FSA REVIEW

Define force

A push or a pull

What two factors do we use to classify stars?

Absolute brightness and temperature

What causes liquid water to change into water vapor?

An increase in the kinetic energy of the particles.

Why are different portions of the moon are visible at different times of the month?

As the Moon moves along its orbit, only a fraction of it is visible from Earth.

What is the smallest unit of matter?

Atoms

What is the function of golgi bodies?

"Quality control", Modifies and Processes proteins made by the cell.

Define equinox

Hours of day and night are equal

The order of the earth's compositional layers from most dense to least dense are:

Inner Core, Outer Core, Mantle and Crust

Define homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment (ie. sweating when you're hot and shivering when you're cold)

Explain the change that occurs when ice melts.

Melting is a physical change and the mass of the substance stays the same.

The core is made up of what 2 elements?

Nickel and Iron

Why is Cobalt (Co) placed before Nickel (Ni) on the Periodic Table of the Elements even though it has a higher average atomic mass than nickel?

Nickel has one more proton.

How do you determine the relative age of a rock?

Observation of layer order

What are tectonic plates?

The Earth's crust broken into many pieces moving slowly over the asthenosphere

What is chemical weathering?

The process that breaks down rock through dissolving rock and chemical changes.

During sea floor spreading, where does molten material rise up from the mantle?

at the mid ocean ridges

What is the smallest unit of life?

cells

The three types of heat transfer are:

conduction, convection, radiation

Where does sea floor spreading occur?

mid-ocean ridges

Which layer of Earth is liquid?

outer core

Define observation

process of gathering information through senses

Which of the following is where one plate slides under another plate?

subduction zone

If you climbed a mountain, how you you expect the temperature and pressure to change as you climbed higher?

temperature and pressure would both decrease

Which of earth's spheres contains all rocks on Earth?

the geosphere

Describe the sun's rotation

the sun rotates more rapidly at the equator and slower at the poles.

What season does the southern hemisphere experience when we are tilted towards the sun?

winter

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of life (structure and function) 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

What are Newton's Three Laws of Motion?

1. Inertia: An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by a force. 2. F=m*a ; The amount of force needed to move an object depends upon the mass of an object. 3. Propulsion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Compare the mass and charge of subatomic particles.

A proton has a positive charge and a mass of 1 AMU, a neutron has no charge and a mass of 1 AMU, an electron has a negative charge and almost no mass.

Describe the geocentric model of the solar system.

All the planets and stars revolves around Earth

Describe the process of photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide and water combine in the presence of light to form oxygen and glucose.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.

Why do experiments need a control group?

Control groups do not receive the independent variable and therefore can be used as a comparison for what would happen under normal conditions

Greek philosophers such as Democritus and Aristotle had ideas about the composition of matter. For example, Democritus believed matter was made of tiny, solid spheres that he called atomos, and Aristotle thought matter was made of earth, water, fire, and air. Aristotle's idea of matter was the accepted idea for over 2,000 years until John Dalton came up with a new theory about matter based on his experimental data. Which of the following best explains why Dalton's theory became more widely-accepted over Aristotle's theory?

Dalton's theory had repeated observations which were supported by extensive evidence.

How does Venus's rotation compare to the rest of the inner planets?

Earth and mars have very similar rotation periods, but mercury's rotation is much longer and venus's is the longest.

Describe the process of cellular respiration.

Glucose and oxygen combine to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP.

Kendrick goes to his neighborhood gym to exercise. The process of cellular respiration makes it possible for him to run on the treadmill and to lift weights. What do Kendrick's cells do during cellular respiration?

His cells use oxygen to break down food molecules to release energy.

An astronaut leaves Earth's surface and begins orbiting Earth. How will his departure from Earth affect his mass and weight?

His mass will remain constant, his weight will decrease.

When do scientists choose to use models instead of a controlled experiment?

If the object is too large or too small for direct experimentation.

How does temperature affect the speed of a reaction?

Increased temperature makes a reaction happen faster.

Define quantitative

Information that reflects numerical data

Define qualitative

Information that reflects the condition of something (ie color, shape, or position)

Define climate

Is the average weather at a given place over a long period of time.

Julia did an experiment to test a hypothesis. The hypothesis was not supported by the data she collected during the experiment. Why are her results still valuable?

