FORENSIC FINAL EXAM BRE

Classifying fires

-accidental: no deliberate act to ignite -natural: no human intervention -incendiary: deliberately ignited

5. skeletal

-all tissue has been decomposed -not much insect activity

Stimulants/Psychoactive Drugs

-amphetamine -dextroamphetamine (adderall, Vyvanse) -methamphetamine (meth, MDMA,)

Organized Serial Killers

-are usually of high intelligence and social awareness. -There will be evidence of the crime being planned, such as the killer bringing tools with them. -Very few clues will be left -The killer will not leave much evidence behind tying them to the crime

Poisons used in homicide

-arsenic -cyanide -strychnine -belladonna/atropine -ricin

1. fresh

-begins as soon as heart stops -livor, rigor, algor, mortis occur -blisters may appear on skin surface

A conscious attempt to deliberately attempt to minimize or deny symptoms of a mental disorder is known as what?

Dissimulation

Incisions

-mechanically going in and cutting - round edges, clean, can be lapped together -defensive wounds: frequently seen - flat side wound of a wound is the back of the knife -point side of a knife is the front of a knife

alcohol oxidation

elimination: urine, sweat, breath

entry v exit wounds

entry wounds typically small and round. exit wounds typically large and star like

conflicting evidence

evidence that contradicts other evidence

corroborating evidence

evidence which helps to strengthen a position (comparing to another piece of evidence)

drug chemist

examine powders, crystals, liquids, oils plant material, tablets, capsules, pipes

Triangle of fire

exothermic chain reaction -fuel + O2 + energy -> CO2 + H2O + heat -reaction in gaseous state

fire marshal

experienced firefighter, sworn peace officer, trained investigator

oblique fracture

occurs at an angle across the bone than right angle

blue star test

reacts with heme group to produce light; does not require complete darkness; used with cleaned up scenes

luminol

reacts with heme group to produce short lived light; used with cleaned up scenes

kastle meyer

reacts with iron in hemoglobin to turn a suspected visible or faint blood stain pink

mcphail's reagent

reacts with iron in hemoglobin to turn suspected visible or faint blood stain green

Which is not a common form of heat transfer?

reduction

chemical explosion

release of bond energy

what makes evidence admissiable

relevant, reliable

Investigative profiling

psychological analysis of M.O shows the offender's characteristics. (based on the fact that he has assaulted 5 blonde thin college aged women, he has an unnatural fixation on this type of person)

explosion:

rapid 360 degree release of stored energy

Which technique would be best for comparing a pigment-based ink from a valuable document?

VSC 6000

Primary high explosives

Very low initiation energy (nitroglycerin)

Primary High Explosives

Very low initiation energy: little influence to cause an explosion

What characteristic of different parts of a molecule does IR spectroscopy analyze when exposed to IR light?

Vibrations

Hydrocodone (opioid)

Vicodin, Lortab

Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME)

a charcoal strip and a vacuum are used

comminuted fracture

complete and fragments the bone

Schedule 2:

drugs with a high potential for abuse, but with a limited currently accepted medical use ex. Cocaine, meth, methadone, oxycontin, Ritalin, Adderall

Gas Chromatography

drugs, paint, ink, arson residues -any material that can be easily heated to gas form

how to identify benzo pills

drugs.com - indicate number, shape, color, to identify pill

natural fires

ignition energy: lightning -fern burn -spontaneous combustion -point of origin: outdoors, high up

hematrace test

immunoassay that reacts to proteins on the outside of the red blood cells

A detonation is initiated by a match or a flame

false

Cocaine usually appears in large quantities in urine for up to three days following use.

false

Crime scene tampering is the act of distorting the crime scene in an attempt to throw off investigators.

false

One type of loop fingerprint patterns is the "double loop"

false

Primers in ammunition and blasting caps contain low explosives.

false

Stenography is a good way to associate two different digital images with the same camera.

false

The component of Lophophora diffusa that produces hallucinogenic effects is psilocin.

false

When comparing hand writing samples a printed questioned material may be accurately compared to a cursive sample.

false

Which of the following is the type of fracture that indicates that a part has been partially cracked or damaged prior to an accident

fatigue-type fracture

infrared luminescence

features allow document examiners to reveal original information and possible forgery.

nuclear explosion

fission of atomic nuclei

combustion = burning

requires activation energy

The time at which a compound emerges from the gas chromatography or liquid chromatography column is referred to as...

retention time

Spectrophotometer

-Looks at the chemical composition and color and dye information of fibers -Measures the amount of light reflected at precise wavelengths -Moderatley selective for chemistry of pigments and binders of paints

Paul l kirk

"principle of individuality"

sanity/ compos mentis

-Mental state at the time of the offense -Soundness of mind and ability to take legal responsibility for actions

Marquis test (preliminary)

-morphine turns purple -amphetamine turns red/orange -methamphetamine turns orange

4. advanced decay

-mush flesh has been removed -dry skin beetles will feed on body

questioned document examiners

-no formal degree requirements -2 year apprenticeship -professional groups: ASQDE, NADE, ABFDE

The forensic psychologist will provide testimony and evaluations regarding civil issues such as the following:

-personal injury -child custody -employment discrimination -mental disability -product liability -malpractice -guardianship

evidence collection of fires

-photographs of scene -samples likely to contain volatiles, inert glass or metal

forensic imagining

-physical image: all binary data, including empty space. -logical: all active files, not deleted files -targeted: recovery of specific files, including deleted

Cybercrime

-refers to criminal acts where a computer or network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. -often includes offenses such as stealing bank information, creating an internet virus, even possessing child pornography.

first responder

-secure scene -ensure safety -begin information collection

chemical analysis: GCMS

-separate ignitable liquid from debris

liver mortis (20 min)

-settling blood under gravity -areas under pressure remain white

Albert S. Osborn (1858-1946)

-started as a teacher of penmanship -1910: questioned documents -encouraged courts to accept questioned document evidence -founded ASQDE -two individuals cant produce same handwriting characteristics

Entomology

-study of anthropoids, insects, spiders, mites, centi/millipedes, or any aquatic cousin - effecting human life

Lacerations

-tearing of skin -tension: skin is snagged and rips -compression laceration: skin squeezed and bursts

Scott Reagent

-testing for cocaine -Substance mixed with cobalt thiocyanate

forensic psychologist will give psychological evaluations and expert testimony regarding criminal forensic issues like the following:

-trial competency -waiving of the Miranda rights -criminal responsibility -death penalty mitigation -domestic violence -drug dependence -sexual disorders

boston marathon

-two pressure cooker bombs -black powder -blasting cap -nails and ball bearings -rc car remote

recovering deleted file

-visual info (recycle bin) -restore file info system -search for recognizable file types

injected herion

-white powder -spoon -heat source -syringe

opiate evidence

-white(ish) powders -dark clay bricks (black tar herion) -pills, patches

A psychiatrist:

-will need a medical degree with a specialization in psychiatry and be licensed to practice. -deal with diagnoses of specific defects

Death by electrocution is suspected. A sweaty John Lennon (1000 ohm resistance) was playing guitar and shorted out an amplifier running on 100 volt current. How much current was he exposed to?

