GEOG 1710- Chapter 12 Review

In 1912, German geophysicist and meteorologist, Alfred Wegener first proposed the _____ hypothesis about the Earth's land mass migration.

Continental Drift

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the Earth, from the surface to the center?

Crust, Asthenosphere, Lower mantle, core

List three types of plate boundaries ______,______ and ______.

Divergent, Tranform, and Convergent

The oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust

False

The decay rate is expressed as ____, the time required for one half of the unstable atoms in a sample to decay into "daughter" isotopes.

Half-life

The Earth's dominant materials are ____ and _____

Iron and silica

Which layer of planet forms 80% of Earth's total volume and has an average density of 4.5 g/cm3

Mantle

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the mantle, from bottom to top?

Mantle;Upper Mantle; Asthenosphere

Which of the following statements about Earth's core is not true?

The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid

Ocean floor subjects under continents because the ocean floor is denser than continental material

True

Which of the following is an exogenic process?

Weathering

List four evidences Wegener used to prove his hypothesis______,_______,_______ and ______.

-Coast line -Fossil match -Rock types and mountain belts -Ancient climates

Which of the following plays a role in the shaping of Earth's surface?

-Gravity -The action of the wind, water, and ice -The radioactive decay of atoms

Which of the following is true of the asthenosphere?

-It contains pockets of increased heat -It flows -It carries the lithosphere

The oceanic crust thickness is about ___km, and the average continental crust thickness is ___km.

5 and 30

At which of the following locations does subduction occur?

Along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates

Since the core's mass is about one third of Earth's entire mass, the volume of the core is also of the one third of the Earth's entire volume

False

The density of material below the Moho is less than that above it

False

The youngest epoch in the geologic time scale is _____

Holocene

The transportation and deposition of materials by the media powered by solar energy is the

Hydrologic system

The geologic is composed of the three subsystems

Hydrologic system, rock system, and tectonic system

Three basic rock types are____(fire-formed, molten), _____(from settling out) and _____(transformed from any other rock through extreme heat and pressure)

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

Knowledge of the Earth's interior is derived from

Indirective evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves

Earth's magnetic field

Is variable, and it has phased zero some nine times during the past 4 million years

The principle of buoyancy and balance,when applied to Earth's crust, helps is to explain fluctuations in Earth's outer crust, a property known as

Isostatic adjustment

Two most abundant chemical elements in Earth's crust are ____ and ____

Oxygen and silicon

Wegener used _____ to name a supercontinent approx. 225 million years ago

Pangea

The asthenosphere can be described as

Plastic like

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

Radioactive decay heat-exogenic energy source

There are two types of time, which are ___ and ____

Relative and Absolute

Several large, linear lakes are formed in East Africa. This is evidence of what process?

Rifting

Divergent plate boundaries are characteristics of

Sea-floor spreading centers

When geologists or archaeologists dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment, they are digging "back in time". This fact is based on the principle of

Superposition

Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface from the interior by the

Tectonic system

Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating?

The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation

Depth of earthquake focus increases with increasing distance from ocean trench

True

Earth was once in a molten state, during which materials became sorted based on density.

True

The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of a rising plume of magma from the mantle

True

The Moho mirrors the surface topography, i.e., high places on the surface of the Earth overlies are in which the Moho descends to greater depths, and vice versa.

True

The age of the sea floor increases with increasing distance from mid-ocean ridge

True

The fluid outer core generates 90% of Earth's magnetic field

True

The magnetic stripes found around mid-Atlantic ridge were due to the magnetic reversal

True

Uniformitarianism assumes that the same physical processes we see today are a key to understand the processes that have been operating throughout the geologic time.

True

Which of the following is an endogenic process?

Volcanism

Which of the following are located along the mid-ocean ridge?

Volcanoes

Convergent plate boundaries are characteristics of

Collision zones between plates

Which of the following list is correct sequence of divisions in the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest?

Eon, era, period, epoch

Radioactivity dating only can be used to measure life time

False