From Cells to Organ Systems: CH13

Fibroblasts

are the cells responsible for producing and secreting the proteins that compose the collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.

adipose Functions

as a heat insulator beneath the skin

Fibroblasts

cells responsible for producing and secreting the proteins that compose the collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers, fibrous CT

Interstitial Fluid

clear fluid that is the internal environment that surrounds the cells, provides nutrients to the cells,

Collagen Fibers

confer strength and are slightly flexible

Fibrous connective tissues

connect the various body parts, providing strength, support and flexibility.

recticular fibers

connective tissue also contains thinner fibers of collagen that interconnect with each other. often serve as an internal structural framework for some of the "soft" organs such as liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.

Cell Junctions

connects some epithelial cells together, made up of proteins

Skeletal Muscle

connects to tendons, contraction causes body parts to move, voluntary muscle

Fibrous CT

connects various body parts, provides strength, support and flexibility, consists of several fiber types

Epithelial tissues

consist of sheets of cells that line r cover various surfaces and body cavities. often they are smooth to reduce friction; the smooth tissue lining your blood vessels helps blood flow more easily through your body, highly specialized for transporting materials. absorb water and nutrients across your intestines into your blood also secret waste products across the tubules of your kidneys so that you can eliminate them in urine.

ground substance

consisting of water, polysaccharides,and proteins that ranges in consistency from gel-like to almost rubbery. contains several types of cells, among them fat cells, mast cells, various white blood cells (macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells).

Tissue Membranes

consists of a layer of CT and a layer of epithelial cells that line each body cavity and form out skin. Four major types: serous, mucous, synovial, cutaneous

Blood

consists of cells suspended in fluid matrix called plasma, RBC transports oxygen and nutrients and waste products, WBC function in immunity, platelets function in blood clots, specialized CT

Blood

consists of cells suspended in fluid matrix called plasma. it considered a connective tissue because all b

Muscle tissue

consists of cells that are specialized to shorten, or contract, resulting in movement of some kind. is composed of tightly packed cells called muscle fibers.

Nervous Tissue

consists of mainly cells that are specialized for generating and transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body,

stratified epithelium

consists of multiple layers (or strata), thicker and provides protection for underlying cells.

Squamous epithelium

consists of one or more layer of flatted cells, forms the outer surface of the skin and lines the inner surfaces of the blood vessels, lungs, mouth, throat and vagina.

Glial Cell

contained in nervous tissue, doesn't transmit electrical pulses, surround and protect neurons and supply them with nutrients

Bone

contains few living cells, matrix mainly hard mineral deposits of calcium and phosphate, has numerous BV, specialized CT

blood

contains large amounts of fluid and lacks fibers

Papillae

contains sensory nerve ending and small BV

Melanin

dark-brown pigament, protects us against sun radiation,

areolar tissue forms

delicate , thin layers between muscles

Basement Membrane

directly beneath the cells of an epithelial tissue, noncellular layer, anchors epithelial cells to the stronger CT underneath

basement membrane

directly beneath the cells of an epithelium tissue is a supporting noncellular layer, and beneath that is generally a layer of connective tissue. composed primarily of protein secreted by the epithelium cells, and although noncelluar, it is a cellular membrane that is a part of every living cell.

Neurons

electrical impulses conducted by nervous tissue, has three parts: cell body, dendrites, axon

Four major types of Tissues:

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

Cell junctions

epithelium cells may be connected to each other may several different types of these, made up of various proteins. these may hold the cells together, depending of the type of epithelium tissue.

Hyaline cartilage

forms the flexible soft part of the nasal septum

Elastic cartilage

forms the framework of the outer ear

Epithelial Tissue is found:

skin, lining of mouth, inner surfaces of digestive tract, lungs, bladder, BV, tubules of kidneys

Adhesion junctions

sometimes called "spot desmosomes" are looser in structure. The protein filaments of these structures allow for some movement between cells so that the tissues can stretch and bend. these in the epithelium in your skin allow you to move freely.

Collagen fibers

made of protein, confer strength and are slightly flexible.

