From Cells to Organ Systems: CH13
Fibroblasts
are the cells responsible for producing and secreting the proteins that compose the collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.
adipose Functions
as a heat insulator beneath the skin
Fibroblasts
cells responsible for producing and secreting the proteins that compose the collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers, fibrous CT
Interstitial Fluid
clear fluid that is the internal environment that surrounds the cells, provides nutrients to the cells,
Collagen Fibers
confer strength and are slightly flexible
Fibrous connective tissues
connect the various body parts, providing strength, support and flexibility.
recticular fibers
connective tissue also contains thinner fibers of collagen that interconnect with each other. often serve as an internal structural framework for some of the "soft" organs such as liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
Cell Junctions
connects some epithelial cells together, made up of proteins
Skeletal Muscle
connects to tendons, contraction causes body parts to move, voluntary muscle
Fibrous CT
connects various body parts, provides strength, support and flexibility, consists of several fiber types
Epithelial tissues
consist of sheets of cells that line r cover various surfaces and body cavities. often they are smooth to reduce friction; the smooth tissue lining your blood vessels helps blood flow more easily through your body, highly specialized for transporting materials. absorb water and nutrients across your intestines into your blood also secret waste products across the tubules of your kidneys so that you can eliminate them in urine.
ground substance
consisting of water, polysaccharides,and proteins that ranges in consistency from gel-like to almost rubbery. contains several types of cells, among them fat cells, mast cells, various white blood cells (macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells).
Tissue Membranes
consists of a layer of CT and a layer of epithelial cells that line each body cavity and form out skin. Four major types: serous, mucous, synovial, cutaneous
Blood
consists of cells suspended in fluid matrix called plasma, RBC transports oxygen and nutrients and waste products, WBC function in immunity, platelets function in blood clots, specialized CT
Blood
consists of cells suspended in fluid matrix called plasma. it considered a connective tissue because all b
Muscle tissue
consists of cells that are specialized to shorten, or contract, resulting in movement of some kind. is composed of tightly packed cells called muscle fibers.
Nervous Tissue
consists of mainly cells that are specialized for generating and transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body,
stratified epithelium
consists of multiple layers (or strata), thicker and provides protection for underlying cells.
Squamous epithelium
consists of one or more layer of flatted cells, forms the outer surface of the skin and lines the inner surfaces of the blood vessels, lungs, mouth, throat and vagina.
Glial Cell
contained in nervous tissue, doesn't transmit electrical pulses, surround and protect neurons and supply them with nutrients
Bone
contains few living cells, matrix mainly hard mineral deposits of calcium and phosphate, has numerous BV, specialized CT
blood
contains large amounts of fluid and lacks fibers
Papillae
contains sensory nerve ending and small BV
Melanin
dark-brown pigament, protects us against sun radiation,
areolar tissue forms
delicate , thin layers between muscles
Basement Membrane
directly beneath the cells of an epithelial tissue, noncellular layer, anchors epithelial cells to the stronger CT underneath
basement membrane
directly beneath the cells of an epithelium tissue is a supporting noncellular layer, and beneath that is generally a layer of connective tissue. composed primarily of protein secreted by the epithelium cells, and although noncelluar, it is a cellular membrane that is a part of every living cell.
Neurons
electrical impulses conducted by nervous tissue, has three parts: cell body, dendrites, axon
Four major types of Tissues:
epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
Cell junctions
epithelium cells may be connected to each other may several different types of these, made up of various proteins. these may hold the cells together, depending of the type of epithelium tissue.
Hyaline cartilage
forms the flexible soft part of the nasal septum
Elastic cartilage
forms the framework of the outer ear
Epithelial Tissue is found:
skin, lining of mouth, inner surfaces of digestive tract, lungs, bladder, BV, tubules of kidneys
Adhesion junctions
sometimes called "spot desmosomes" are looser in structure. The protein filaments of these structures allow for some movement between cells so that the tissues can stretch and bend. these in the epithelium in your skin allow you to move freely.
Collagen fibers
made of protein, confer strength and are slightly flexible.
