French Revolution
napoleon timeline
-1780s financial crisis in france -1790s reign of terror -Louisiana purchase -1804 napoleon makes himself emperor of france -1804-1814 napoleon builds up the french empire by annexing land -1812 defeated in russia -1813 exiled and returned to france to be defeated at the battle of waterloo -1814-1815 congress of vienna -1821 napoleon dies
reign of terror
-1793-1794 -began when the convention wanted to allow the revolution to survive during conflict so they decided to kill anti-revolutionists and people helping the enemies of France -people became sick of it because it threatened the sustainability of france -ran by Robespierre and the jacobin club -the workers and peasants killed the most -12000 killed
when did napoleon's dictatorship begin and what did he do?
-1800s -restores order by streamlining gov. (military gov), straight out bank (created national bank of france), simple new laws (code napoleon), reopens churches
war with russia
-1812 -from moscow -grand army vs russia -napoleon was defeated by russia, and most of his army was killed or deserted him -cold (frostbite, lack of crops) -lack of resources (all burned)
battle of waterloo
-1815 -waterloo in belgium -prussia and british vs. french -napoleon was defeated and exiled -held off attack till rain-soaked ground dries (more impact from cannon, but allowed more enemy troops near) -frontal attack up a slope, shielding enemies
3 estates population vs land
-1st estate 1% pop 10% land -2nd estate 2% pop 25% land -3rd estate 97% pop 65% land
bourgeoisie
-2 million -businessmen -own land -bankers, lawyers, doctors, scholars -high taxes -want to be in gov -pamphlets made on revolution -lack of political power and high taxes
peasants
-24 million people -some tenant farmers -few landowners -most sharecroppers -1/2 of income to taxes and property -money for oven, rent (little for food) -no hunting -work 10 days for free on roads -extreme poorness, starvation, uneducated
nobles
-2nd estate -2% -latest fashions -200,000 people -only tax on property -eat better than most -gamble -want estates -highest offices -wont support because lots of stuff and live better than most -will because have very little power
similarities between storming of the bastille and march of versaille
-3rd estate -paraded heads of guards -both seeking something that they lacked
chronological order of events
-Saratoga -Yorktown -Treaty of Paris -Bastille -Versailles -Beheading of King Louis XVI -Reign of Terror -Napoleon becomes emperor
royalty
-absolute power of france -lot of debt -pressures to open the estates general -parties, fireworks, palace -have absolute power and expensive stuff
Enlightenment
-age of reason -inspiration for french/american revolution
why do you think it was difficult for the national assembly to draft the rights of man declaration?
-amount of contrary beliefs -some wanted document long, short, wanted it to list duties, only rights, hard to make decision
peak of power of napoleon
-annexed several lands to french empire (netherlands, belgium, part of france) -built sense of nationalism -restructured and rebuilt france -ruled over 70 million people
opening message in declaration of rights of man
-based on issues in past, certain natural rights must be established -will maintain common good and protect citizens -gov protects these rights and common good -constituted limited monarchy, executive branch doesn't have all power
rights of man vs. independence
-both have enlightenment ideas -deriving just power from the consent of the governed ; all citizens have the right to take part in its formation -natural rights
storming of the Bastille
-citizens of paris attacked an old fortress -July 1789 -after the US constitution -want to gain weapons, didn't find anything -torn down into bridge -didnt influence king
the old regime
-class system -made of 3 classes 1st estate (clergy=high church officials) 2nd estate (nobility=knights, government, army) 3rd estate (98% of the population) -1. Bourgeoisie (bankers, merchants, lawyers) -2. Royal peasants -3. poorest= urban workers
Legacy of napoleon
-congress of viena -leaders gathered to redraw map of europe -goals: create peace, balance of power, and restore monarchies -Latin america -inspired by french revolution to seek equality and liberty
similarities btwn russia and waterloo
-defeat of napoleon -napoleon exiled -lots of napoleon's army died
passing of power
-estates-general (meeting of the 3 estates called for by king louis the 16th) -national assembly (created by third estate) (creates committee of public safety, reign of terror, Robespierre) -the directory
napoleon's last stand
-exiled and returned (escaped from Elba and retook his thrown from King Louis XVll (brother of king louis XVl)) -he quickly retook france (liked him) -battle of waterloo (napoleon's actual last stand) -lost to british and Prussian army in belgium -forced to abdicate and was exiled again to St.Helena, where he would die in 1821 -body lies in paris, france -1 of greatest military geniuses of all time -surounded, 2 front war
clergy
-first estate -130000 people -lots of power or poor and uneducated -upper class wouldnt because have lot of power (teach children of aristocrats) and money -cure country priests would because in much worse condition than upper clergy, poor and uneducated
in what way does the picture of the march on Versailles challenge traditional roles of women?