.1 amps (voltage/resistance)

Forensic toxicologist

-BS in chemistry or biochemistry -analyze and identify substance within the body -knowledge of metabolism -postmortem analysis -workplace drug testing

Immunoassay

-Determines if the blood is human -Presumptive test for blood, semen, saliva, and urine

Alexandre lacassagne

-First to study bloodstain patterns -Founder of forensic science -how people died and decomposed

characteristics of serial killer

-High intelligence -Physical, emotinal, or sexual abuse as a child -Meet one or more of the Macdonald Critera: 1. A history of setting fires 2.A history of animal torture 3. Bedwetting past the age of 12

Medium velocity blood spatter

1-3mm in diameter

abrasion

1st degree: epidermis 2nd degree: epidermis and dermis 3rd degree: avulsion damage to muscle

entrance hole

20 feet firing distance

During the autopsy, recent burns which have raised blisters and damaged the upper dermis are observed. What type of burn are these?

2nd degree

Low velocity blood spatter

3mm or greater in diameter

shooting distance

6" - seared or burned wounds, powder deeply embedded 6-12" - gas fouling & powder stippling 12-36" - stippling only

gas fouling

6-12" firing distance

High velocity spatter

<1mm in diameter

mechanical mark comparison

-Impact printers often have individualizing marks -Copiers often leave "trash marks" -Fonts & styles change with machinery

ion mobility spectrometry

-Ionized molecules "drift" down a tube -Speed depends on mass, charge, and shape

SEM

-Locates particles of gunshot residue

IAFIS uses which of the following minutiae to encode and compare fingerprints?

-Location of ending ridges -Location of bifurcations

Where deleted file information might be found

-Logical Extraction: Acquires files and directories -Physical Extraction: Bit-for-bit copy of entire data

What conditions would lead to a high quality compression tool mark?

A firm object pressed into a malleable, ductile one (steel into copper)

pyrolysis

A solid, such as wood, burns only when exposed to heat hot enough to decompose it into a gaseous product, known as

Schedule V drugs

have a low potential for abuse and a current medical use. Examples of these drugs are opiate drug mixtures that have non-narcotic medicinal ingredients.

Physical extraction

Bit for bit copy of entire data

Physical Extraction

Bit-for-bit copy of entire data

A copy of the original disk with evidence should be created to avoid contaminating the original evidence. It should be copied as what:

Bitstream data copy

Biological evidence

Blood, spit, semen etc.

Van Urk

Blue/purple with LSD (not appropriate for field tests)

Which markings would we expect on a cartridge case from Fudd's firearm?

Breechface, ejector,

Contusion

Bruising, ruptures capillaries

Clinical profiling

Determines whether the offender is mentally ill

High Explosives

Detonate Large pressure wave Balance sensitivity vs. stability

Secondary Explosives

Detonate in response to shockwave Temperature/ignition stable

Electrical trauma

Electrical conduction through the body

The prime suspect has a boarding pass for a flight out Pittsburgh at 10pm (approximately 85 miles away by car). This evidence can be described as:

Exculpatory (shows suspect is not guilty)

ALI/MPC Rule

Excuses a defendant because of a mental disease or defect

A random work drug test comes up positive for opiates, but you've never used any. How should this test result be described?

False Positive

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens cause changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods. Most common hallucinogen is marijuana. Other hallucinogens are LSD and PCP.

Which person is associated with increasing the importance of considering scientific evidence in the courtroom?

Hans Gross

Disorganized serial killer

Impulsive, improvised, abundant evidence left behind

Point of origin

Low position, deep charring, V pattern up

Aaron Burr shot Alexander Hamilton from approximately 20 feet away. How should Hamilton's wound appear?

Neither powder nor stippling

What is the name for tests based on the notion that an individual's response to an ambiguous stimulus reveals aspects of his/her personality.

Projective tests

Abrasions

Removal of the skin through a friction

test to identify cocaine

Scott reagent (wipes or spray) - turns blue then pink and blue and pink

Albert S. Osborn

Teacher of penmanship, encouraged courts to accept questioned documents as evidence, founded ASQDE

Autoignition temp

Temp. at which spontaneous burning occurs

Flash point

Temp. at which vapors will burn given a spark

ELISA test (immunoassay)

Test that detects and measures antibodies in a persons blood to determine if you have antibodies related to certain infectious conditions or diseases.

Paper chemical characteristics are tested by using

Tested by GC-MS Color by spectrophotometer

What is the major active chemical in Marijuana?

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC

What is the basic hypothesis tested during the identification stage of evidence analysis?

The evidence is indistinguishable from the known

Conventional bloodstain

The faster the impact, the more energy, the more dispersive power

A second witness, Gial Ackbar, comes forward. How should he be treated?

The first responder should note Ackbar's identity, and keep him on-scene but separated.

point of impact

The focus point where two loads converge.

Most trace evidence is only associated to a crime/scene/suspect at the class level. Why?

The tools we use aren't always precise enough to match characteristics to source material.

Chromatograph for fires

Time of peak emergence (gas) or distance of travel (liquid)

Marquis Reagent

Turns purple with Heroin and Morphine, orange/brown with amphetamines

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Type of microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons.

Signature

Unique aspects of the criminal act derived from the psyche

Which approach to paint identification would be correct in this situation?

Use a colorimeter in the visible light spectrum to compare the color of the two materials

GCMS

Used by toxicologist to separate the GC, and then identify the mixture components based on how they break up in ionization. -GC does the separation -MS gives us our results

TLC

Used for the comparison of drugs, explosives, inks, and dyes

Comparison Microscope

Used to analyze side by side specimen up close

Thin Layer Chrom. (TLC)

Uses a solid stationary phase and a mobile liquid phase to separate inks or dyes. Very rapid and sensitive.

Light examination

Uses filters to look beyond human vision, can locate additions or obliteration (VSC 6000)

Which are forms of electronic surveillance:

camera and digital surveillance

Documentation Guidelines

case #, item #, description, date & time, who collected it, signed by

spiral fracture

caused by twisting a bone excessively

lacerations

caused when skin tears

Indented writing recovery

electrostatic detection apparatus

proteinase k

causes tails to fall off

paper: the foudrinier machine

cellulose fibers pressed into thin sheets -wood, linen, cotton, synthetic fibers

contact wound

charred flesh

How many insanity pleas are successful?

Less than 1%

Which tool is the first one used to begin fiber identification?

Light microscope

The number one problem with surveillance videos is usually caused by what?

Lighting

What portion of the fingerprint does fingerprint powder adhere to?

Lipids

What is the most common organization form for handling digital evidence?

Local (city or county) units

What is a good summary of Locard's Principle?

Locards principle was based on the idea that everything that comes in contact with something leaves a trace of the original source behind. For example, A person that sits on a couch and leaves fibers from their sweater on the couch then another person sits on that couch a day later and the fibers stick to that persons jeans. Those fibers were transfered because it came in contact with the couch then the new person came in contact with the couch.

How can we use the spectrophotometer to identify the chemistry of trace evidence, as opposed to the color?

Look at the pattern of peaks outside the visible light spectrum

Durham Rule

Offense is the product of a mental defect

"Good Faith" Exception :

Officer thought they had a legitimate warrant or unknowingly searching beyond boundary of warrant.

encryption

Process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access.

Which technique is a type of confirmatory analysis?

