Gebusi
diffusion and acculturation
what are considered external mechanisms?
invention and innovation
what are considered internal mechanisms?
1. don't be ethnocentric 2. culture is integrated 3. change operates in a cultural context 4. innovations must fit the cultural context
what are the assumptions made in applied anthropology?
Lewis Henry Morgan's three stages
what did Carl Marx use as his model of class conflict and class warfare?
foragers (hunt and gather) and horticulturalists (gardeners)
what do gebusi classify as?
social developers tried to grow hybrid corn; it was successful for awhile but then women realized it doesn't make good tortillas so production decreased
what happened with the hybrid corn in new mexico?
cultural adaptation
social adaptation by cultural means; allows human groups to survive and thrive in challenging environments
1. preparatory rites and ceremonies that result in separation of initiates as a group 2. a liminal or "in-between" period of category transition for initiates 3. climactic rites of social celebration and reintegration
stages of rites of passage according to the gebusi?
fatalistic outlooks
"I cant do anything to change life; things will happen the way they happen; god's will"
professional ethics
???
participant observation
Bruce Knauft uses _____________ to study the Gebusi culture.
norms of modesty
I am not going to let that male doctor look at my private parts; women in a burkka
invention
a discovery of a new item, idea, or principal that becomes socially shared; can include recycling of ideas
synchronic ethnography
a reflexive ethnography that leaves more room for interpretation, focuses on how the culture is at one point in time
culture (in gebusi terms)
a shared and public system of meanings, beliefs, and values
horitculturalists for bananas domesticate pigs by gaining their trust and when they are ready to eat them they lure them in with food and kill them
how do gebusi obtain their food?
cultural change
alters practices and beliefs but can reinvent them in new ways over time; happened to the Gebusi when Australians pacified their tribal enemies while introducing them to modern goods such as knives and axes
diachronic ethnography
an objective, factual ethnography with more participant observation that focuses on how the culture has been over time
sedentary because they live in permanent villages
are they mobile or sedentary?
morpheme
smallest units of meaning in a language
1. gender discrimination 2. sorcery
challenging features of social domination and disorder that are downplayed in gebusi culture?
observe rather than change
cultural anthropologist strive to __________a diverse group of people rather than ___________ their beliefs, customs, and behaviors.
diffusion
cultural borrowing; the spread of certain items, ideas, or practices from one culture to another
corporate descent groups
descent clans that are named, endure throughout time, and have collective rights and obligations
they practice homosexuality sometimes for initiation but they are heterosexual in marriage
describe gebusi sexuality
seance
event where male shamans attempt to communicate with spririts; mostly a male event that excludes women; sorcerers are often killed and eaten; male bonding encouraged
historical particularism
every culture has its own cultural history and should be examined separately
longitudinal fieldwork
extended research over longer periods of time
savagery
foragers are part of the ____________ stage of Lewis Henry Morgan's unilineal evolution
exogamous
gebusi clans are ___________________.
endogamous
gebusi communities are _______________.
1. christianity 2. new settlement in the gasumi corner 3. schools 4. market (women sold crops for money rather than balanced reciprocity) 5. empowerment of women 6. sense of time 7. music 8. sporting events against rival villages but sports were a blend of modern and traditional 9. independence day ceremonies that mocked their culture 10. adameni (love lotion)
gebusi in 1998
1. bruce had trouble traveling back; nomad airport closed because gov't didn't have any money to keep airspace clear; government workers left on last place 2. administers got paid to run gebusi area from elsewhere 3. no more services; returned to traditional ways and embraced old elements of culture 4. unilineal path to westernization was stopped when services were withdrawn 5. new longhouse; sign of male initiation 6. cultural renaissance
gebusi in 2008
1. syncretism continued 2. more foraging; more time spend in jungle 3. market shut down 4. took up canoeing because warfare ceased 5. kept newly introduced crops because they offered a better diet 6. exon mobile pipe potentially was going to be built over gebusi territory
gebusi in 2013
phonemes
gebusi language included ___________ that are not distinguished or heard as different sounds in english
shamanism
gebusi sorcery relies on spiritual guidance through ________________.
kogwayay
good company; a gebusi concept that is emotionally powerful and widely shared
they are clan exogamous (don't marry relatives) and community endogamous (marry within village)
how are gebusi both exogamous and endogamous?
they have semi-permanent living spaces, always go into the forest but have permanent longhouses that they live in
how are gebusi considered betweeners?
patrilineage, corporate descent groups, and patriclans
how can you describe gebusi lineage and kinship?
male dominant, gender violence (ex: Sialam and Dugawe)
how can you describe gender relations in gebusi culture?
archaeology historical records life histories ethnographic restudies impact studies historical reviews of culture change
how do anthropologists study change?
they didn't work very hard, spent hours socializing and lazing about obtaining food and doing work that flowed with the environment rather than being burdens; most nights get 9 hours of sleep
how were the gebusi between 1980 and 1982?
gift exchange/reciprocity
important ways that Gebusi human social interaction are established and reinforced; Gebusi use food-giving and names between friends
rite of passage
initiation is a _________________
ethnocentrism
our way is the best and most perfect way; the only way
cultural ideology
term for when people assert and share their cultural values as a positive belief system
sister exchange
the alternative to bride price that gebusi pay
syncretism
the blending of indigenous and foreign trades to form a new system
sister exchange
the gebusi desire to balance the marriage between of women between lineages or clans
invention/innovation
the most common way to bring about culture change
diffusionism
the origin and spread of artifacts, traditions, and ideas through borrowing between cultures
barbarism
the stage of Lewis Henry Morgan's unilineal evolution that came after foragers figured out how to cultivate plants; includes horticulturalists
civilization
the stage of Lewis Henry Morgan's unilineal evolution that came after the invention of writing and the alphabet; includes complex agriculture
1. savagery 2. barbaism 3. civilization
the stages of Lewis Henry Morgan's unilineal evolution
1. separation 2. liminality 3. incorporation
three phases of a rite of passage?
true
true or false: Lewis Henry Morgan feels that all the world's societies pass through the three stages
true
true or false: gebusi value interpersonal relationships
false
true or false: gebusi were hard workers
true
true or false: the Gebusi appreciated nearby Australian colonial presence
bogay: parcel sorcery based on imitative magic ogowili: assault sorcery based on magical attack by warriors against the victim
two major types of sorcery?
tradition
we always did it this way; it was good enough for my ancestors it is good enough for me
felt wrong selling camel milk but they drank it themselves. economic problems arose so they conformed to their neighbors beliefs, giving up their own ethnocentric beliefs and started marketing camel milk
what happened with the raikka of india and their camels?
rich got richer and the poor got poorer; all profit wen to the elite group of people and the regular farmers standard of living decreased
what happened with the sisal growing problem in Brazil?
synchronic
what kind of book is "at home in the world"?
diachronic
what kind of book is the gebusi?
patrilineal
what kind of descent do gebusi practice?
ethnographic restudies
when an anthropologist brings a young anthropologist with them to finish their work when they die
impact studies
when an anthropologist plans change with intention and study the culture before and the impact afterwards
life history
when anthropologists go find an old person and ask them to tell them everything they remember from their life
acculturation
when two societies have contact with one another over a long space of time and one culture influences the other
rainforest in papua new guinea
where do the gebusi live?
unilineal evolutionists armchair anthropologists
who completes historical reviews of culture change?
the dead person's worst enemy
who is the blame often put on for death?
Franz Boas
who studied historical particularism?
relative values
your way may be better but I like my way; books in electronic format vs. paperback books