least one circumstance where recovery would never be successful.
The serial number area should be polished smooth, then acid applied, and wait until the serial number becomes visible. While not required for full credit, this approach will only work on stamped serial number with a zone of strain.
How should wet blood evidence in the previous question be packaged?
The stain should be swabbed, and the swab placed in a swab box or swab capsule
In a hit and run, a black Chevy Colorado is struck by a red pickup. A suspect vehicle has been identified, and a sample collected. Below are spectrometer spectra from the victim (top), the transferred paint (middle), and suspect car. What is your conclusion?
The suspect car can be excluded as the source of the transferred paint
flash point
The temperature at which a liquid forms an ignitable mixture
Blue cotton fibers are collected via tape lift from the shirt of the suspect in a sexual assault. What is the main challenge to making these fibers informative?
There is a huge amount of background noise of these fibers due to the widespread popularity of blue denim for clothing, fiber is also rare
You recover hairs with a small, nearly circular cross section. They have a spinuous cuticle and a broad, lattice-shaped cuticle, with dark pigment deposition. What does this tell us about the person they came from?
These hairs are from a non-human.
Roots are visible on a few of the hairs. Which statement about this hair is false?
They are in the telogen phase of growth
A unique risk to the preservation and storage of digital evidence is
They are susceptible to strong magnetic fields.
Which statement about friction ridges is true?
They can be altered by damaging to the dermis
According to "Post Mortem", which is a significant problem with electing a coroner?
They can be under political pressure to support police officers
What is a FALSE statement about fuels?
They can only be volatilized and consumed in the liquid state
Low explosives
They deflagrate, have a large gas volume. (ex. black powder)
High explosives
They detonate, have a large pressure wave
Psychologists does:
They explore: -Motivations -Cognition -Effects of legal practices on witnesses & suspects
MO includes
Time/Location, means of entry, tools used, objects stolen/assault committed, transportation, trademark/signature
Geographical profiling
Timing and location of the crime scene show where the offender lives and works. [easiest]
Geographical profiling
Timing and location of the crime scene show where the offender lives/works
What is the main purpose of professional journals such as Forensic Science International?
To inform readers about the latest scientific advances in forensic science
What is the primary function of the formal walkthrough at a crime scene?
To organize and plan the collection of evidence given the available context of the crime
Which of the following is the primary function of a crime lab?
To preserve, identify, and/or associate evidence from criminal activity
You would collect samples of Ginny's fingerprints to serve which purpose during analysis? (Ginny is the victim, we are expecting her fingerprints at the crime scene)
To serve as elimination samples
Indicate the cylinder on this image.
Top Left Coordinates(219, 36)Bottom Right Coordinates(309, 114)
How does a cell phone determine location?
Triangulation between 3 cell towers
Dillie-Koppanyi
Violet blue with Barbiturates
Which of the following is a new type of autopsy that could replace the need for extensive dissection?
Virtopsy
Serial killer motivations
Visionary (psychotic break), mission oriented, hedonistic (lust, thrill), power seeker
Paper physical characteristics
Watermarks, Inclusions, Color, Size (Use ALS or Spectrophotometer)
Intentional Machine Marks
Watermarks, TTI, Microprinting, safety features
Transfer pattern
When a surface with wet blood on it transfers to another surface
Void pattern
When an object blocks some blood spray
Incision
When skin is cut
Laceration
When skin tears
Describe the process by which tool impressions cast at the crime scene are "matched"/ positively identified as coming from a particular suspect tooll.
With a suspect tool, perform an initial visual analysis for class level characteristics such as size and shape. Use the suspect tool to make a test mark in an appropriate material, then cast it with mikrosil. Place both casts on a comparison microscope and look for consecutive matching striations on both.
You find a single shoeprint in soil under the window. How should it be documented to show maximum detail?
With close-up photography
Digital Storage
Word Document? 8000-100000 bytes Photos? 100000-800000 bytes Music? 100000 bytes/min Video?2700000 bytes/min
Sectors
are the smallest size allocated for an individual file.
