Geology 12 Chapter 4 review

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Four changes that occurred at the beginning of Phanerozoic

1. number of species with shells dramatically increased. 2. individual organism preserved as fossil increased 3. species preserved as fossils increased 4. average size of individual organisms increased.

Two ways to measure Geologic and how there different

Abosolute Time which means the order which the event occurres and the amount of time that passed since they occurred. And Relative Time which means order which the event s occurred and inorder for an event to affect a rock, the rock must first exist.

Cenozoic

Age of Mammals

Mesozoic

Age of Reptiles

Paleozoic

Age of fish and amphibians

Major events that occurred during Arhcean

Earth crust forms

What geological events are recorded by a Disconformity. What can we inferred about the timing of this type of event

Layers above below are a disconformity are parellel (under water deposition) created by uplift & erosion followed by deposition.

Major events that occurred during Proterozioc

Life begins in the sea.

three Hypotheses that explain mass extinction

Meteorite impact Volcanic eruptions Atmospheric-Ocean-Continent system interactions

two different types of correclation of rock units

Methods by which the age relationship between various strata of earths crust are established. determined in two ways one by physical correlation and two fossil correlation.

explain the principle of cross-cutting relationships and how it can be used to determine age relationships among sedimentary rocks

Rocks must first exist before anything can happen to it and for example, a basalt dyke cutting across layers of sandstone.

events recorded by NonConformity

Sedimentary rock overlies igneous rock, so time gap could be around 1 million years.

What geologic event is actually measured by radiometric age determination of an igneous rock or mineral

The time that passed since granite cooled below 350C during uplift and ersosion.

what geoligical evetns are recorded by angulare unconformity. What can be inferred about the timing of this type of event

an Unconformity is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rocks masses of different ages, indicating that sedment deposition was not continuous. In general the older layer was exposed to erosion for an interval of time before deposition of the younger.

stable isotope

atoms of the same element with different number fo neutons

Major events that occurred during Hadean

earth forms

radioactivity

elements decay at a constant rate and have a built in calendar.

Principle of faunal succession

fossil organisms succeeded one another through time in a definite recognizable order. therefore ages of sedimentary rocks can be recognized from their fossils, plus index fossils can be used to date units of rock.

what to look for when panning for Gold

look for heavy mafic minerals. which is typically dark colored and oftern with to red tinges.

Unstable isotope

over time the nuclei spontaneously decays.

parent and daughter isotopes

parent isotopes decay while daughter isotope accumulates in the rock.

why some radioactive isotopes useful for measuring realatively young ages, whereas others are useful measuring older ages.

radiocarbon dating is the most powerful method of dating late Pleistoncene and Holocene artifacts.

example of how the principle of Origional Horizontality might be used to determine the order of events affecting a sequence of folded sedimentary rock

sediment accumulates in horizontal layers and we can infer tectonic forces caused tilting or folding the the sedimentary.

Principles of superpostion allow us to determine the relative ages of a sequence of folded sedimentary rocks/

sedimentary rock is oldest at the bottom and this is true of tectinic forces havent turned them upside down.

Conformable relationship in sedimentary rock

sedimentary rocks deposited without interruption.

half -life of an isotope

the time it takes for half the atoms in a radioactive samle to decompose.

tools of correlation

time correlation which equal index fossils and radiometric dating. and two Litholigic correlation - key beds.

How does Gold deposits form

transported through the earths crust dissolved in warm to hot salty water.


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