Geology: Topic 2

Rank the following in order to show the dissolution of halite and water. Place the first event at the top and the last event at the bottom.

-Halite crystals ar immersed in water -The positive end of a water molecule becomes attracted to CL anions, whereas the negative end of a water molecule becomes attracted to Na cations -when the attraction of the polar water molecule to various cations and anions is strong enough, it pulls the ions away from the halite crystal -Na cations become surrounded by negative sides of water molecules in Cl anions become surrounded by positive sides of water molecules -As this process is repeated, the halite crystals are eventually dissolved in water

what may be said of the mica in the image?

-bonds between atoms within sheets are stronger than those between atoms linking the sheets -the mineral cleaved along one set of planes to split into thin sheets

Match the rock texture with the correct description.

Clastic-forms in low-temperatures environments, at or near Earth's surface Crystalline- forms in high-temperature environments; minerals are interlocking

the image shows greater height for elements that have a greater ability to attract electrons. Based on this information, which of the following are true?

Elements toward the right side, except for the very last column, have a higher electronegativity than elements on the left elements on the left side tend to easily give up their outer shell electrons

align each of the following properties of water with the appropriate label to indicate whether it attributable mainly to polarity or to hydrogen bonding.

Hydrogen bonding- viscosity surface tension Polarity- dissolution of solids composed of anions and cations attraction to ions

Clay ________.

Minerals form by weathering of rocks at earth surface or from chemical reactions in hot water Is a term that may be used as a particle size designation or to describe a family of minerals minerals have a sheet silicate structure, but atoms are bonded weakly

Which of the following terms refers to the compound SiO2?

Silica

Drag each item into the appropriate category. Click on an item to send it to the back of the stack.

Silicate minerals- contain silicon oxygen tetrahedra include quartz, feldspar, mica, olivine, and pyroxene Account for over 90% of the minerals in earths crust Nonsilicate minerals- include calcite, hematite, pyrite, gypsum, and halite do not contain silicon include the carbonates, oxide, sulfides, sulfates, and halides

Match the mineral with a common use.

Talc- baby powder (from softest mineral) Mica- makeup (as glitter) Clay minerals- makeup and foot powder Trona and fluorite- toothpaste

If a mineral lacks planes along which it may cleave, what will occur?

The mineral will fracture in an irregular pattern.

Match each observation to the geological scale at which it would be made.

Thin section- light passes through mineral crystals internal structure of mineral crystals is seen Hand specimen- different colored grains are present minerals have different colors Cliff face- rocks look homogeneous rock appears to be one color

Why is ice less dense than water?

When water freezes, the molecules arrange into a crystal form in which they are farther apart than in liquid water

A substance that has an ordered internal structure will ________.

be considered crystalline have atoms arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

An ion with a positive charge is called a(n) ________, whereas an ion with a negative charge is called a(n) ________.

cation, anion

over 90% of Earth's ________ is composed of silicate minerals.

crust

Match the mineral property with its correct description.

crystal shape- a mineral that grows unobstructed by its surroundings can have a distinctive geometric form color- this is a useful, but not always reliable, property; very easily identifiable, but a single mineral may occur in several variations cleavage- some minerals break in specific ways because of their internal arrangement of atoms luster- this is the way light bounces off a mineral; may be earthy, pearly, metallic, silky, etc. fracture- this occurs when a mineral has an atomic arrangement that does not contain cleavage planes along which the mineral breaks

Which of the following are criteria that must be fulfilled for a substance to be considered a mineral?

crystalline solid naturally occurring inorganic

The mineral halite has a(n) ________ atomic structure, whereas quartz has a(n) ________ atomic structure that includes one Si atom surrounded by 4 O atoms, and fluorite has a(n) ________ atomic structure that includes two oppositely pointing, four-sided pyramids of Ca and F atoms.

cubic; tetrahedron; octahedron

Rank the following by size in order from smallest to largest, with the smallest on the top.

electron atomic nucleus single atom of an element mineral

A silicon-oxygen tetrahedron ________.

forms a building block for the vast majority of minerals on earth has one silicon atom bonded with 4 oxygen atoms may join with other tetrahedra or cations to form different types of silicates and a wide variety or minerals

rank the bond types in order of their strength, placing the weakest bond at the top and the strongest at the bottom

imf metallic ionic covalent

Which of the following structures are commonly formed by silicon-oxygen tetrahedra?

independent tetrahedra single and double chains frameworks sheets

The most common minerals in the upper part of the continental crust are ________-colored silicates. They are felsic in composition, and their color is a direct result of their elemental composition.

light

geologists and other scientist who study minerals are called ________.

mineralogist

A geologist whi is also a mineralogist would generally study ________.

minerals such as quartz and halite

rocks are composed of ________, and minerals are composed of ________.

minerals, elements

Match the cleavage type with its description.

one direction- cleaves along one set of parallel planes, forming thin sheets two perpendicular directions- cleaves along two sets of planes that result in 90* steps along broken crystal faces two non perpendicular directions- cleaves along two sets of planes that intersect at angles other than 90* three perpendicular directions- cleaves along three sets of planes and the mineral commonly breaks into cubes three non perpendicular directions- cleaves along three sets of planes and the mineral commonly breaks into rhombs

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

oxygen, silicon, aluminum

which of the following are true of the organization of rows and columns in the periodic table?

rows indicate the number of electron shells elements in the last column are noble gases and have full outer shells elements in the first column have only one electron in their outer shell

the most abundant elements in earth's crust are oxygen, silicon, and aluminum. For Earth as a whole, iron, oxygen, and silicon are most abundant. What may be concluded from this data?

silicate minerals, which contain silicon and oxygen, must be the most common in the crust based upon elemental abundances

match the rock-forming mineral class with its description

silicates-The most important mineral group on earth; contain silicon and oxygen; example is quartz carbonates-carbon and oxygen bonded in a triangular arrangement; example is calcite oxides-oxygen bonded with the metal; example is Hematite halides- contain chlorine or flooring; example is halite sulfates- so for that is only bonded to oxygen; example is gypsum sulfides-so for bonded with a metal; example is pyrite native minerals- minerals that contain only a single element; example is copper

this is the one where geologist used to describe how grains and minerals are arranged in a rock.

texture

Which of the following best describes the materials that cover Earth's surface?

there are many different materials, and they may vary by location