Julia's data can lead to further investigation even though it did not support her hypothesis.

What law states the youngest layer of rock is on top?

Law of Superposition

If egg whites have a pH of 8, what color will it turn litmus paper and how would you classify it?

Litmus paper would turn blue and it would be classified as a base.

If vinegar has a pH of 3, what color would it turn litmus paper and how would it be classified?

Litmus paper would turn red and it would be classified as an acid.

A scientist is investigating the rate of cellular respiration when a person is exercising and when at rest. How would the amount of gas released be different in these two situations?

More carbon dioxide would be released when exercising than when at rest.

Cellular respiration occurs in the body 24 hours per day. During exercise, the rate of cellular respiration increases. Why does increased cellular respiration cause people to breathe faster?

More oxygen is needed to produce energy, and more carbon dioxide waste must be removed from the body.

How many variables can you change in a valid experiment

ONE- the independent variable

What did Wegener call the single, large, landmass containing all of our current continents?

Pangea

What is the difference between a plant and animal cell?

Plant cells have cell walls to provide structure like our bones. They also have chloroplast and chlorophyll for photosynthesis and their vacuoles are larger to provide extra structure.

Compare pure substances and mixtures.

Pure substances are either compounds or elements. Mixtures are homogeneous or heterogeneous combinations.

Ms. Wolfthal has a bag of beads with different sizes and colors. Each type of bead represents atoms of different elements. How can Ms. Wolfthal best use the beads to show how compounds form in nature?

She can arrange beads in various formations using different colors and sizes multiple times.

Why does the mass of a bowling ball not change when it is transferred from Earth to the Moon?

The amount of matter in it stays the same.

If there is more heat in the inner core, why is only the outer core liquid?

The amount of pressure put on the inner core is so intense, the molecules can not move and therefore remain in a solid state.

Define weather

The condition of the atmosphere at a given time in a given place.

What change would occur if Earth's rate of rotation significantly increased?

The day would be shorter.

Earth makes one full rotation on its axis approximately every 24 hours. If Earth's period of rotation decreased to 20 hours, which of the following changes would occur?

The length of daylight and nighttime would decrease.

Define rotation

The spinning motion of a planet on its axis

Define radiation

The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves (ie the sun or fire)

Define convection

The transfer of thermal energy by the circulation of movement of a fluid, hot rises and cold sinks (ie boiling water, ocean currents, wind, plate tectonics, hot air balloon)

What happens to the solubility of a substance when you increase temperature?

When you increase temperature, solubility increases.

If I want to neutralize an acid, what should I add to it?

a basic solution

Define dependent variable

a variable whose value changes due to the manipulation of the independent variable; the responding variable; the variable you track and measure; graphed on the y-axis

How do we classify a substance with a pH between 1-7?

acid/acidic

Define carnivore

an animal that feeds on meat

What's the difference between absolute brightness and apparent brightness?

apparent brightness is how bright a star appears in the sky. absolute brightness is how bright a star is from a standard distance away.

In the modern Periodic Table, what property is used to arrange the elements?

atomic number

How do we classify a substance with a pH between 7-14?

base/basic

If a star is moving towards us, what color will it appear?

blue

What color are the hottest stars?

blue

What color does litmus paper turn in the presence of an base?

blue

What is the function of lysosomes?

break down molecules and remove waste from the cell

How could the Law of Superposition help the geologist determine how old the layer of rock is?

by recognizing that the layers below it are older and that the layers above it are younger

Where does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplasts (plant cells)

The circular pattern of heating, rising, cooling, sinking of magma in the mantle causing tectonic plates to move.

convection currents

What type of boundary occurs when two tectonic plates collide?

convergent

The layers of Earth from inside out.

core, mantle, crust

As matter changes from solid to liquid to gas, the density of the particles....

decreases

What pieces of evidence support mid-ocean ridges?

discovery of Mid-Atlantic Ridge, core rock samples showing older rocks the farther that you get from the mid ocean ridge

What type of boundary occurs when two tectonic plates separate?

divergent

Why does the Sun appear to move across the sky?

earth is rotating on its axis and the sun is standing still

What keeps the molecules of gases around Earth?

earth's gravity

Which natural disaster is associated with transform boundaries?