GC-MS

Secondary high explosives

Shock sensitive, temp/ignition stable (TNT)

Spectroscope

Shows ion charge/mass ratio for component ions, finds the identity of chemicals used

Abrasion

Skin is scraped off

Swipe pattern

Movement of a bloody object against a surface

urine presumptive test

als and odor

after preliminary analysis of drugs it moves to

confirmatory analysis

fentanyl (opioid)

Actiq, Duragesic, lazanda

slack space

is the empty space on the hard drive.

individual stains

swabbed then air dry

Modus operandi

"M.O", mode of operations

Point of Origin Determination

"V" Pattern Low Position Deep charring or spalling Near source of ignition energy

high explosives

- detonate - large pressure wave - balance sensitivity vs. stability

intentional machine marks

- water marks - Fax: transmitting terminal identifier - microprinting - Steganography - safety features on checks

Comparison microscope

-All microscopic evidence requiring visual comparison -Compares bullets

Disorganized Serial Killers:

-Are less well-integrated into society. -They are ruled by impulse, so their crimes tend to be unplanned. -The tools used to commit the crime will be from the crime scene. -Tends to be more evidence left at the crime scene

powder stippling

12-36" firing distance

What is actually being tested in a drug test?

-Original chemicals -Metabolites: products of biological processing -You would have the drug in your system along with its break down processes

PCR & Electrophoresis

-PCR: Technique to exponentially copy DNA fragments -Electrophoresis: uses agarose gel to sort chunks of DNA and electricity to power their movement

Handguns

-Revolvers: feed ammunitions through a revolving cylinder -Pistols: feed ammunition through a spring-loaded magazine

Long Arms

-Rifles: fire a bullet from a rifled barrel -Shotguns: fire shot or slugs from a smooth barrel

Multijurisdictional Issues when examining electronic data include

-Statutory authority for legal action -Judicial search warrants

mechanical asphyxia

-Strangulation -Hanging -Smothering

A chemical chain reaction requires which of the following conditions?

-The oxidation reaction to produce sufficient heat to maintain continued oxidation -The fuel mass to be broken into similar compounds and vaporized from the mass itself

Which statement or statements is true of carbon monoxide

-The presence of carbon monoxide also causes oxygen to more tightly bind to hemoglobin -Hemoglobin which has been exposed to carbon monoxide forms methemoglobin

Point of origin determination (fire)

-V pattern -low position -deep charring or spalling -near source of ignition energy

Chain of custody

-a written record of all people who have had possession of an item of evidence -in court intended to ensure evidence hasn't been tampered with

smoked herion (chasing the dragon)

-black tar herion, so thick that it will clog up veins so it needs to be smoked -long pipe -long strip of foil

psychoactive evidence

-blotter paper (acid tabs, covered in art) -peyote cactus buttons -dried mushrooms

3. decay

-body has greatest loss of tissue because they liquify -maggots continue to migrate body

Contusions

-bruising -ruptured capillaries and small blood vessels -fluid is released into tissue

initial assessment

-conduct walkthrough -develop plan for handling evidence -ensure you have justification to search -photograph first -mark everything that might be evidence -photograph with markers -record crime scene -crime scene sketch

post mortem drug testing challenges

-decomposition -contamination

-Spectrophotometer -% light absorbance at different wavelengths

-defines color -absorbance is a function of structure -generally nondestructive

low explosives

-deglagrate -large gas volume -function well as propellants ex. black powder, safety fuse

Opiates -depressent

-derived from the opium poppy -morphine -coedine -central nervous system depressant -used in pain control

secondary explosives

-detonate in response to shockwave -temperature/ignition stable -ex. detcord, TNT, C4, ANFO

questioned document evidence collection

-dna -fingerprints -ink and paper samples -indented writing -handwriting type -obliterations and additions

Test for identifying marijuana

-duquenois- levine reagent (turns purple when exposed to marijuana) -microscopy for cystolithic hairs

Cocaine (stimulant and anesthetic) schedule 2 drug

-extract of coco leaf -evidence: powder, crack rocks, pipes

ignition = activation energy

-flash point: vapors will burn given a spark -autoignition temperature: spontaneous burn

rigor mortis (10-12 hours)

-fusion of actin and myosin filaments -stiffening of body in particular position

2. bloat

-gases accumulate in body -pressure causes skin to rupture -marbling of skin

spiral search

-handle solo -detects entry/exit paths -dont start in center

Focal Fracture

-head trauma - rib trauma - pelvis -shoulder blades -star like

Ignition energy

-heat: friction, electrical resistance, radiation, non-combustion exothermy -spark: electric discharge

Presumptive blood test

-high sensitivity, moderate selectivity - Castle-Meyer phenolphthalein: neg=clear, pos=pink -Hemastix:yellow to dark green=positive -Luminol: glows for 20 sec -Hemascien: glows orange -Bluestar: lasts long and doesn't degrade

line search

-large areas -irregular terrain

accelerants/ignitible liquids

-liquid fuel with a low flash point -highly exothermic -often petroleum based

Liquid Chromatography

-materials that readily dissolve -proteins and metabolites, drugs

Reference and Control sample:

-materials that you know what they are. -Use with analytical test 1. verify test is working properly 2. Tell us what the results should look like.

Confirmatory blood test

-moderate sensitivity, high selectivity -Teichman and takayama

Wound Types

1. Blunt force trauma (Contusions, Abrasions, Lacerations, Fracture) 2. Penetrating trauma (Incisions, Punctures, Penetrations)

Place the following fingerprint scientists in order of publication on fingerprints:

1. Henry Faulds 2. William Hersche 3. Francis Galton 4. Sir Edward Henry

Place the assessments for insanity in the order of their introduction

1. McNaughten 2. Durham 3. American Law Institute Model Penal Code 4. Omnibus Crime Code for Insanity

The different kinds of trauma

1. Mechanical - Physical Actions (force applied to the body) 2. Thermal - Temperature Effects (hypothermia, hyperthermia, burns) 3. Electrical - Electrical Conduction through the body (fibrillation, tetany) 4. Chemical - Chemical Alteration of body processes (Damage resulting 5. Asphyxiation - Oxygen deprivation (suffocation)

motivations of serial killers

1. Visionary - killing due to mental illness 2. Psychotic Break 3. Messiah Complex - they were told by a higher power to commit the crime 4. Mission Oriented - the individual believes it is their purpose to rid the world of a certain type of individual 4. Hedonistic - the killing causes a reaction in the killer that they want to continue to feel or gives them something they want 5. Lust - the killer gets sexual pleasure of out killing 6. Thrill - the killer get excitement or joy out of killing 7. Material comfort - the killer gets material objects from the killings 8. Power seeker - the killer feels power over their victims and wants to continue to feel powerful

Drug processing in the body

1. consumption 2. absorption 3. distribution 4. oxidation/metabolism 5. elimination

evidence analysis steps

1. detection 2. preservation 3. comparison/identification 4. association 5. reconstruction

metabolism process

1. enzymes in digestive system attack materials that are swallowed 2. enzymes in the liver attack materials in the blood 3. metabolites: intermediate breakdown products

stages of decomposition

1. fresh 2. bloat 3. active decay 4. dry remains

To initiate and sustain a fire, the following are required:

1. fuel (vapor) must be present 2. oxygen must be available 3. heat be applied to initiate combustion

1. When we _______ an object, we determine enough about an object to determine what it is. 2. When we _______ an object, we determine enough to separate an object from all others.

