GEL 100 Exam 4

Increasing temperature results in what type of strain? A. brittle B. ductile C. shear D. elastic E. recoverable F. fracturing

B. ductile

What is the resulting strain produced by SHEAR stress on a rock? A. Shortening and thickening of the rock. B. Stretching and thinning of the rock. C. Tearing of the rock. D. Change in volume of the rock E. Rounding of the rock.

C. Tearing of the rock.

TENSIONAL stresses are most common along which type of plate boundary? A. Regressive B. Passive C. Divergent D. Convergent E. Transform

C. Divergent

Which of the following is the largest geologic time unit? A. Period B. Era C. Eon D. Epoch E. Age

C. Eon

Which of these would likely produce the most reliable absolute age of formation from radiometric dating techniques? A. High-grade metamorphic rock B. Low-grade metamorphic rock C. Igneous rock D. Clastic sedimentary rock E. Chemical sedimentary rock F. Sediments

C. Igneous rock

How did the mineral grains in the solar dust clouds aggregate to form a planet?

Collision

COMPRESSIONAL stresses are most common along which type of plate boundary? A. Regressive B. Passive C. Divergent D. Convergent E. Transform

D. Convergent

On the early earth, much of the atmospheric oxygen came from _____. A. Increased respiration from animals B. Volcanic eruptions C. Evaporation of water D. Photosynthetic bacteria E. Meteorite impacts F. Glaciers

D. Photosynthetic bacteria

In stratigraphy, the principle of stratigraphic superposition states that: A. all sedimentary beds start off being horizontal B. all sedimentary beds are separated by bedding planes C. a sedimentary bed is younger than the bed above it and older than the bed below it D. a sedimentary bed is older than the bed above it and younger than the bed below it E. a sedimentary bed must be older than any feature that cuts through it or disrupts it F. a sedimentary bed is younger than any adjacent igneous rock

D. a sedimentary bed is older than the bed above it and younger than the bed below it

What is the resulting strain in DUCTILE deformation? A. recoverable change in shape B. temporary change in shape C. flowing back into original shape D. permanent change in shape E. fracturing change in shape F. No change

D. permanent change in shape

What is the resulting strain in PLASTIC deformation? A. recoverable change in shape B. temporary change in shape C. flowing back into original shape D. permanent change in shape E. fracturing change in shape F. No change

D. permanent change in shape

How did the young earth form the layering internal structure?

Dense materials sank to the center creating an iron nickel core.

SHEAR stresses are most common along which type of plate boundary? A. Regressive B. Passive C. Divergent D. Convergent E. Transform

E. Transform

What is the resulting strain in BRITTLE deformation? A. recoverable change in shape B. temporary change in shape C. flowing D. bending E. fracturing change in shape F. No change

E. fracturing change in shape

If the half-life of an isotope is 1 million years, and 100 of the isotopes are in an igneous rock when it first forms, how old will the rock be when there are only 25 of these isotopes left in the crystal? (If this question is on the exam, some numerical values will be modified, but they remain as simple so that you do not need a calculator.) A. 1 million years old B. 2 million years old C. 3 million years old D. 4 million years old E. 5 million years old F. 25 million years old

F. 25 million years old

The epoch that we currently live in is called the:

Holocene

What does the banded iron formation indicate about the early earth?

Layers were formed in sea water as the result of oxygen release.

Where did the "first" water come from? How?

Leakage of water stored in hydrate minerals of Earth's rocks.

How did the young earth gain heat to remain molten?

Magma rose to the surface because of the iron nickel core.

What materials were dated to determine the age of the Earth?

Meteorites

An example of TRACE fossils: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY A. fossilized shells B. fossilized bones C. dinosaur footprint D. Fossil poop (coprolites) E. worm trails F. fossilized seeds

C. dinosaur footprint D. Fossil poop (coprolites) E. worm trails

What geological material was dated to estimate the age of the earth?

Uranium

How did the moon form?

When a planet crashed into the Earth. Huge amount of materials were thrown inro space coming together to form the moon.

At least how old is the oldest continent?

4.3 billion years old

How old is the earth according to the recent studies?

4.5 to 4.6 billion years old/ 4.567 years old

According to the earliest radiometric dating, how old is the earth?