earthquakes

Define herbivore

eats only plants

Most objects in the universe appear red because they are moving away from us, suggesting that the universe is ....

expanding

How does freezing water cause the weathering of rocks? The freezing water—

expands cracks and breaks rocks

Columns on the periodic table are called...

families or groups

Lunar eclipses can occur during which moon phase?

full moon

When the moon is on the opposite side of earth as the sun, what moon phase occurs?

full moon

Thermal energy always moves from ____ to ____

hot to cold; high temperatures to low temperatures

As matter changes from solid to liquid to gas, the kinetic energy of the particles....

increases

As matter changes from solid to liquid to gas, the motion of the particles....

increases

As matter changes from solid to liquid to gas, the randomness of the particles....

increases

How can unbalanced forces change an objects motion?

it can set it in motion from rest, it can stop its motion, it can change speed or direction, it can change shape

Why do we only see one side of the moon?

it rotates and revolves at the same speed

Describe solar flares

magnetic fields on the furcae of the sun that lift extra energy to the surface

Katie's teacher has given her a sample that contains a mixture of salt, sand, and iron fillings. She is instructed to separate the mixture into the three individual components. What would be the best physical property to focus on for the first step in separating the mixture?

magnetism

Most stars are classified as...

main sequence

Our sun is this type of star..

main sequence

What is the function of ribosomes?

make proteins for the cell

How do we know that gravity helped form our solar system?

many objects in space are round, planets revolve around an object of greater mass, planets form by small masses combining into larger masses

Define the Law of Conservation of Mass

mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, only rearranged

Define insulators

materials that are poor heat conductors (ie water, wood, rubber, plastic)

Where does cellular respiration occur?

mitochondria

Which land formation occurs at converging continental plates?

mountains

What is the major cause of weathering and erosion to form canyons?

moving water

Solar eclipses can occur during which moon phase?

new moon

When the moon is between earth and the sun, what moon phase will occur?

new moon

How does the Sun produce energy?

nuclear fusion in the core

Tectonic plates are made up of continental crust and ________ crust.

oceanic

Where is most of the water on Earth located?

oceans

Who performs photosynthesis?

plants, algae, and some bacteria

Audra is looking at a diagram of an oxygen atom. Which particle(s) does she see inside the nucleus?

protons and neutrons

The Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom was the first really useful model that accurately illustrated what scientists knew of the structure of atoms in the early 1900s. Based on today's understanding of atoms, what must an accurate, useful model of an atom include?

protons, neutrons, and electrons

A scientist has found a new drug that appears to provide weight loss in humans without dieting. The scientist has tested the drug on thousands of people and has found few side effects. What should the scientist do next?

publish the results so others can replicate the study

If a star is moving away from you, what color will it appear?

red

What color are the coolest stars?

red

What color does litmus paper turn in the presence of an acid?

red

Define mutualism

relationship between two organisms where both organisms benefit

Define parasitism

relationship between two organisms where one benefits and one suffers

Define commensalism

relationship between two organisms where one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

What is another name for Law of Superposition?

relative dating

Which land formation occurs at a divergent continental boundary.

rift valley

Define homogeneous mixture

same composition throughout, like alcohol & water mixed together

Which landforms can be created by deposition?

sand dunes and deltas

Why are theories constantly being updated?

scientists are always collecting new data and information

The process for new oceanic lithosphere forming at mid ocean ridges

seafloor spreading

What is the purpose of a control group?

serves as a basis for comparison

Define conductors

substances that transfer heat easily; vibrations(all waves) move best through solids

What season do we experience when we are tilted towards the sun?

summer

Describe solar prominences

tangled magnetic fields that lift extra energy to the surface in an explosive event that releases solar material into space

Which of earth's spheres contains all the gas on Earth?

the atmosphere

Which of earth's spheres contains all living things on Earth?

the biosphere

Where does the heat come from that drives this convection current in the mantle?

the core

Which of earth's spheres contains all the ice on Earth?

the cryosphere

What is a light year?

the distance light travels in one year

Where do satellites orbit?

the exosphere

Which layer of the atmosphere do the aurora borealis (northern lights) occur?

the ionosphere

What two factors affect the force of attraction (gravity) between two objects?

the mass of the two objects and how close they are to each other. More mass-stronger force, closer together-stronger force.

