Genetic Engineering

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCS)

- 2012 Nobel Prize - created in lab - reprogram somatic cells - convert back to stem cells - new hope for many genetic disorders

Medicine

- bacteria used to make proteins (aka the medicine) - safe, fast, and less expensive

Cellular Differentiation

- cells become specialized - will only express genes that function in that cell

What are the uses of DNA fingerprints

- forensics - establish paternity - evolutionary relationships

Somatic Adult Stem Cell

- found in several organs - bone marrow - nervous tissue - umbilical cord - cannot make full range of cells

Genetically Modified Plants

- genes can be added to control ripening process making it faster -improve nutritional value - be resistant to weed killers/herbicide - resist spoilage or disease - be resistant to insects

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

- organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means

Therapeutic Cloning

- produce embryo for stem cell research

Reproductive Cloning

- produce embryo to create a new organism

DNA Fingerprint

- result of gel electrophoresis - unique pattern of individual's DNA

GMO Controversy

- safety is questioned - harmful to environment - may create "super" plants - unknown risks to humans - GMO's not labeled in USA - may cause allergic reaction

Gel Electrophoresis

- sorts DNA fragments by lengths - compares genetic markers -A method of separating DNA in a gelatin-like material using an electrical field

Cancer Stem Cells

- tumor-forming cells

Genetically Modified Animals

- vaccines/hormones given to animals - increases weight quickly for slaughter - increases milk production

Genetic Engineering

-aka biotechnology -manipulating genes on DNA -7 examples

Vaccine

-exposes person's immune system to pathogen -body recognizes microbe marker protein -can be dangerous if microbe is not disabled because patient can get the disease

Forensics

-identify suspects, exonerate innocent, identify victims (crime/catastrophe) -Comparing DNA sample from crime scene with suspects & victim

Genetically Engineered Vaccines

-no danger -no real microbe used -just marker protein from microbe -body still makes antibodies for it

Traditional Animal Farming

-organic - selective breeding breeds the best with the best - uses adaptation and evolution - slow

Traditional Plant Farming

-organic -select seeds from best plants -uses adaptation and evolution -slow

7 Examples of Genetic Engineering

1. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) 2. Medicine 3. Vaccine 4. Cure Genetic Disorders 5. Compare DNA 6. Cloning 7. Stem Cells

What type of charge does the DNA have in Gel Electrophoresis?

a negative charge but when in an electrical field, it moves towards the positive side

Stem Cells

cells that are NOT differentiated - have potential to become various cells - 4 types

Embryonic Stem Cells

center of blastocyst - before gastrulation - can develop into ANY cell (pluripotent)

Antibodies

defensive proteins made by immune system to fight pathogens

Pathogen

disabled microbes

What does the size of DNA affect?

how far it travels -small pieces travel farther -large pieces travel slower & lag behind

Factor VIII (8)

protein to help clot blood

Anticoagulant

protein to make blood thinner used by heart attack/stroke victims

Genetic Markers

specific portion of DNA that varies among individuals

Who cloned Dolly the Sheep?

Ian Wilmut

Gene Therapy

-replace defective gene with a healthy one -new genes in cells begin to work

What are the four types of stem cells?

Embryonic Stem Cells Somatic Adult Stem Cell Cancer Stem Cells Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCS)

Cloning

Nucleus from somatic adult cell - Replaces nucleus of unfertilized egg - Clone is of animal that supplied nucleus - Mass produces animal with desired traits - faster than traditional breeding methods

Human Genome Project

a scientific study to determine the entire nucleotide sequence with 3 billion base pairs to help with genetic disorders, diagnose, detect genetic predispositions to certain diseases, create medicines, gene therapy, and design "custom drugs" for individuals

Transgenic

an organism that has DNA in it from another species

Paternity

answers "who is the father of a child", etc.

What happens if real/live microbes show up?

body has defense system (antibody) to stop it