Elastic fibers

made primarily of the protein elastin, which can stretch without breaking.

Skin

protects from dehydration and injury, regulates body temperature, synthesizes vitamin D, provides sensations

Integumentary System

the skin and its accessory structures

Nervous System

The body's "fast" communication system; it tells the body what to do. Made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Endocrine System

The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Reticular connective tissue

(also called lymphoid tissue) serves as the internal framework of soft organs such as the liver and the tissues of the lymphatic system (spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes) it consists of thin, branched reticular fibers (composed of collagen) that form an interconnected network.

Immune System

The body's defense against infectious organisms and other harmful invaders. Includes bone marrow, spleen, and white blood cells.

Cardiovascular System

A collection of organs that transport blood throughout the body; the organs in this system include the heart, the arteries, and the veins.

Lymphatic System

Acts like a "drain" to remove the body's excess fluid and return portions to the blood. Contains lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that protect the body against disease.

areolar tissue

Binds skin to the underlying organs

Excretory System/Urinary System The Urinary System and the Excretory are the same but are different because urination releases excess water from the body. Where the excretion releases the body's liquid and gas waste products.

Body system that collects and eliminates wastes from the body; includes the kidneys and bladder.

Dense CT

CT type, found in tendons and ligaments, and lower layers of skin, more collagen fiber and are oriented primarily in one direction, fibrous CT

Reticular CT

CT type, serves as internal framework of soft organs, consists of thin, branched reticular fibers, fibrous CT

Loose CT

CT type, surrounds many internal organs, muscles, and BV, contains a few collagen and elastic fibers in no pattern, fibrous CT

Elastic CT

CT type, surrounds organs that change shape regularly, contain high proportion of elastic fibers so it stretches and recoils easily, fibrous CT

Integumentary System

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail. Protects the body from injury, water loss, and some bacteria.

Negative Feedback Components

Controlled variable (property that varies), sensor (receptor, monitors), control center (receives input from sensor and signals effector), effector (takes necessary action to get balance)

Tissues

Groups of specialized cells that are similar in structure and that perform common functions.

Respiratory System

Made of the trachea, larynx, pharynx, and lungs. It helps the body take in oxygen from the air (when you breathe in) and release carbon dioxide (when you breathe out).

Dense Connective tissue

Main tissue of tendons and ligaments

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints.

Muscular System

Responsible for movement of the body. Includes smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles.

Digestive System

Responsible for the breaking down and absorption of food; includes teeth, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, and colon.

Loose connective tissue

also called areolar connective tissue, is the most common type. it surrounds many internal organs, muscles and blood vessels. this contains a few collagen fibers and elastic fibers in no particular pattern, giving it a great deal of flexibility but only a modest amount of strength.

Glands

are epithelial tissues that specialized to synthesize and secrete a product.

Dense connective tissue

found in tendons, ligaments, and lower layers of skin, has collagen fibers. the fibers are oriented primarily in one direction, especially in the tendons and ligaments in and around our joints. is the strongest connective tissue when pulled in same direction as the orientation of the fibers, but it can tear if the tear if the stress comes from the side. There are very few good blood vessels in dense connective tissue to supply the few living cells. this is why, if you strain a tendon or ligament, it can take a long time to deal.

Cardiac Muscle

found only in the heart, fewer fibers but still parallel, involuntary muscle,

adipose Cells

greatly enlarged with nuclei pushed to sides

Organ System

groups of organs that together serve a broad function that is important to survival either of the individual organism or species

Muscle Tissue

has cells specialized to contract, composed of tightly packed muscle fibers which are lined parallel with each other, 3 types skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Adhesion Junctions

have protein filaments that allow for some movement between cells so tissues can stretch and bend

Gap Junctions

have proteins that permit movement of water and ions between cells, commonly found in the liver, heart, and some muscle tissue

Dermis

inner layer of dense CT, has collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers embedded in ground substance of water, polysaccharides, and proteins, contains papillae, hair root/follicle, smooth muscle, sensory nerve endings,

Simple epithelium

is a single layer of cells. So thin that molecules can pass through it easily

Bone

is a specialized connective tissue that contains only a few living cells. Most of the matrix of bone consists of hard mineral deposits of calcium and phosphate. however, contains blood vessels, and for this reason it can heal within four to six weeks after being injured.