Elastic fibers
made primarily of the protein elastin, which can stretch without breaking.
Skin
protects from dehydration and injury, regulates body temperature, synthesizes vitamin D, provides sensations
Integumentary System
the skin and its accessory structures
Nervous System
The body's "fast" communication system; it tells the body what to do. Made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Endocrine System
The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Reticular connective tissue
(also called lymphoid tissue) serves as the internal framework of soft organs such as the liver and the tissues of the lymphatic system (spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes) it consists of thin, branched reticular fibers (composed of collagen) that form an interconnected network.
Immune System
The body's defense against infectious organisms and other harmful invaders. Includes bone marrow, spleen, and white blood cells.
Cardiovascular System
A collection of organs that transport blood throughout the body; the organs in this system include the heart, the arteries, and the veins.
Lymphatic System
Acts like a "drain" to remove the body's excess fluid and return portions to the blood. Contains lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that protect the body against disease.
areolar tissue
Binds skin to the underlying organs
Excretory System/Urinary System The Urinary System and the Excretory are the same but are different because urination releases excess water from the body. Where the excretion releases the body's liquid and gas waste products.
Body system that collects and eliminates wastes from the body; includes the kidneys and bladder.
Dense CT
CT type, found in tendons and ligaments, and lower layers of skin, more collagen fiber and are oriented primarily in one direction, fibrous CT
Reticular CT
CT type, serves as internal framework of soft organs, consists of thin, branched reticular fibers, fibrous CT
Loose CT
CT type, surrounds many internal organs, muscles, and BV, contains a few collagen and elastic fibers in no pattern, fibrous CT
Elastic CT
CT type, surrounds organs that change shape regularly, contain high proportion of elastic fibers so it stretches and recoils easily, fibrous CT
Integumentary System
Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail. Protects the body from injury, water loss, and some bacteria.
Negative Feedback Components
Controlled variable (property that varies), sensor (receptor, monitors), control center (receives input from sensor and signals effector), effector (takes necessary action to get balance)
Tissues
Groups of specialized cells that are similar in structure and that perform common functions.
Respiratory System
Made of the trachea, larynx, pharynx, and lungs. It helps the body take in oxygen from the air (when you breathe in) and release carbon dioxide (when you breathe out).
Dense Connective tissue
Main tissue of tendons and ligaments
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints.
Muscular System
Responsible for movement of the body. Includes smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles.
Digestive System
Responsible for the breaking down and absorption of food; includes teeth, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, and colon.
Loose connective tissue
also called areolar connective tissue, is the most common type. it surrounds many internal organs, muscles and blood vessels. this contains a few collagen fibers and elastic fibers in no particular pattern, giving it a great deal of flexibility but only a modest amount of strength.
Glands
are epithelial tissues that specialized to synthesize and secrete a product.
Dense connective tissue
found in tendons, ligaments, and lower layers of skin, has collagen fibers. the fibers are oriented primarily in one direction, especially in the tendons and ligaments in and around our joints. is the strongest connective tissue when pulled in same direction as the orientation of the fibers, but it can tear if the tear if the stress comes from the side. There are very few good blood vessels in dense connective tissue to supply the few living cells. this is why, if you strain a tendon or ligament, it can take a long time to deal.
Cardiac Muscle
found only in the heart, fewer fibers but still parallel, involuntary muscle,
adipose Cells
greatly enlarged with nuclei pushed to sides
Organ System
groups of organs that together serve a broad function that is important to survival either of the individual organism or species
Muscle Tissue
has cells specialized to contract, composed of tightly packed muscle fibers which are lined parallel with each other, 3 types skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Adhesion Junctions
have protein filaments that allow for some movement between cells so tissues can stretch and bend
Gap Junctions
have proteins that permit movement of water and ions between cells, commonly found in the liver, heart, and some muscle tissue
Dermis
inner layer of dense CT, has collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers embedded in ground substance of water, polysaccharides, and proteins, contains papillae, hair root/follicle, smooth muscle, sensory nerve endings,
Simple epithelium
is a single layer of cells. So thin that molecules can pass through it easily
Bone
is a specialized connective tissue that contains only a few living cells. Most of the matrix of bone consists of hard mineral deposits of calcium and phosphate. however, contains blood vessels, and for this reason it can heal within four to six weeks after being injured.