Internet Protocol (IP) Address
a digital address assigned to a user by their internet service provider
Which of the following could not become a questioned document?
a postcard
persistance
ability of transferred material to stay in contact with recipient
Alcohol metabolism (ethanol)
absorbed in blood -stomach -small intestine -blood -circulation: -interferes with NMDA receptor operation -impairs osmotic pressure signals
Recovering resides (explosions, fire)
acetone rinse
What stage of decomposition does covered in maggots sound like?
active decay
Which type of fingerprinting powders cannot be used for latent prints on computers?
aluminum
known products of decomposition:
ammonia, formaldehyde, ethanol, GHB, hydrogen sulfide
Breath Testing for Alcohol
amount in breath is proportional to alcohol in blood -infrared light absorption -fuel cell voltage strength
What is the most common container used to collect fire debris evidence?
an unlined paint can
During which stage do fingerprint examiners decide if fingerprints are high enough quality to process:
analysis
Clusters are groups of sectors
and their size is defined by the operating system, usually 2, 4, 6, or 8 sectors
transfer evidence
any evidential substance or particle that is exchanged between an assailant and the victim or the scene of the crime
Cylinders
are groups of tracks that reside directly above and below each other.
accident avoidance strategy
assumption that certain parties to an accident operated their vehicle competently and legally
handwriting analysis
assumption: people write consistently -basic letter forms, size, slope, spacing and margins, connections between letters -compare known to exemplar
grid search
basically a double-line search; effective, but time-consuming, multiple people
long pass barrier filters
block the excitation wavelength of the energy source being reflected from the sample that the document examiner is attempting to examine
Expirated pattern
blood expelled from mouth or nose
Toxicological evidence
blood, urine, hair, saliva, breath, gastric contents, vitreous humor, bile and liver
Cast off pattern
bloodstain tail points to the direction the object is moving
fracture
bone or teeth are broken. crush fractures/hands or feet
Cause of death
bullet wound, head wound, strangulation, etc.
Mass Spectroscopy
chemicals can be identified by how they break up during ionization - when peaks are too close use this
Deflagration
combustion through subsonic heat transfer
deflagration:
combustion through subsonic heat transfer
Detonation
combustion through supersonic pressure front
detonation:
combustion through supersonic pressure front
Benzodiazepines evidence
comes in pill form from legit pharmaceutical companies. there are generic forms of pills so they may look different
transverse fracture
complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone
How files are stored on a hard drive
computer looks for a group of clusters that accommodates the amount of space you need, sector by sector, cluster by cluster, Anything left = slack space
Takayama Test
confirmatory test which produces hemo crystals
Warrant exceptions
consent, exigent circumstances, plain view, stop and frisk, incident to arrest, open fields, abandoned property, vehicle, custodial, border, administrative, probation search, protective sweep
circumstantial evidence
could have arisen for non-criminal reasons
What type of forensic specialist would analyze any glass evidence collected from the crime scene or from a suspect?
criminalist
dry stain on fabric
cut stain out, packaged in paper
watermarks
dandy roll pressed into pulp
metadata
data that describes other data; creation of file or modification
Benzodiazepines
depressants: anti anxiety, anti convulsive, muscle relaxants
firefighters
determine cause and origin of fire
Clinical:
determines whether the offender is suffering from mental illness
forensic imagining
digital data is exempt from principal of uniqueness. it is not unique because digital data can be copied exactly. (so easy to pirate things, screenshots of messages, etc.)
methadone (opioid)
dolophine
Low velocity blood pattern
drops with diameter 4 mm or more, typically produced by gravity alone or dripping off a weapon
Medium velocity pattern
drops with diameter of 1 to 4 mm, typically with blunt force trauma
zone search
easier to handle a scene solo, works well in small or irregular areas
physical explosion
gas pressure rupture
common accelerants
gasoline, fuel, alcohol, rubbing alcohol, isopropyl, acetone, nail polish remover
Which would be the best way to collect the visible footwear impressions in the bathroom?