Columnar epithelim

is composed of tall, rectangular (column-shaped) cells. lines parts of the digestive tract , certain reproductive organs, and the larynx. Certain cells within this epithelium , called goblet cells, secret mucus, a thick fluid that lubricates the tissues and traps bacteria, viruses and irritating particles.

Cuboidal epithelium

is composed of the cube-shaped cells. forms the kidney tubules and also covers the surfaces of the ovaries.

Adipose tissue

is highly specialized for fat storage. it has few connective tissue fibers and almost no ground substance. Most of its volume is occupied by adipocytes (fat cells). located primarily under the skin, where it serves as a layer of insulation. it also forms a protective layer around internal organs such as the kidneys.

the matrix

is synthesized by connective tissue cells and released into the space between them. the strength of connective tissue comes from this, not from living cells themselves.

Cartilage

is the transition tissue from which bone develops. it also maintains the shape of certain body parts (such as the tip of your nose) and protects and cushions joints.

Mucous Membranes

line airways, digestive tract, reproductive passage, contains goblet cells that secret mucus that lubricates

Serous membranes

line and lubricate internal body cavities to reduce friction between internal organs

Synovial Membrane

lines the very thin cavities between bones in moveable joints, secretes watery fluid that lubricates joints, doesn't have epithelial layer

Adipose Tissue

loose CT highly specialized for fat storage, located mainly under skin for insulation, also a protective layer around internal organs,

Elastic Fibers

made of protein elastin, can stretch without breaking

Cutaneous Membrane

our outer covering, the skin

Epidermis

outer layer, squamous epithelial, constantly being replaced, made up of keratinocytes (located near base called basal cells) and melanocytes, lacks BV

fibrocartilage

pads between the vertebrae and knees that are shock absorbers

gap junctions

represent connecting channels made of proteins that permit the movement of ions or water between two adjacent cells. they are commonly found in the epithelium cells in the liver, heart, and some muscle tissues.

Tight Junctions

seal cells so tightly together, nothing can pass through them, controls movement of substances into or out of the body

Tight junctions

seal the plasma membranes of adjacent cells so tightly together that nothing can pass between the cells. these are particularly important in epithelium layers that must control the movement of substances into or out of the body.(ex. the cells that line the digestive tract, and the bladder, and the cells that form the tubules of the kidneys.

Endocrine glands

secrete substances called hormones into the bloodstream. one gland is the thyroid gland, which secretes several hormones that help regulate your body's growth and metabolism.

Exocrine glands

secrete their products into a hollow organ or duct. (ex. are the glands in your mouth that secrete saliva, sweat glands in your skin, and glands in your stomach that produce digestive acid.

adipose provides

stored energy supply in fat vacuoles

Organs

structures composed of two or more tissue types that perform specific function(s)

hyaline cartilage forms

supporting rings of the respiratory passages

Connective Tissue

supports softer organs against gravity, connects parts of the body together, stores fat, and produces cells of the blood

connective tissue

supports the softer organs of the body against gravity and connects the parts of the body together. it also stores fat and produces the cells of blood.

bone

supports, protects and provides framework for the body

Smooth Muscle

surrounds hollow organs and tubes like BV, digestive tract, uterus, bladder, involuntary muscle

Elastic connective tissue

surrounds organs that have to change shape or size regularly. Examples include the stomach, which must stretch to accommodate food; the bladder, which stretches to store urine; and the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sounds. Elastic connective tissue contains a high proportion of elastic fibers, which stretch and recoil easily.

Reticular Fibers

thinner fibers of collagen, serve as an internal structural framework

blood functions

to transport substances, help maintain stable internal environment.

Cartilage

transition tissue which bone develops, maintains shape of some body parts, protects and cushions joints, mainly collagen fibers, produced by chrondoblasts, have small chambers called lacunae, no BV, specialized CT

Keratin

waterproof protein, makes skin tough,