1. identify 2. individualize

Put the following phases of fire progression in the correct order

1. incipient 2. emergent smoldering 3. free burning 4. oxygen-related smoldering

collecting cell phones

1. keep powered on 2. dont attempt to unlock (auto erase) 3. place in faraday cage (wavelengths keep it in existing condition cant communicate) 4. avoid heat, moisture, magnetic fields, static electricity)

collecting computer evidence

1. photograph screen appearance 2. photograph any attached peripherals (mouse, printer, microphone) 3. remove power supply to off or perform active acquisition (trained person only)

protecting hard drive integrity

1. remove the drive 2. write-block drive (cant change info that already exist) 3. use a hash algorithm to create signature string (takes data and produces chain of letters and numbers) 4. copy data to a test bench 5. use the same hash on the copy 6. compare hash sums

Model Penal Code of the American Law Institute must have three things

1.cognitive - knowing right from wrong 2. emotional - extreme emotional distress 3. volitional- individual knows right from wrong but cannot control their behavior

Which statement best defines chain of custody?

A chronological record of who has had control of evidence, and their actions, starting at the time of collection

What is an opiate?

A large class of drugs able to cause euphoria as well as relieve pain

If this happened in West Virginia, which statement would be true?

A pathologist with a required MD or DO would determine cause and manner of death West Virginia is medical examiner state

Tire track evidence would be more useful than a tire impression in which circumstance?

A vehicle-pedestrian collision

Professional groups for questioned documents

ASQDE, NADE, ABFDE

Logical Extraction

Acquires files and directories

Logical extraction

Acquires files and directories

Triangle of fire

Air fuels the fire and causes it to rise and spread outward

Alcohol Oxidation

Alcohol dehydrogenase changes ethanol (liver) to acetic acid through the krebs cycle (body tissue)

Profiling is good tool to use when multiple crimes have occurred.

Although crime profiling can be used on any serial offender, the most common use is to focus on the most serious crime of multiple homicides. Multiple homicides include: 1.Spree Killer: Two or more killings in two or more places with no break. 2. Mass Killer: Four or more killings in a single event. 3. Serial Killer: three or more killings with a cooling-off period between the murders, motivated by psychological gratification

Forensic Chemists

Analyze and identify substances outside the body, understand how illicit materials are made

Toxicologists

Analyze and identify substances within the body, understand the effects of substances as they are metabolized, postmortem analysis, workplace drug testing

Questioned Document

Any document whose authenticity or origin is suspect either as a whole or a part.

what is a questioned document?

Any objecf that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authencity is in doubt

Chromatography

Any of several analytical techniques for separating organic mixtures into their components by attraction to their stationary phase by a mobile phase

GCMS would not be particularly useful for detecting which poison?

Arsenic

Profiling

Assessment of characteristics of an unknown perpetrator, based on the way previous acts were committed.

Case #2: Will Turner calls 911 to report that he has just found his back door forced open, and that his fiancée, Elizabeth Swann dead, apparently strangled to death. There are large muddy footprints in the tile bathroom. There is also a possible fingerprint in a dark red substance is found on the ceramic sink. You have been sent to collect relevant evidence. Any tool marks on the door frame should be cast _________ using _______ .

At the scene, Mikrosil

Lorazepam (Benzodiazepine)

Ativan (anti anxiety)

Typological profiling

Categorizes offender based on characteristics of the MO vs. typical characteristics of other offenders

Typological (reverse investigative):

Categorizes offender based on specific characteristics of the M.O vs. 'typical' characteristics of other offenders

Paper Chemicals

Cellulose fibers, Bleaches/dyes, fillers or coatings (Use GCMS, color by spectrogram)

Disorganized Offender

Characterized by an impulsive and generally thoughtless approach to offending.

Organized Offender

Characterized by clear forethought regarding the approach to and conduct of an offense.

Manner of death

Characterizes the death (natural, accidental, suicide, homicidal)

An investigator tracking the origin of an e-mail seeks out the sender's IP address in the e-mail's header.

Chat and instant messages are typically located in a computer's random-access memory (RAM). Tracking the origin of unauthorized computer intrusions, or hacking, requires investigating a computer's log file, RAM, and network traffic.

Chemical trauma

Chemical Alteration of body processes

confirmatory test for semen

Christmas tree stain

How can we best verify that Fudd has been shooting a firearm?

Collect primer residue with sticky stubs, which would then be examined with the EDS-SEM

Scott Test

Color test for Cocaine. Adding cobalt thiocyanate turns solution blue, add hydrochloric acid and blue turns to pink, then add chloroform and it turns back to blue for positive result.

Deflagration

Combustion through subsonic heat transfer

Detonation

Combustion through supersonic pressure front

Sanity

Compos mentis, soundness of mind

Postmortem redistribution refers to...

Concentration changes that occur after death as drugs are absorbed from one bodily region into another

What, specifically, will we look at to determine the direction of force in broken glass?

Conchoidal lines

Confirmatory test

Confirms a drug or substance in court

Blunt force trauma

Contusions, abrasions, lacerations, fracture

If the computer database returned potential matching firearms, how would criminalists determine if they did indeed match the bullet from Bugs

Current best practice requires a minimum of five consecutive matching striations or two groups of three on a three dimensional object, found using the comparison microscope

Short Tandem Repeats (STR)

DNA regions with short repeated strands that contain polymerase chain reactions (PCR) which help in identification of a person.

Chemical Trauma

Damage resulting from drugs and poisons

Low Explosives

Deflagrate Large gas volume Function well as propellants Example: Black powder

Which feature would be particularly documented during the external exam phase of his autopsy?

Degree of healing of any open wounds

Incendiary fire

Deliberately ignited

Photographs of the injuries to Calrissian's face taken at the scene and presented in court would be:

Demonstrative Evidence

Depressants

Depressants are drugs that depress functions within the central nervous system. Depressants are used to calm irritability and anxiety and to induce sleep. Examples of depressants are alcohol, barbiturate, and anti-anxiety drugs (Xanax).

Pathology

Determine cause of disease or trauma based on appearance and chemistry of bodies or tissues

M'Naughten Rule:

Disease of the Mind; Understand nature of act; Knowledge of the wrongfulness

M'Naghten Rule

Disease of the mind, understand the nature of act, knowledge of the wrongfulness

Presumptive tests

Doesn't hold up in court, not 100% positive

The first thing to do at a crime scene to protect the electronic evidence is:

Don't permit anyone to touch the electronic devices

What is the chemical color test to confirm the presence of cannabinoids and THC?

Duquenois Levine test

What form of documentation absolutely must have the names of everyone authorized to be on scene?

Entry Log

What areas of a crime scene would be specifically targeted with dusting?

Entry and exit points such as doors or windows are the primary focus

Questioned document Examiner tasks

Establish forgery, Identify or eliminate handwriting or source of typewriting

Roles of a Forensic Psychologist

Evaluation of possible malingering, competency to stand trial, assessment of mental state, assessment of risk of violence, evaluation of child custody, interpretation of polygraph, specialized of forensic personality assessment

Individuality

Evidence can be distinguished

Transfer principle

Evidence is generated by objects at a crime scene

Divisible matter

Evidence shares characteristics with their source

Which statement is NOT true about crime scene sketches?

Final sketches are usually drawn at the scene.

Other personal forensic evidence collected at the crime scene would include:

Fingerprints

The concept of divisible matter is not applicable to which type of evidence, and why?