Columnar epithelim
is composed of tall, rectangular (column-shaped) cells. lines parts of the digestive tract , certain reproductive organs, and the larynx. Certain cells within this epithelium , called goblet cells, secret mucus, a thick fluid that lubricates the tissues and traps bacteria, viruses and irritating particles.
Cuboidal epithelium
is composed of the cube-shaped cells. forms the kidney tubules and also covers the surfaces of the ovaries.
Adipose tissue
is highly specialized for fat storage. it has few connective tissue fibers and almost no ground substance. Most of its volume is occupied by adipocytes (fat cells). located primarily under the skin, where it serves as a layer of insulation. it also forms a protective layer around internal organs such as the kidneys.
the matrix
is synthesized by connective tissue cells and released into the space between them. the strength of connective tissue comes from this, not from living cells themselves.
Cartilage
is the transition tissue from which bone develops. it also maintains the shape of certain body parts (such as the tip of your nose) and protects and cushions joints.
Mucous Membranes
line airways, digestive tract, reproductive passage, contains goblet cells that secret mucus that lubricates
Serous membranes
line and lubricate internal body cavities to reduce friction between internal organs
Synovial Membrane
lines the very thin cavities between bones in moveable joints, secretes watery fluid that lubricates joints, doesn't have epithelial layer
Adipose Tissue
loose CT highly specialized for fat storage, located mainly under skin for insulation, also a protective layer around internal organs,
Elastic Fibers
made of protein elastin, can stretch without breaking
Cutaneous Membrane
our outer covering, the skin
Epidermis
outer layer, squamous epithelial, constantly being replaced, made up of keratinocytes (located near base called basal cells) and melanocytes, lacks BV
fibrocartilage
pads between the vertebrae and knees that are shock absorbers
gap junctions
represent connecting channels made of proteins that permit the movement of ions or water between two adjacent cells. they are commonly found in the epithelium cells in the liver, heart, and some muscle tissues.
Tight Junctions
seal cells so tightly together, nothing can pass through them, controls movement of substances into or out of the body
Tight junctions
seal the plasma membranes of adjacent cells so tightly together that nothing can pass between the cells. these are particularly important in epithelium layers that must control the movement of substances into or out of the body.(ex. the cells that line the digestive tract, and the bladder, and the cells that form the tubules of the kidneys.
Endocrine glands
secrete substances called hormones into the bloodstream. one gland is the thyroid gland, which secretes several hormones that help regulate your body's growth and metabolism.
Exocrine glands
secrete their products into a hollow organ or duct. (ex. are the glands in your mouth that secrete saliva, sweat glands in your skin, and glands in your stomach that produce digestive acid.
adipose provides
stored energy supply in fat vacuoles
Organs
structures composed of two or more tissue types that perform specific function(s)
hyaline cartilage forms
supporting rings of the respiratory passages
Connective Tissue
supports softer organs against gravity, connects parts of the body together, stores fat, and produces cells of the blood
connective tissue
supports the softer organs of the body against gravity and connects the parts of the body together. it also stores fat and produces the cells of blood.
bone
supports, protects and provides framework for the body
Smooth Muscle
surrounds hollow organs and tubes like BV, digestive tract, uterus, bladder, involuntary muscle
Elastic connective tissue
surrounds organs that have to change shape or size regularly. Examples include the stomach, which must stretch to accommodate food; the bladder, which stretches to store urine; and the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sounds. Elastic connective tissue contains a high proportion of elastic fibers, which stretch and recoil easily.
Reticular Fibers
thinner fibers of collagen, serve as an internal structural framework
blood functions
to transport substances, help maintain stable internal environment.
Cartilage
transition tissue which bone develops, maintains shape of some body parts, protects and cushions joints, mainly collagen fibers, produced by chrondoblasts, have small chambers called lacunae, no BV, specialized CT
Keratin
waterproof protein, makes skin tough,