gel lift
Low explosives __________ , whereas high explosives ________.
generate pushing power; generate shattering power
Which feature is indicated in the image of the tire tread?
groove
actus rea
guilty act
mens rea
guilty intent
How can contamination at a crime scene be prevented?
hazmat suit, tyvek coveralls, goggles, mask ,gloves, shoe covers
cranial hematomas
head trauma & stroke -epidural, subdural, subarachnoid -cerebral, subarachnoid
Diacetylmorphine (opioid)
herion
What determines how much residue of an accelerant will be left and for how long?
how volatile the accelerant is
A fire that is purposefully ignited by a human would be classified as _________?
incendiary fire
fissured fracture
incomplete longitudinal break
greenstick fracture
incomplete, break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone
thin layer chromatography
ink, drugs
How should exemplars of Will and Elizabeth's footwear be prepared to eliminate them?
inked and pressed onto white paper or clear acrylic sheets
purge-and-trap
inlet and outlet holes are put into the can
The McNaughten Rule is one way to determine what for a defendant?
insanity
The McNaughten rule
is a cognitive test that is used to determine if an individual is legally insane. Under the McNaughten rule if a person has a mental disease or infirmity that at the time of crime cause them to not understand their actions then they can be ruled not guilty by reason of insanity.
Anti-Stokes ink
is a security feature found on currency, ID cards, passports, and checks
Unallocated Space
is the space not technically used on a hard drive.
Forensic Engineering
is the study of structures and processes that fail, either due to human error, mechanical failure, or structural failure.
confirmatory analysis (for drugs)
is typically done with infrared spectrophotometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
The Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
is typically the primary location of data storage within the computer.
warrant
issued by magistrate, directed to peace officer, identifies property or person to be search, identifies property or person to be seized, designate the magistrate judge to whom it must be returned
if evidence is not maintained
it becomes inadmissible, crime lab can be sanctioned, party responsible may be fired
Synthetic compounds of cannabis
k2, spice, spray potpourri or incense on plants
In searching the crime scene, you find the objects pictured. How should you package them?
knife and glass - rigid container (cardboard, hard plastic) individually package -swab blood and air dry
hemorrhage
large ruptured blood vessels (might not show in dark tone skin)
Bromazepam (benzodiazepine)
lexotan
Where are drugs primarily metabolized?
liver
dynamic loads
loads on a building that change during a relatively short period of time
dead loads
loads that never seem to change in a building
3 test to identify opiate
marquis, mecke, mandelin
confirmatory test for toxicology
mass spectrometry coupled with gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC).
mass spectrometer
mass/charge ratio is a function of chemical structure
Schedule 3:
moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence ex. Vicodin, ketamine, anabolic steroids, Tylenol 3, & testosterone
nitrazepam (benzodiazepine)
mogadon, alodorm
Schedule 1:
no currently accepted medical use and high potential for abuse ex. herion, lsd, marijuana, MDMA, peyote, quaaludes
memory cards
no information
"Free base" and "crack" cocaine differ in what manner?
none of the above "Freebase" and "crack" cocaine are generally identical. Free base refers to the fact that the amine group within the cocaine has lost a hydrogen atom; crack cocaine refers to the crackling sound made when the material is heated to the volatilization point.
