GEO Test #1

Volcanism occurs along the following two types of plate boundaries: ________ and _______.

Convergent Divergent

When neither plate is dense enough to sink into the asthenosphere, the result is a ______ plate boundary.

Convergent Collision

Natural glass such as obsidian forms when magma does what?

Cools too rapidly for crystals to form

Match the aphanitic extrusive rock type with its phaneritic intrusive compositional equivalent below.

Diorite- Andesite Granite- Rhyolite Gabbro- Basalt

Match the rock types below with their textural states:

Diorite- P Rhyolite- A Andesite- A Basalt- A Granite- P Gabbro- P

A ________ plate boundary is when two plates move away from each other and molten rock rises up to fill the gap.

Divergent

The three basic type of plate boundaries are....

Divergent Convergent Transform

The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) is intended to do what?

Document the size of eruptions

Earth is the only body in our solar system that is volcanically active. T or F?

False

Lava flows are the greatest hazard of volcanoes. T or F?

False

Plutons form within the peaky structure of a volcano. T or F?

False

Some naturally-occurring minerals have magical healing properties. T or F?

False

The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) can be correlated with the number of deaths caused by an eruption. T or F?

False

Although all compositions are represented, most plutons are ________.

Felsic Rocks

Match the examples of common rock-forming minerals to the mineral group in which they belong.

Ferromagnesian Silicates= hornblende and biotite Nonferromagnesian silicates= feldspars and clays Carbonates=dolomite and calcite Sulfates= gypsum Sulfides= pyrite Halides = Halite

Rapid cooling of magma results in a __________ grained texture called ____________.

Fine Aphanitic

Which of the following was not evidence for Wegener's continental drift hypothesis?

Paleomagnetic stripping of the oceanic crust

Isotopes of the same element have __________.

different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons

Cleavage is defined as what?

planes of fracture resulting from weak bonds

Most geological activity (earthquakes and volcanic eruptions) take place where?

plate boundaries

The ocean crust is composed mostly of what?

Basalt

Supervolcanoes __________.

Produce enormous volcanic eruptions

An example of a material which has been both a resource and a reserve, depending on abundance, economic conditions, and mining technology is which of the following?

All of the above

Plate tectonics have affected biological evolution by _______.

All of the above

By the process of ___________, the composition of a magma can be changed when it comes into contact with country rock.

Assimilation

Earth's 6 principal subsystems are:

Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere Mantle Core Hydrosphere

What are the three main types of volcanoes?

Cinder Cones Composite Cones Shield Volcanoes

Where are most volcanoes located?

Circum-Pacific Belt

Earth's core is probably _________________.

Composed mostly of iron and nickel

Columnar joints caused by the contraction of lava as it cools form typically in a ________ shape.

Hexagonal

The science of geology is divided into two broad areas ____________ geology and ___________ geology.

Historical Physical

The Hawaii islands were created from.....

Hot Spots

The one place on earth where mid-ocean ridge volcanism occurs above sea level is ____________.

Iceland

The theory that all living organisms are descendants of different life forms that existed in the past is called _______.

Organic Evolution

Where are mantle plumes primarily found?

Intraplate regions

Which of the following statements about the asthenosphere is not true?

It is a rigid rock layer.

The zone between the core and the crust is called what?

Mantle

Identify the terrestrial planets.

Mercury Venus Earth Mars

In the center of an atom is its ______ , which is composed of positively-charged particles called ___________ and neutrally-charged particles called ____________ . This central part is orbited by negatively-charged particles called ____________ .

Nucleus Protons Neutrons Electrons

The 3 types of convergent plate boundaries are ___________, _____________, and ______________.

Oceanic-Continental Oceanic-Oceanic Continental-Continental

When basalt lava is chilled rapidly in an ocean or lake, it forms bulbous structures called _________.

Pillow Lava

The atomic mass of an atom is defined as the sum of the number of its ________ plus __________.

Protons Neutrons

What is a vesicular felsic rock called?

Pumice

The hardest, most chemically inert common rock-forming mineral is ____________.

Quartz

A dark colored igneous rock with no visible crystals cooled _________.

Quickly on the Earth's surface

The two primary materials that geologists use as clues to understand Earth's past are ___________ and _______________.

Rocks Fossils

The Plate Tectonic Theory was not taken seriously until....

Seafloor spreading was discovered

The basic building block of silicate minerals is the silica _____________.

Tetrahedron

Bowen's Reaction Series explains the order of mineral formation with decreasing temperature. T or F?

True

Changes in the Earth's magnetic field have occurred throughout geologic time and these are called magnetic reversals. T or F?

True

Geologists use the Principle of Uniformitarianism as a basis to interpret the past and predict the future. T or F?

True

Mica and clay minerals have a platy crystal form because they have a sheet‑like structure of silica tetrahedra. T or F?

True

Native minerals are among those that occur in concentrations known as ores. T or F?

True

The solar nebula theory of the formation of the solar system accounts for the differences in composition between the terrestrial and Jovian planets. T or F?

True

What do lava domes form from?

Viscous magma

The two main categories of igneous rocks are _________ and __________.

Volcanic Plutonic

Fossils are _____________.

all of the above

Ionic bonds occur when electrons ____________.

are transferred between atoms

What is the mechanism for plate movement?

convection of heat within the mantle

The study of paleomagnetism is possible because

the magnetic minerals in a cooling lava point toward the north magnetic pole