Fingerprints and impressions; we are interested in patterns rather than substances

Investigation of fires

Firefighters: determine cause and origin Police: investigate non accidental

Strangling requires close physical contact. You suspect that there might be transferred hair evidence on Swann. To recover any culprit hairs with a minimum of background noise, you should use

Forceps, tweezers

Surgeons remove 40 grains of bullet fragments from Bug's shoulder. What is our initial conclusion, given the following table of bullet mass: caliber?

Fudd's gun can be associated with the bullet at the class level

Trace evidence

Hair, fibers, fingerprints etc.

ohn Hinckley Jr. attempted to assassinate Preside Ronald Reagan.

He was found not guilty for reason of insanity in 1982 due to a test that was implemented by the Model Penal Code of the American Law Institute. The code states "a person would be found not guilty by reason of insanity if at the time of the commission of the crime the person lacked substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of the behavior or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law."

Which members of the following list are schedule I drugs?

Heroin LSD

Forensic computer Technicians

Hired for specialty forensic consulting to restore deleted data or extract info.

Pharmacokinetics is best described as

How drugs and other complex molecules move through the body

It is 10:30pm. Ginny Weasley has called 911 because she has returned from a trip to the grocery store to find that her back window broken and her laptop and jewelry stolen from her bedroom. The house is located in Morgantown, WV, and is messy and full of furntiture. You have been dispatched to the scene as the lone CSI.

I believe the best overall search strategy would be the Zone Method because it can be done alone and its good for irregular areas and her house is apparently messy with a lot of furniture

Spectrophotometry

Identifies a substance by its selective absorption to different wavelengths of light (non destructive)

Cause of death

Identifies the medical reason or injury that led to death

Serology

Identify human body fluids

Slack space

If a person deletes a file and then saved new files over it then the latter half wont be empty, it may include left over info.

In which circumstance could the Escalade's windshield be individualized as the source of the chip from the shoe?

If the chip has the same shape as a missing fragment of the windshield

Penetrating trauma

Incision, puncture, penetration

Types of memory

Internal Hard drive, external hard drive, USB, memory card, optical disks (CD)

IMEI

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity

Network/Internet Evidence

Internet cache's, tracking cookies, history, bookmarks

What does the role of contrite fallibilism play in constructing science-based explanations of criminal events?

It encourages us to be open to changing our conclusions in light of the limitation of our tools or knowledge

Blood is later found on the passenger seat of Solo's car, as shown in the image below. What's the most likely source, given what you know?

It is secondary transfer from Solo

What is the main purpose of putting each piece of evidence in its own box or bag?

It protects against contamination

Case #1: Tyrion Lannister owns a red Cadillac Escalade, which was vandalized: windshield broken, tires slashed, and "We Do Not Sow" spray-painted on the side in gold paint. He immediately suspects Theon Greyjoy as the culprit. When Theon is questioned, police notice that his hoodie has tiny droplets of gold paint, and there is a piece of glass embedded in his shoe. There is a can of spray paint in his backpack. In this scenario, how should fingerprints be collected from the outside of the vehicle?

It should be dusted and tape lifted

What approach should be used with the evidence from the sink?

It should be enhanced with Coomassie Blue or Amido Black

What useful information might this shoe impression provide?

It would associate the owner of the shoe with the crime location

Identify this fiber, based on the image shown (the upper is the width, the lower is the cross section)

It's probably natural cotton

How a gas defuses in air depends on what?

Its vapor density relative to air

Which legal case sets a precedent for the defendant to be committed to a civil hospital?

Jackson v. Indiana

How to collect a cell phone

Keep powered on, Don't attempt to unlock, place in a faraday cage, avoid heat/moisture/magnetic fields

What is not an example of a common screening technique for arson & explosive residues?

LC-MS

Psychoactives

LSD, mescaline, psilocybin -alter perception and cognition -historically used for religious purposes

The skin around Lando's head wounds have jagged, ripped edges. What kind of wounds are these?

Lacerations

If we wanted to find out if Fudd's gun had been involved in other shootings, what could we do?

Mark up the firing pin impression and breechface marks of a test fired cartridge and submit to NIBIN

Mass Spectro. (MS)

Material from the GC enters MS in a chamber where a beam of electrons collide with the molecules. MS provides the specifics that GC doesn't.

Father of Toxicology

Mathieu Orfila: -studied poisons -pathology -post mortem detection -adulteration of food and wine -became famous from LaFarge case

Not guilty by reason of insanity

May be allowed to walk free, usually put into a mental institution until no longer a danger

Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity:

Might be allowed to walk free, but usually remanded to a mental institution until no longer a danger to self or society

MEID

Mobile Equipment Identifier

Which situation would lead to the production of the most useful footwear impressions?

Month-old work boot in snow

Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, what qualifies someone to be an expert witness?

More knowledge about the subject than the trier of fact

Narcotics

Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain by depressing an action in the central nervous system. The depression action of these drugs can affect blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate. Examples are heroin, codeine, morphine, and oxycontin.

Manner of death

Natural, Accidental, Homicide, Suicide, Undetermined.

Accidental fire

No deliberate act to ignite

Natural fire

No human intervention

Insanity

Non compos mentis

NGMD (Diminished Capacity)

Not guilty of charge as brought - may be guilty of lesser charges of intent or degree.

Diminished capacity

Not guilty of charge that's brought up but may be guilty of lesser charges of intent or degree

ALI/MPC:

Offender lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law

Durham Rule

Offense is the "product" of a mental defect

Loop fingerprint

One or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. One delta.

Combustion

Organic matter + O2, activation energy required

oxycodone (opioid)

Oxycontin, Percocet, percodan

Asphyxiation

Oxygen deprivation

Given what you know, what PPE seems appropriate in this situation?

PPE gloves or ALS goggles are standard

Storage types

Paper, magnetic, optical, flash

How to collect digital evidence

Photograph screen appearance, remove power supply

The tires on the Escalade have four ribs. Another tire impression at the scene has five ribs. What is the appropriate treatment for this tire evidence in this scene context?

Photographed and cast with dental stone, it is probably the culprit's vehicle

What kind of change does a drug cause once ingested?

Physiological

Organized serial killer

Plans, rehearses, leaves very few clues

When fantasies are used to organize a collection of deviant thinking into a criminal thought, it is known as what?

Premeditation

Investigative profiling

Psychological analysis of MO shows the offenders characteristics

Puncture

Puncture wounds

Duquenosis-Levine

Purple with marijuana when chloroform is added

The print to the right is found on the outside of the Cadillac. What type is it?

Radial loop & Bifurcation

RAM

Random Access Memory; temporary memory. RAM is expandable, and resides on the motherboard. -lost once electrical power is removed

You find a spot of blood on the outside of the window sill. You deduce that the only way to find blood on the outside of the window was if the criminal cut himself breaking into Ginny's home, and left the blood on his or her way out by the same window. Which stage of evidence analysis is this?

Reconstruction

A stimulant has all the following characteristics except...

Reduced respiration

Whorl fingerprints

Ridge patterns that are circular, plain whorl, central pocket loop, double loop, accidental

Arches

Ridge patterns that enter form one side and exit the other, plain arches, tented arches

Loop fingerprints

Ridge patterns that enter from one side and curve to end in the other side, ulnar loop (opens towards little pinky) radial loop (opens towards thumb) *most common*

Arch fingerprint

Ridges on one side of the print and exit on the other. No deltas.

STR/YSTR/mtDNA

STR: highly variable number of repeats in a population YSTR: nucleus, 11-17 locie w/STRs, passed father to son mtDNA: inherited from mom, shows family relationship, 1-1000/ cell, circular DNA

When collecting charred samples from the point of origin to help determine which type of accelerant used, what is also important to collect?