What type of forgery is where an individual does not attempt to copy the victim's signature or writing?
normal hand forgeries
Temazepam (Benzodiazepine)
normison, female, temtabs - insomnia
individuality evidence
objects can be distinguished
divisible matter
objects share characters with their source
Derived opioids
products of lab chemistry, may start with natural
What is Cave's apparent manner of death?
overdose/suicide (chemical trauma because of pills)
Combustion
oxidation producing gas, heat, and/or light
combustion:
oxidation producing gas, heat, and/or light
bleach
oxidizes heme reactive blood test, causing a false positive
The determination of paper thickness generally requires the use of which tool?
paper micrometer
slack space
parts of sectors and clusters not containing data used in an active file
Which form of evidence struggles the most with issues of fundamental science?
pattern evidence
Picking a victim based on his/her characteristics is known as what?
profiling
Which of the following were legal cases that changed the precedent for psychologists to testify in legal court?
people v. Hawthorne, Jenkins v. United States
The debris method involves searching the scene for all of the following except:
personal belongings
Mechanical trauma
physical actions
3 types of evidence
physical, eyewitness testimony, expert opinion
Puncture wound
piercing item at least 2x deeper than wide
Amphetamine evidence
pills, MDMA cool design pills, crystals, pipes, needles
forensic=forum:
place of debate (court of law)
all fires have:
point of origin, means of ignition
incendiary fires (on purpose)
point of origin: accessible, assembled combustibles -use of accelerants or lit flame
evidence collection goal
preserve intact without contamination
explosives train
primary explosive (blasting cap), secondary explosive (booster), tertiary explosive (C4)
Case #3: Bugs Bunny comes into the emergency room with a gunshot wound. He claims that Elmer Fudd shot him at close range. Fudd states that he was duck hunting, not rabbit hunting. He allows police to examine his firearm, which has a grooved barrel, a two part grip, and a semi-automatic action. ".22 LR" is stamped on the barrel.
rifle
Cave Johnson's body is found sitting in his armchair. On a table nearby are empty bottles of oxycodone and a goodbye letter is found in his hand. The body is starting to blacken, has a foul smell, and is covered in maggots. Death investigators have a hard time recovering the note because Cave's fingers are completely stiff. What do we call this phenomenon?
rigor mortis - stiff body
Clonazepam (benzodiazepine)
rivotril, pajama (Klonopin) - anti anxiety
Flunitrazepam (Benzodiazepine)
rohypnol, hypnodorm, (roofies)
contusions
ruptured capillaries and small blood vessels patterns may be left
biological evidence
salvia, semen, blood, urine, feces, vomit
Elimination sample:
sample collected at crime scene that you're expecting is not associated with your culprit. (exp: residents prints at the resident's prints)
challenges to QDE analysis
samples or exemplars are often small -handwriting is variable to age, illness, intoxication
ignitable liquid detection
scent detection: humans, dogs, pocket rats
p30 test
secreted by prostate, must be coupled w positive ap test
Acid Phosphatase (ACP)
secreted in large quantities by prostate beginning at puberty -detected by brentamine fast blue b test -reacts within 120 seconds -effective on men with low or no sperm count
A hard drive can only operate using
sectors
hemastix
self contained test pad on plastic strip used with visible stains
Chromatograph - time of peak emergence (gas) - distance of travel (liquid)
separates a mixture of chemicals into component parts - use for drugs that are already in a mixture - things travel at different rates
Oxazepam (Benzodiazepine)
serepax, murelax, alepam
Descriptors often used to identify suspects include which of the following:
sex, race, Residency in relation to the crime scene
One method of reconstructing a digital image in 3D is ________________, relying on many measurements of known objects in the scent to be accurate.
shape from shading
You observe this object at a crime scene. What is your analysis?
shotgun casing
prima facie
shows a fact to be true unless disproven
incriminating evidence
shows guilt of a suspect
exculpatory evidence
shows innocence of a suspect
static loads
the basic weight of the building itself and its contents
Which of the following is an example of irreversible work during an automobile accident?
skidding
tension laceration
skin is caught and rips
compression laceration
skin is squeezed between bone and burst (usually caused by blunt force)
help recover data
slack space, how data is organized
Mobile phase
solvent used to separate the mixture
In the context of a crime and investigation, forensic psychologists/psychiatrists often evaluate someone's competency to do what?
stand trial
_________ and __________ are becoming more important and common inForensic analysis.
statistics and probability
spectrometer - ion charge/mass ratio for component ions
structure of unknown chemical = identity of unknown chemical
Stationary phase
substance that stays fixed
what is toxicology?