4.5 to 4.6 million years old

How did the earth's atmosphere gain oxygen 3.5 billion years ago? (Here are the spelling: stromatolite/cyanobacteria)

A storm of conditions allowed photosynthetic plankton to release large amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere.

What important evolutionary advances occurred in the Paleozoic? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY A. First jawed fish B. First land animals C. First trees D. First mammals E. First soft-bodied animals F. First dinosaurs

A. First jawed fish B. First land animals C. First trees

Why is the mineral zircon good for absolute dating? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY A. It is durable B. It contains uranium C. It reacts easily D. It contains potassium E. It forms in all igneous rocks F. It is widespread.

A. It is durable B. It contains uranium

Why are fossils so uncommon in older rocks? A. Life had not developed hard body parts yet B. Early organisms were so small that the fossils are hardly discovered C. Fossilized early organisms resemble mineral grains D. The older rocks that include fossils are too deep in the crust to collect and study E. Early organisms were not widespread enough to be found

A. Life had not developed hard body parts yet

What made the Cambrian Explosion "experimental" from an evolutionary point of view? SELECT THREE A. Many lineages were made and went extinct, with almost no ancestors past the Cambrian B. Many lineages that exist today were formed at that time C. Animals began changing the environmental chemistry around them D. The new invention of hard parts spurred new uses for animals E. Animals first began to feed on each other F. The first plants with photosynthesis evolved

A. Many lineages were made and went extinct, with almost no ancestors past the Cambrian B. Many lineages that exist today were formed at that time D. The new invention of hard parts spurred new uses for animals

What is the resulting strain produced by COMPRESSIONAL stress on a rock? A. Shortening and thickening of the rock. B. Stretching and thinning of the rock. C. Tearing of the rock. D. Change in volume of the rock E. Rounding of the rock.

A. Shortening and thickening of the rock.

About 540 million years ago, _____. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY A. The Proterozoic ended B. The Precambrian ended C. The Paleozoic began D. The Phanerozoic began E. The Paleogene began

A. The Proterozoic ended B. The Precambrian ended C. The Paleozoic began D. The Phanerozoic began

Which of the following are possible sources of Earth's water? SELECT THREE A. Volcanism B. Comets C. Sun D. Meteorites E. Empty space F. Moon

A. Volcanism B. Comets D. Meteorites

Increasing rock strength results in what type of strain? A. brittle B. expansion C. ductile D. shear E. elastic F. recoverable

A. brittle

Increasing strain rate results in what type of strain? A. brittle B. expansion C. ductile D. shear E. elastic F. recoverable

A. brittle

If we see a sedimentary bed that has a fault cutting through it as well as a dike that cuts through both the bed and the fault, we can use the principle of cross-cutting relationships to infer: A. the bed formed first, then the fault, then the dike B. the bed formed first, then the dike, then the fault C. the fault formed first, then the bed, then the dike D. the fault formed first, then the dike, then the bed E. the dike formed first, then the bed, then the fault F. the dike formed first, then the fault, then the bed

A. the bed formed first, then the fault, then the dike

What chemical building block for life was found in the Allende meteorite?

Amino Acids

A rock stratum is tiled noticeably from horizontal. What is the most reasonable conclusion you can draw? A. The stratum was deposited on the angle of the continental slope B. A tectonic event has occurred in the area since deposition of the stratum C. A meteorite struck that region, and the stratum is bowed up near the margin of the crater D. A volcano punched through the region deforming the stratum E. The layers have slowly rotated as the ground around them has been compressed with lithification F. Erosion removed the base strata, tilting the overlying strata.

B. A tectonic event has occurred in the area since deposition of the stratum

What is the resulting strain produced by TENSIONAL stress on a rock? A. Shortening and thickening of the rock. B. Stretching and thinning of the rock. C. Tearing of the rock. D. Change in volume of the rock E. Rounding of the rock.

B. Stretching and thinning of the rock.

If we see a sedimentary bed that has a dike cutting through it as well as a fault that cuts through both the bed and the dike, we can use the principle of cross-cutting relationships to infer: A. the bed formed first, then the fault, then the dike B. the bed formed first, then the dike, then the fault C. the fault formed first, then the bed, then the dike D. the fault formed first, then the dike, then the bed E. the dike formed first, then the bed, then the fault F. the dike formed first, then the fault, then the bed

B. the bed formed first, then the dike, then the fault