Samples from unburnt areas

Guilty but insane

Sent to mental institution and then prison if cured

Gas Chrom. (GC)

Separates mixtures based on their distribution between a stationary liquid phase and a moving gas phase. As the gas flows through the columns it carries the components of the mixture. (Cannot produce specific identification)

Tensile force

Skin stretched and will break

Satellite blood spatter

Small droplets of blood broken from main drop

Crime Scene sketches are better than photos at showing what?

Spatial relationships

Rotational fracture

Spiral break, rotate, pull, people who are grabbed, bound, common in arm bones

Guilty but Insane:

State of mind considered in sentencing. Sent to a mental institution, and if "cured", sent to prison to serve sentence.

Stimulants

Stimulants are drugs take to increase an individual's alertness or activity level and can lead to decrease in fatigue and loss of appetite. Examples of stimulants are amphetamines and cocaine.

buprenorphine (opioid)

Suboxone

SIM

Subscriber Information Module

Components of a questioned document

Substrate, messaging compound, marking mechanism (pen, pencil)

Leia Organa calls to report that Han Solo and Lando Calrissian are fighting in the parking lot. When officers arrive, Calrissian is unconscious and bleeding profusely from injuries on his face. Solo has driven off. You are dispatched to collect evidence at the scene. Which task should have been completed first by the first responder?

Summoning medical help for Lando -One of the primary tasks of a first responder is to assist the living.

Which of the following tools/techniques could not be used to determine the refractive index of the glass?

Suspension in liquid like bromoflurane or sodium polytungsten

The pathologist believes that Johnson may have consumed alcohol along with the oxycodone, but cannot be certain because the decomposed tissue samples give poor analysis results. What quality or qualities of evidence are hampering the pathologist's efforts? (no more than one sentence, please)

The maggots feeding on the tissue and lack of tissue due to decomposition is hampering the pathologists efforts because they aren't able to get blood samples to see if ethanol was a factor. It also wasn't mentioned if there was evidence of alcohol bottles or cans around the scene. Also, Because of the low persistence of the alcohol evidence, it has been lost.

Modus Operandi

The method by which an act is committed.

IP address

The numeric address assigned to a client computer by the internet service provider

Modus Operandi (MO):

The particular method by which a crime is committed: -Time & Location -Means of Entry -Tools Used -Objects stolen -assault committed -Use of confederates -Transportation -Trademark/Signature

Holistic bloodstain

The same weapon can produce fast and slow spatter

The firearms examiner notice that Fudd has illegally attempted to remove his gun's serial number. Describe the recovery process, and identify at least one circumstance where recovery would never be successful.

The serial number area should be polished smooth, then acid applied, and wait until the serial number becomes visible. While not required for full credit, this approach will only work on stamped serial number with a zone of strain.

How should wet blood evidence in the previous question be packaged?

The stain should be swabbed, and the swab placed in a swab box or swab capsule

In a hit and run, a black Chevy Colorado is struck by a red pickup. A suspect vehicle has been identified, and a sample collected. Below are spectrometer spectra from the victim (top), the transferred paint (middle), and suspect car. What is your conclusion?

The suspect car can be excluded as the source of the transferred paint

flash point

The temperature at which a liquid forms an ignitable mixture

Blue cotton fibers are collected via tape lift from the shirt of the suspect in a sexual assault. What is the main challenge to making these fibers informative?

There is a huge amount of background noise of these fibers due to the widespread popularity of blue denim for clothing, fiber is also rare

You recover hairs with a small, nearly circular cross section. They have a spinuous cuticle and a broad, lattice-shaped cuticle, with dark pigment deposition. What does this tell us about the person they came from?

These hairs are from a non-human.

Roots are visible on a few of the hairs. Which statement about this hair is false?

They are in the telogen phase of growth

A unique risk to the preservation and storage of digital evidence is

They are susceptible to strong magnetic fields.

Which statement about friction ridges is true?

They can be altered by damaging to the dermis

According to "Post Mortem", which is a significant problem with electing a coroner?

They can be under political pressure to support police officers

What is a FALSE statement about fuels?

They can only be volatilized and consumed in the liquid state

Low explosives

They deflagrate, have a large gas volume. (ex. black powder)

High explosives

They detonate, have a large pressure wave

Psychologists does:

They explore: -Motivations -Cognition -Effects of legal practices on witnesses & suspects

MO includes

Time/Location, means of entry, tools used, objects stolen/assault committed, transportation, trademark/signature

Geographical profiling

Timing and location of the crime scene show where the offender lives and works. [easiest]

Geographical profiling

Timing and location of the crime scene show where the offender lives/works

What is the main purpose of professional journals such as Forensic Science International?

To inform readers about the latest scientific advances in forensic science

What is the primary function of the formal walkthrough at a crime scene?

To organize and plan the collection of evidence given the available context of the crime

Which of the following is the primary function of a crime lab?

To preserve, identify, and/or associate evidence from criminal activity

You would collect samples of Ginny's fingerprints to serve which purpose during analysis? (Ginny is the victim, we are expecting her fingerprints at the crime scene)

To serve as elimination samples

Indicate the cylinder on this image.

Top Left Coordinates(219, 36)Bottom Right Coordinates(309, 114)

How does a cell phone determine location?

Triangulation between 3 cell towers

Dillie-Koppanyi

Violet blue with Barbiturates

Which of the following is a new type of autopsy that could replace the need for extensive dissection?

Virtopsy

Serial killer motivations

Visionary (psychotic break), mission oriented, hedonistic (lust, thrill), power seeker

Paper physical characteristics

Watermarks, Inclusions, Color, Size (Use ALS or Spectrophotometer)

Intentional Machine Marks

Watermarks, TTI, Microprinting, safety features

Transfer pattern

When a surface with wet blood on it transfers to another surface

Void pattern

When an object blocks some blood spray

Incision

When skin is cut

Laceration

When skin tears

Describe the process by which tool impressions cast at the crime scene are "matched"/ positively identified as coming from a particular suspect tooll.

With a suspect tool, perform an initial visual analysis for class level characteristics such as size and shape. Use the suspect tool to make a test mark in an appropriate material, then cast it with mikrosil. Place both casts on a comparison microscope and look for consecutive matching striations on both.

You find a single shoeprint in soil under the window. How should it be documented to show maximum detail?

With close-up photography

Digital Storage

Word Document? 8000-100000 bytes Photos? 100000-800000 bytes Music? 100000 bytes/min Video?2700000 bytes/min

Sectors

are the smallest size allocated for an individual file.