-instead of men providing/fighting for food, women were -not staying home and cooking
after failed attempt to flee
-king of prussia promised to fight for the french monarchy -1792 france declared war on prussia, austria, britain, etc -fighting lasted over 20 years
"i die innocent of all crimes laid to my charge; i pardon those who have occasioned my death; and i pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on france"
-king's speech before death -believed innocent -forgives people that participated in his death -he hopes that when he dies, the violence will stop
Robespierre
-lawyer, politician, in charge of reign of terror -from northern france -deputy of estates general at age 30 -leader of jacobin club (national convention) -head of committee for public safety (believed that violence and dictatorship needed for revolution to succeed, leading to reign of terror) -what led to his death when his allies plotted against them, afraid if not stopped, he would kill them all (shot during convention, brother lept out window, guillotined the next day -down with the tyrant, scoundrels, long live the republic
5 rights all people should have (american founding fathers)
-life, liberty, pursuit of happiness, elected officials, equality
reforms created by napoleon
-napoleon code- has ideas from Enlightenment (religious freedom) -encouraged new industry -built railroads and canals -set up public schools -gave lends to peasants -opened jobs to all people
downfall of napoleon
-nationalism. -in other countries began to rise (spread throughout europe). -gave common enemy -defeated in russia (1812) -avoid battle with napoleon, the russian army retreated and "scorched the earth" -burning crops and villages left napoleon army hungry and as a result many deserted -resulted in napoleon trying to commit suicide (didn't work), 1814 abdicates and is exiled to island of elba, Louis 18th takes over for him
why do emigres fuel fear of french revoution
-proved the rumors true, revolution successful, showed that people can overthrow the gov -war with austria, prussia, britain, etc.
causes of the French revolution
-social unrest (unfairness in the estates=land, taxes, food) -economic troubles A. Deficit spending (government spends more than it brings in) B. 7 year war-fought with british over land in America C. American Revolution -desire for political reforms A. right to vote B. even the burden of taxes C. say in government
why did france choose this phrase "the natural, inalienable and sacred rights of man"
-want everyone to have same natural and sacred rights, without discrimination or inequality -natural rights cannot be taken, and sacred rights are sacred
march on versailles
-women denied bread for children (enraged by rumor that Marie Antoinette was hording flour; let them eat cake) -stormed palace where king and queen lived -march for food for children (starving) -took king and queen to paris -October 1789
execution of a king letter
-written by henry essex edgewoth de firmont (a priest of his majesty's household) -said king was forgiving and brave, and even tried to give a speech before the drums made it impossible to hear -felt bad for king, surprised for his courage -biased (monstrous ceremony, indecent gestures, memorable words)
National Assembly accomplishments
1. Declaration of the rights of man 1789 -all men were born and remain free and equal in rights -liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression, rights -asserted freedom of religion 2. constitution of 1791 -limited monarchy -power to make laws -lawmakers elected by tax paying male citizens made of 3rd estate 1st government of the french revolution
government system in early times
1700's in Europe, monarchs governed because they believed in the king, and that god has specifically chosen them to rule
napoleon overview
1769-1821 -poor family from italy (2nd of 8 surviving kids -age 9 sent to france trained in military -age 20 lieutenant -commander in chief in France army (27) -overthrow the directory and became the "Head of State" for life (also called "consul for life" -named himself emperor of france -invited people to his coronation -took crown from pope and placed on top of his own head
french revolution date
1789-1815
when did Napoleon get a title and what was it?
1802 "Head of State" for life
who paid taxes before the french revolution
3rd estate
Napoleon Bonaparte
General during French Revolution, helped overthrow king/queen, from poor family, became emperor/dictator after revolution, took over most of Europe, defeated by Russia
where did the revolution "begin" and why
Paris -Enlightenment -Hierarchy
Maria Antoinette
Queen of France during the French Revolution
who lead/backed the reign of terror
Robespierre and the Jacobin club
annex
add a territory onto an existing state or country
how did nepotism benefit napoleon
created loyalty btwn different countries
3 important actions taken by the first government of the french revolution
divide france into legislative districts, elections, abolish dues (all had to pay taxes)
what country did Napoleon Bonaparte invade before seizing power in France?
egypt
nepotism
favoritism shown to relatives by a person in high office
guerrilla warfare
fighting carried on through hit-and-run raids
who was the president during the french revolution?
george washington
USA involvement in french revolution
george washington did not get involved
abdicate
give up a high office
secular
having to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters
why was the revolution so scary for the rest of europe?
it could lead to other revolutions
King Louis XVl
king of France during the French Revolution
what did napoleon name his son
king of rome
the directory
last government of french revolution (before napoleon)
motto of the first republic
liberty, equality, ferternity
emigre
person who flees his or her country for political reasons
suffrage
right to vote
what part of italy was french territory?
rome
when was king louis the sixteenth executed?
shortly after France's first republic was declared
deficit spending
situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in
factions
small group
republic
system of government in which officials are chosen by the people
how much land did the church own in France before the french revolution?
the Catholic church owned 10% of the land
who opposed the french revolution and why
the Catholics because of religious suppression they had to endure
people behind reign of terror
the Jacobin club in paris
why was the French government almost bankrupt before the french revolution?
the american revolution, french/indian war, and deficit spending
3 estates
the clergy (church), the nobles (knights), the third estate (classes/poor/rich/etc.)
when did the french revolution end?
when napoleon seized power