Which atmospheric layer burns up meteors?

the mesosphere

What distinguishes an atom of one element from an atom of another element?

the number of protons

Define erosion

the process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another

Define deposition

the process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it

Define replication

the process of copying; other scientists replicate experiments to ensure their validity

Define weathering

the process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth's surface

All of the elements in the same period on the periodic table all have....

the same number of orbitals/energy levels

What can be concluded about the properties of the elements that border the staircase on the Periodic Table of the Elements?

these elements have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Describe the inner planets

they are close to the sun, short revolutions, small and rocky with few moons

Describe the outer planets

they are far from the sun, long revolutions, short rotations, many moons, made of gas, very large and have rings

Describe a comet

they are made out of ice and dust

Why does mercury and venus not have moons?

they are too close to the sun

Why is important to only change one variable in a controlled experiment?

to make sure that the dependent variable only changes in response to the independent variable and that nothing else could have effected it

What type of boundary occurs when two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally?

transform

List the atmospheric layers in order from Earth's surface.

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere (ionosphere, exosphere)

Rows on the periodic table are called...

periods

Define omnivore

An organism that eats both plants and animals

How does oceanic crust compare to continental crust?

Oceanic crust is thinner, younger and more dense than continental crust

What would most likely happen to the motion of the planets without the force of gravity from the Sun?

The planets would drift away from the Sun into outer space.

How would placing a plant in a dark room affect the rate of photosynthesis?

The rate of photosynthesis would decrease.

Why are summer days longer than winter days?

The region of Earth experiencing summer is tilted toward the Sun while the region experiencing winter is tilted away from the Sun.

All of the elements in the same family on the periodic table all have....

The same number of valence electrons and similar characteristics.

What happens to the particles of a liquid when energy is removed from them?

The motion of the particles decreases and the distance between the particles decreases.

Define revolution

The movement of an object around another object (planets revolve around the sun)

Isopropyl alcohol has a density of 0.786 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). An object has a mass of 13 grams (g) and a volume of 21 cubic centimeters (cm3). What will happen when the object is placed into isopropyl alcohol?

The object will float because it is less dense than isopropyl alcohol.

Why does the temperature in the stratosphere increase?

The ozone layer absorbs harmful rays from the sun that increase the temperature of the stratosphere

Atomic theory describes the motion of particles in a given state of matter, Describe the motion of particles in a solid, liquid, and gas.

The particles in gases are far apart and move very quickly; particles in liquids are closer together and move can move past each other; particles in solids have fixed positions and vibrate in place.

Mr. Chang's class participated in a science experiment where they placed three substances outside in the sunlight to determine which substance would increase in temperature more quickly. How would the motion of the particles of each substance be described if they are allowed to sit in the Sun for a duration of 10 minutes?

The particles of each substance begin to speed up and move farther apart as the temperature increases.

If a sample of gold were reduced to the smallest possible particles of pure gold, what would be left?

The sample would be reduced to atoms of gold.

Most of the mass in Earth's atmosphere is found in which layer?

The troposhpere

Define independent variable

The variable that is changed in the experiment; the manipulated variable; graphed on the x-axis

As you travel from the inner core to the crust, how would temperature, pressure and density of the material change?

The would all increase

What would be the resulting condition if Earth's axis was perpendicular to the Sun?

There would be no seasons.

Fluorine (Fl), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), and Iodine (I) are elements in the same group on the periodic table. Why are these elements grouped together?

They all have similar properties.

Define solstice

When the sun is farthest north or south of the equator

What is a contact force?

When two objects have to be touching for a force to act (ie friction)

Describe the relationship between stars and galaxies.

a galaxy contains many stars

Define scientific law

a generalized rule to describe a pattern in nature (ie law of gravity- the apple will always fall to the ground)

What is an enormous mass of ice moving over land, causing weathering of rock and soil?

a glacier

In the fourth century BC, Aristotle observed a phenomenon in which he saw a circular shadow on the Moon. He argued that Earth was a sphere based on this observation. What phenomenon caused the shadow on the Moon?

a lunar eclipse

Define the Theory of Continental Drift

all continents were once joined together in one single large landmass

Who performs cellular respiration?