the study and identification of exogenous substances found in the body
The most common primary cause for vehicular accidents in 2009 was?
tailgating drivers
Ehrlich's test (preliminary)
test for LSD turns purple
Cobalt Thiocyanate Test (preliminary)
test for cocaine turns blue in pink solution
Duquenois-Levine Test (preliminary)
test for marijuana turns purple
simon test (preliminary)
test for methamphetamine turns blue
Paper Chemical Characteristics
test: color by spectrophotometer, IR spec, Raman spec, GCMS, LCMS
extraction
the accelerant is extracted from the sample suing a solvent or stream
margin of safety
the compensation for wear, design flaw, or ordinary abuse & neglect that can be reasonably anticipated when construction is taking place.
Headspace
the sample is punctured and a syringe is used to withdraw an air sample
What distinguishes an explosion from combustion?
the speed at which the reaction occurs
What is the analysis technique used for inks in which a solvent separates the ink components as they they migrate up a plate?
thin layer chromatography
Key elements to observe and document for a vehicular accident include all but ?
time of day
What is the name for marks left on photocopies caused from foreign material on or inside the operating parts of a copy machine?
trash marks
An elastic collision obeys Hooke's Law when deformation of each body occurs.
true
Data storage within a device is highly dependent on its operating system.
true
Investigation of identity theft is a major area of work for digital forensics.
true
Personality inventories are the most well-supported psychological tests for establishing a personality profile.
true
Radial cracks form before concentric cracks?
true
Some forms of computer communications can completely bypass storing information on the hard drive.
true
True identity can be hidden in the forging of criminal acts/endeavors
true
Dille-Koppanyi Test (preliminary)
turns barbiturates purple
Zwikker test (preliminary)
turns barbiturates purple
Zimmerman test (preliminary)
turns benzos (Xanax, advian,) red-purple or pink
modified cobalt thiocyanate test (preliminary)
turns ketamine light purple
Duquenois-Levine Test
turns purple in the presence of weed
accidental fires
typically no accelerants, mechanical fires, negligence, electrical resistance, friction
Physical damage (documents) - can be detected with transmitted light
typically occurs when an individual attempts to remove information from a document by either using a scalpel or an eraser to obliterate information.
microcrystalline tests (preliminary)
used to identify specific drug substances by studying the size and shape of the crystals that form when drugs are mixed with specific reagents.
Controlled Substances Act
used to prevent and control drug abuse. The law established five schedules that are used to classify controlled dangerous substance based on the following criteria: -Potential for abuse -Potential for physical and psychological dependence -Medical value
Internet Cache
used to store portions of web-pages on the hard drive to make revisiting them quicker, more effective, and to conserve bandwidth. Email files may be located here as well
Flash/Jump/USB drive:
uses floating-gate transistor (stores w/out electricity + reads & writes with electricity); limited read/writes; no moving parts
light examination of handwriting
uv light - near IR
Diazepam (Benzodiazepine)
valium, ducene, antenex, valpam
High velocity pattern
very fine droplets of less than 1 mm, typically gunshots
Gunshot pattern
very fine sprays of blood
Primary high explosives
very low imitation energy ex. blasting caps, lead azide, mercury fulminate, lead styphnate, nitroglycerin
What is the process of using infrared and ultraviolet light to analyze inks for consistency or changes in response to light exposure, particularly on commonly forged documents such as passports?
video spectral comparison
karl landsteiner
wanted to figure out why some blood transfusions didnt work -developed techniques for stain identification and analysis
A ____________ is a design pressed into paper pulp during the manufacturing process that leave behind a semi-translucent area.
watermarking
cookies
website information, placed on the hard drive to track information about a user's activity, specific to a website
Toxicologists
work with drugs or poisons after ingestion
wet stain on fabric
wrapped in paper, packaged in paper, air dry
Alprazolam (Benzodiazepine)
xanax - anti anxiety