Internet Protocol (IP) Address

a digital address assigned to a user by their internet service provider

Which of the following could not become a questioned document?

a postcard

persistance

ability of transferred material to stay in contact with recipient

Alcohol metabolism (ethanol)

absorbed in blood -stomach -small intestine -blood -circulation: -interferes with NMDA receptor operation -impairs osmotic pressure signals

Recovering resides (explosions, fire)

acetone rinse

What stage of decomposition does covered in maggots sound like?

active decay

Which type of fingerprinting powders cannot be used for latent prints on computers?

aluminum

known products of decomposition:

ammonia, formaldehyde, ethanol, GHB, hydrogen sulfide

Breath Testing for Alcohol

amount in breath is proportional to alcohol in blood -infrared light absorption -fuel cell voltage strength

What is the most common container used to collect fire debris evidence?

an unlined paint can

During which stage do fingerprint examiners decide if fingerprints are high enough quality to process:

analysis

Clusters are groups of sectors

and their size is defined by the operating system, usually 2, 4, 6, or 8 sectors

transfer evidence

any evidential substance or particle that is exchanged between an assailant and the victim or the scene of the crime

Cylinders

are groups of tracks that reside directly above and below each other.

accident avoidance strategy

assumption that certain parties to an accident operated their vehicle competently and legally

handwriting analysis

assumption: people write consistently -basic letter forms, size, slope, spacing and margins, connections between letters -compare known to exemplar

grid search

basically a double-line search; effective, but time-consuming, multiple people

long pass barrier filters

block the excitation wavelength of the energy source being reflected from the sample that the document examiner is attempting to examine

Expirated pattern

blood expelled from mouth or nose

Toxicological evidence

blood, urine, hair, saliva, breath, gastric contents, vitreous humor, bile and liver

Cast off pattern

bloodstain tail points to the direction the object is moving

fracture

bone or teeth are broken. crush fractures/hands or feet

Cause of death

bullet wound, head wound, strangulation, etc.

Mass Spectroscopy

chemicals can be identified by how they break up during ionization - when peaks are too close use this

Deflagration

combustion through subsonic heat transfer

deflagration:

combustion through subsonic heat transfer

Detonation

combustion through supersonic pressure front

detonation:

combustion through supersonic pressure front

Benzodiazepines evidence

comes in pill form from legit pharmaceutical companies. there are generic forms of pills so they may look different

transverse fracture

complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone

How files are stored on a hard drive

computer looks for a group of clusters that accommodates the amount of space you need, sector by sector, cluster by cluster, Anything left = slack space

Takayama Test

confirmatory test which produces hemo crystals

Warrant exceptions

consent, exigent circumstances, plain view, stop and frisk, incident to arrest, open fields, abandoned property, vehicle, custodial, border, administrative, probation search, protective sweep

circumstantial evidence

could have arisen for non-criminal reasons

What type of forensic specialist would analyze any glass evidence collected from the crime scene or from a suspect?

criminalist

dry stain on fabric

cut stain out, packaged in paper

watermarks

dandy roll pressed into pulp

metadata

data that describes other data; creation of file or modification

Benzodiazepines

depressants: anti anxiety, anti convulsive, muscle relaxants

firefighters

determine cause and origin of fire

Clinical:

determines whether the offender is suffering from mental illness

forensic imagining

digital data is exempt from principal of uniqueness. it is not unique because digital data can be copied exactly. (so easy to pirate things, screenshots of messages, etc.)

methadone (opioid)

dolophine

Low velocity blood pattern

drops with diameter 4 mm or more, typically produced by gravity alone or dripping off a weapon

Medium velocity pattern

drops with diameter of 1 to 4 mm, typically with blunt force trauma

zone search

easier to handle a scene solo, works well in small or irregular areas

physical explosion

gas pressure rupture

common accelerants

gasoline, fuel, alcohol, rubbing alcohol, isopropyl, acetone, nail polish remover

Which would be the best way to collect the visible footwear impressions in the bathroom?

gel lift

Low explosives __________ , whereas high explosives ________.

generate pushing power; generate shattering power

Which feature is indicated in the image of the tire tread?

groove

actus rea

guilty act

mens rea

guilty intent

How can contamination at a crime scene be prevented?

hazmat suit, tyvek coveralls, goggles, mask ,gloves, shoe covers

cranial hematomas

head trauma & stroke -epidural, subdural, subarachnoid -cerebral, subarachnoid

Diacetylmorphine (opioid)

herion

What determines how much residue of an accelerant will be left and for how long?

how volatile the accelerant is

A fire that is purposefully ignited by a human would be classified as _________?

incendiary fire

fissured fracture

incomplete longitudinal break

greenstick fracture

incomplete, break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone

thin layer chromatography

ink, drugs

How should exemplars of Will and Elizabeth's footwear be prepared to eliminate them?

inked and pressed onto white paper or clear acrylic sheets

purge-and-trap

inlet and outlet holes are put into the can

The McNaughten Rule is one way to determine what for a defendant?

insanity

The McNaughten rule

is a cognitive test that is used to determine if an individual is legally insane. Under the McNaughten rule if a person has a mental disease or infirmity that at the time of crime cause them to not understand their actions then they can be ruled not guilty by reason of insanity.

Anti-Stokes ink

is a security feature found on currency, ID cards, passports, and checks

Unallocated Space

is the space not technically used on a hard drive.

Forensic Engineering

is the study of structures and processes that fail, either due to human error, mechanical failure, or structural failure.

confirmatory analysis (for drugs)

is typically done with infrared spectrophotometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

is typically the primary location of data storage within the computer.

warrant

issued by magistrate, directed to peace officer, identifies property or person to be search, identifies property or person to be seized, designate the magistrate judge to whom it must be returned

if evidence is not maintained

it becomes inadmissible, crime lab can be sanctioned, party responsible may be fired

Synthetic compounds of cannabis

k2, spice, spray potpourri or incense on plants

In searching the crime scene, you find the objects pictured. How should you package them?

knife and glass - rigid container (cardboard, hard plastic) individually package -swab blood and air dry

hemorrhage

large ruptured blood vessels (might not show in dark tone skin)

Bromazepam (benzodiazepine)

lexotan

Where are drugs primarily metabolized?

liver

dynamic loads

loads on a building that change during a relatively short period of time

dead loads

loads that never seem to change in a building

3 test to identify opiate

marquis, mecke, mandelin

confirmatory test for toxicology

mass spectrometry coupled with gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC).

mass spectrometer

mass/charge ratio is a function of chemical structure

Schedule 3:

moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence ex. Vicodin, ketamine, anabolic steroids, Tylenol 3, & testosterone

nitrazepam (benzodiazepine)

mogadon, alodorm

Schedule 1:

no currently accepted medical use and high potential for abuse ex. herion, lsd, marijuana, MDMA, peyote, quaaludes

memory cards

no information

"Free base" and "crack" cocaine differ in what manner?

none of the above "Freebase" and "crack" cocaine are generally identical. Free base refers to the fact that the amine group within the cocaine has lost a hydrogen atom; crack cocaine refers to the crackling sound made when the material is heated to the volatilization point.

