Genetic Engineering
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCS)
- 2012 Nobel Prize - created in lab - reprogram somatic cells - convert back to stem cells - new hope for many genetic disorders
Medicine
- bacteria used to make proteins (aka the medicine) - safe, fast, and less expensive
Cellular Differentiation
- cells become specialized - will only express genes that function in that cell
What are the uses of DNA fingerprints
- forensics - establish paternity - evolutionary relationships
Somatic Adult Stem Cell
- found in several organs - bone marrow - nervous tissue - umbilical cord - cannot make full range of cells
Genetically Modified Plants
- genes can be added to control ripening process making it faster -improve nutritional value - be resistant to weed killers/herbicide - resist spoilage or disease - be resistant to insects
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
- organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means
Therapeutic Cloning
- produce embryo for stem cell research
Reproductive Cloning
- produce embryo to create a new organism
DNA Fingerprint
- result of gel electrophoresis - unique pattern of individual's DNA
GMO Controversy
- safety is questioned - harmful to environment - may create "super" plants - unknown risks to humans - GMO's not labeled in USA - may cause allergic reaction
Gel Electrophoresis
- sorts DNA fragments by lengths - compares genetic markers -A method of separating DNA in a gelatin-like material using an electrical field
Cancer Stem Cells
- tumor-forming cells
Genetically Modified Animals
- vaccines/hormones given to animals - increases weight quickly for slaughter - increases milk production
Genetic Engineering
-aka biotechnology -manipulating genes on DNA -7 examples
Vaccine
-exposes person's immune system to pathogen -body recognizes microbe marker protein -can be dangerous if microbe is not disabled because patient can get the disease
Forensics
-identify suspects, exonerate innocent, identify victims (crime/catastrophe) -Comparing DNA sample from crime scene with suspects & victim
Genetically Engineered Vaccines
-no danger -no real microbe used -just marker protein from microbe -body still makes antibodies for it
Traditional Animal Farming
-organic - selective breeding breeds the best with the best - uses adaptation and evolution - slow
Traditional Plant Farming
-organic -select seeds from best plants -uses adaptation and evolution -slow
7 Examples of Genetic Engineering
1. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) 2. Medicine 3. Vaccine 4. Cure Genetic Disorders 5. Compare DNA 6. Cloning 7. Stem Cells
What type of charge does the DNA have in Gel Electrophoresis?
a negative charge but when in an electrical field, it moves towards the positive side
Stem Cells
cells that are NOT differentiated - have potential to become various cells - 4 types
Embryonic Stem Cells
center of blastocyst - before gastrulation - can develop into ANY cell (pluripotent)
Antibodies
defensive proteins made by immune system to fight pathogens
Pathogen
disabled microbes
What does the size of DNA affect?
how far it travels -small pieces travel farther -large pieces travel slower & lag behind
Factor VIII (8)
protein to help clot blood
Anticoagulant
protein to make blood thinner used by heart attack/stroke victims
Genetic Markers
specific portion of DNA that varies among individuals
Who cloned Dolly the Sheep?
Ian Wilmut
Gene Therapy
-replace defective gene with a healthy one -new genes in cells begin to work
What are the four types of stem cells?
Embryonic Stem Cells Somatic Adult Stem Cell Cancer Stem Cells Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCS)
Cloning
Nucleus from somatic adult cell - Replaces nucleus of unfertilized egg - Clone is of animal that supplied nucleus - Mass produces animal with desired traits - faster than traditional breeding methods
Human Genome Project
a scientific study to determine the entire nucleotide sequence with 3 billion base pairs to help with genetic disorders, diagnose, detect genetic predispositions to certain diseases, create medicines, gene therapy, and design "custom drugs" for individuals
Transgenic
an organism that has DNA in it from another species
Paternity
answers "who is the father of a child", etc.
What happens if real/live microbes show up?
body has defense system (antibody) to stop it