all living things (both plants and animals)

Describe the heliocentric model of the solar system

all the planets revolve around the sun

Define constants or control variables

all the variables that have to remain the same throughout the entire experiment to ensure that only one variable is purposely changed

A neutral atom must have what?

an equal number of protons and electrons

Why do the outer planets have so many moons?

because they are so large and have so much more gravity than the inner planets

How could Radioactive Dating help the geologist determine how old the layer of rock is?

by measuring the radioactive decay of radioactive elements present in the sediment

How does the atmosphere protect life on Earth?

contains the gases we need to breathe and function, absorb harmful UV rays from the sun, keep the temperature warm enough for us to live, burn up meteors that could be a threat

What three pieces of evidence did Wegner use to support continental drift?

continental shape (like puzzle pieces), fossils (that match on different continents), and landforms (that appear to match from the same geologic events on different continents)

There are three types of convergent boundaries: oceanic-oceanic, continental-oceanic, and __________.

continental-continental

Many athletes use altitude training to improve their performance. They travel to areas of high altitude where there is less oxygen in the air. The body adapts to the stress of less oxygen by becoming more efficient at transporting and using oxygen. What are athletes who train in high altitudes most likely trying to enhance?

energy production in the mitochondria

A mudslide flowing down a steep hill is called?

erosion

Flood waters moving soil is an example of..

erosion

Wind blowing sand from one part of the beach to another is an example of..

erosion and deposition

Venus is called Earth's twin, so why is it so much hotter than Earth?

it has a very thick atmosphere

What is the most accurate way for geologists to measure the age of a rock?

measure and record the decay of radioactive elements in the rock

How do we classify a substance with a pH of exactly 7?

neutral

What is the function of the cell membrane?

regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Which of earth's spheres contains all the water on Earth?

the hydrosphere

What is continental drift?

the slow movement of plates due to convection currents in the mantle

Which atmospheric layers contains the ozone layer

the stratosphere

What two factors allow Earth to have seasons?

the tilt of Earth on its axis and our revolution around the sun

Define conduction

the transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by direct contact (ie a hot spoon in a coffee cup or holding a warm cup)

Describe sunspots

they have lower temperatures than their surroundings

What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum?

transports materials through the cell

In which layer of the atmosphere does weather occur?

troposphere

Wind blasting sand at rock and carving out arches is an example of..

weathering

Define scientific theory

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses, and enables scientists to make accurate predictions about natural phenomenon (ie cell theory, theory of plate tectonics, big bang theory, heliocentric theory)

What is a non-contact force?

when objects do not need to be touching for a force to act (ie gravity or a magnet)

Define inference

A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and observations

Define heterogeneous mixture

A mixture that has visibly different parts, like pizza or salad.

How does air pressure change as your altitude increases?

Air pressure decreases as altitude increases

What is the law of conservation of energy?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed it only changes form

How is energy transferred from the Sun's core to its outer layers?

Energy is radiated out from the core first, then carried to the outer layers by convection.

Describe what has happened to the theory of atomic structure over time?

It has been modified and updated based on new data collected.

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs, produces ATP

What is mechanical weathering?

Process through which rocks are physically broken into smaller pieces.

Which of the following occurs because of convection currents in the mantle?

Tectonic plates on the crust move.

How does the temperature of the atmosphere change as you go through the troposphere away from Earth's surface?

Temperature decreases as altitude increases

Carbon is stored in leaves in various forms, such as sugar. When leaves decay, they lose mass. What happens to the carbon that is stored in leaves when they decay?

The carbon is converted into carbon dioxide and released into the atmosphere.

When a ball rolls down a hill, the amount of potential energy it has at the top is more than the amount of kinetic energy it has as it rolls down the hill. How does this scenario still abide by the law of conservation of energy?

The energy decrease is due to the force of friction; because friction acted against the direction of motion, some energy is transformed from potential to heat energy

Steven read an article describing an experiment that included several trials. He noticed that several other scientists had conducted the same experiment with similar results. Why would Steven conclude that the experiment was valid?

The experiment was subjected to replication and repetition.

What is the function of the vacuoles?

storage and structure of cells

Define repetition

the action of repeating something that has already been done; a scientist repeats his own experiment many times to ensure his data is accurate