What type of forgery is where an individual does not attempt to copy the victim's signature or writing?

normal hand forgeries

Temazepam (Benzodiazepine)

normison, female, temtabs - insomnia

individuality evidence

objects can be distinguished

divisible matter

objects share characters with their source

Derived opioids

products of lab chemistry, may start with natural

What is Cave's apparent manner of death?

overdose/suicide (chemical trauma because of pills)

Combustion

oxidation producing gas, heat, and/or light

combustion:

oxidation producing gas, heat, and/or light

bleach

oxidizes heme reactive blood test, causing a false positive

The determination of paper thickness generally requires the use of which tool?

paper micrometer

slack space

parts of sectors and clusters not containing data used in an active file

Which form of evidence struggles the most with issues of fundamental science?

pattern evidence

Picking a victim based on his/her characteristics is known as what?

profiling

Which of the following were legal cases that changed the precedent for psychologists to testify in legal court?

people v. Hawthorne, Jenkins v. United States

The debris method involves searching the scene for all of the following except:

personal belongings

Mechanical trauma

physical actions

3 types of evidence

physical, eyewitness testimony, expert opinion

Puncture wound

piercing item at least 2x deeper than wide

Amphetamine evidence

pills, MDMA cool design pills, crystals, pipes, needles

forensic=forum:

place of debate (court of law)

all fires have:

point of origin, means of ignition

incendiary fires (on purpose)

point of origin: accessible, assembled combustibles -use of accelerants or lit flame

evidence collection goal

preserve intact without contamination

explosives train

primary explosive (blasting cap), secondary explosive (booster), tertiary explosive (C4)

Case #3: Bugs Bunny comes into the emergency room with a gunshot wound. He claims that Elmer Fudd shot him at close range. Fudd states that he was duck hunting, not rabbit hunting. He allows police to examine his firearm, which has a grooved barrel, a two part grip, and a semi-automatic action. ".22 LR" is stamped on the barrel.

rifle

Cave Johnson's body is found sitting in his armchair. On a table nearby are empty bottles of oxycodone and a goodbye letter is found in his hand. The body is starting to blacken, has a foul smell, and is covered in maggots. Death investigators have a hard time recovering the note because Cave's fingers are completely stiff. What do we call this phenomenon?

rigor mortis - stiff body

Clonazepam (benzodiazepine)

rivotril, pajama (Klonopin) - anti anxiety

Flunitrazepam (Benzodiazepine)

rohypnol, hypnodorm, (roofies)

contusions

ruptured capillaries and small blood vessels patterns may be left

biological evidence

salvia, semen, blood, urine, feces, vomit

Elimination sample:

sample collected at crime scene that you're expecting is not associated with your culprit. (exp: residents prints at the resident's prints)

challenges to QDE analysis

samples or exemplars are often small -handwriting is variable to age, illness, intoxication

ignitable liquid detection

scent detection: humans, dogs, pocket rats

p30 test

secreted by prostate, must be coupled w positive ap test

Acid Phosphatase (ACP)

secreted in large quantities by prostate beginning at puberty -detected by brentamine fast blue b test -reacts within 120 seconds -effective on men with low or no sperm count

A hard drive can only operate using

sectors

hemastix

self contained test pad on plastic strip used with visible stains

Chromatograph - time of peak emergence (gas) - distance of travel (liquid)

separates a mixture of chemicals into component parts - use for drugs that are already in a mixture - things travel at different rates

Oxazepam (Benzodiazepine)

serepax, murelax, alepam

Descriptors often used to identify suspects include which of the following:

sex, race, Residency in relation to the crime scene

One method of reconstructing a digital image in 3D is ________________, relying on many measurements of known objects in the scent to be accurate.

shape from shading

You observe this object at a crime scene. What is your analysis?

shotgun casing

prima facie

shows a fact to be true unless disproven

incriminating evidence

shows guilt of a suspect

exculpatory evidence

shows innocence of a suspect

static loads

the basic weight of the building itself and its contents

Which of the following is an example of irreversible work during an automobile accident?

skidding

tension laceration

skin is caught and rips

compression laceration

skin is squeezed between bone and burst (usually caused by blunt force)

help recover data

slack space, how data is organized

Mobile phase

solvent used to separate the mixture

In the context of a crime and investigation, forensic psychologists/psychiatrists often evaluate someone's competency to do what?

stand trial

_________ and __________ are becoming more important and common inForensic analysis.

statistics and probability

spectrometer - ion charge/mass ratio for component ions

structure of unknown chemical = identity of unknown chemical

Stationary phase

substance that stays fixed

what is toxicology?

the study and identification of exogenous substances found in the body

The most common primary cause for vehicular accidents in 2009 was?

tailgating drivers

Ehrlich's test (preliminary)

test for LSD turns purple

Cobalt Thiocyanate Test (preliminary)

test for cocaine turns blue in pink solution

Duquenois-Levine Test (preliminary)

test for marijuana turns purple

simon test (preliminary)

test for methamphetamine turns blue

Paper Chemical Characteristics

test: color by spectrophotometer, IR spec, Raman spec, GCMS, LCMS

extraction

the accelerant is extracted from the sample suing a solvent or stream

margin of safety

the compensation for wear, design flaw, or ordinary abuse & neglect that can be reasonably anticipated when construction is taking place.

Headspace

the sample is punctured and a syringe is used to withdraw an air sample

What distinguishes an explosion from combustion?

the speed at which the reaction occurs

What is the analysis technique used for inks in which a solvent separates the ink components as they they migrate up a plate?

thin layer chromatography

Key elements to observe and document for a vehicular accident include all but ?

time of day

What is the name for marks left on photocopies caused from foreign material on or inside the operating parts of a copy machine?

trash marks

An elastic collision obeys Hooke's Law when deformation of each body occurs.

true

Data storage within a device is highly dependent on its operating system.

true

Investigation of identity theft is a major area of work for digital forensics.

true

Personality inventories are the most well-supported psychological tests for establishing a personality profile.

true

Radial cracks form before concentric cracks?

true

Some forms of computer communications can completely bypass storing information on the hard drive.

true

True identity can be hidden in the forging of criminal acts/endeavors

true

Dille-Koppanyi Test (preliminary)

turns barbiturates purple

Zwikker test (preliminary)

turns barbiturates purple

Zimmerman test (preliminary)

turns benzos (Xanax, advian,) red-purple or pink

modified cobalt thiocyanate test (preliminary)

turns ketamine light purple

Duquenois-Levine Test

turns purple in the presence of weed

accidental fires

typically no accelerants, mechanical fires, negligence, electrical resistance, friction

Physical damage (documents) - can be detected with transmitted light

typically occurs when an individual attempts to remove information from a document by either using a scalpel or an eraser to obliterate information.

microcrystalline tests (preliminary)

used to identify specific drug substances by studying the size and shape of the crystals that form when drugs are mixed with specific reagents.

Controlled Substances Act

used to prevent and control drug abuse. The law established five schedules that are used to classify controlled dangerous substance based on the following criteria: -Potential for abuse -Potential for physical and psychological dependence -Medical value

Internet Cache

used to store portions of web-pages on the hard drive to make revisiting them quicker, more effective, and to conserve bandwidth. Email files may be located here as well

Flash/Jump/USB drive:

uses floating-gate transistor (stores w/out electricity + reads & writes with electricity); limited read/writes; no moving parts

light examination of handwriting

uv light - near IR

Diazepam (Benzodiazepine)

valium, ducene, antenex, valpam

High velocity pattern

very fine droplets of less than 1 mm, typically gunshots

Gunshot pattern

very fine sprays of blood

Primary high explosives

very low imitation energy ex. blasting caps, lead azide, mercury fulminate, lead styphnate, nitroglycerin

What is the process of using infrared and ultraviolet light to analyze inks for consistency or changes in response to light exposure, particularly on commonly forged documents such as passports?

video spectral comparison

karl landsteiner

wanted to figure out why some blood transfusions didnt work -developed techniques for stain identification and analysis

A ____________ is a design pressed into paper pulp during the manufacturing process that leave behind a semi-translucent area.

watermarking

cookies

website information, placed on the hard drive to track information about a user's activity, specific to a website

Toxicologists

work with drugs or poisons after ingestion

wet stain on fabric

wrapped in paper, packaged in paper, air dry

Alprazolam (Benzodiazepine)

xanax - anti anxiety