Global Politics Final Review MC

Structuralists (Marxists, neo-Marxists, etc.) tend to view free market globalization as a) a new epoch of history. b) inevitable and something to embrace. c) an ideological manipulation by those in power with an economic interest in perpetuating the status quo. d) something only violent revolution will change.

A. A new epoch of history

Which of the following most closely resembles Marx's definition of class? a) Class is determined by ownership of capital, which can be mixed with labor to form a commodity that is profitably sold. b) Class is defined by income, with the amount of money earned signifying one's position. c) Classes are delineated based on the cultural product produced by the elite and consumed by workers. d) Class is nonexistent; all capital is communally owned

A. Class is determined by ownership of capital, which can be mixed with labor to form a commodity that is profitably sold

Historical Materialists regard international economic processes as: a. conflictual b. unifying c. positive-sum d. gender-neutral

A. Conflictual

Which historical event marked the key moment for the creation of Huntington's thesis? a. end of the Cold War b. World War Two c. September 11th d. Hiroshima

A. End of the Cold War

Which fault line between civilizations does Huntington devote the majority of his attention to? a. Islamic and Western Christianity b. Japanese and Confucian c. Hindu and Islamic

A. Islamic and Western Christianity

In what philosophical tradition does a Historical Materialist explanation of globalization have its roots? a. Marxism b. liberalism c. realism d. constructivism

A. Marxism

What does liberalism require to function as a contradiction-free ideology? a. prosperity for everyone b. a safe space for people to project their desires c. democracy d. a world government

A. Prosperity for everyone

From Huntington's perspective, culture provides individuals with: a. security b. family c. stories d. conflict

A. Security

3.. What does Gore's 1992 book Earth in the Balance propose? a. Strategic Environment Initiative​ b. Global Marshall Plan c. Green Security Strategy​ d. Limit to economic growth

A. Strategic Development Initiative

One of these statements is not correct. a. The World Court has ruled that as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. It's res communis that must not be regulated. b. Many government officials and experts think that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. c. Executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently. d. The 1986 18 U.S.C.§1030, more commonly known as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act is the key US legislation that prohibits unauthorized access or damage of "protected computers."

A. The World Court has ruled that as long as it has existed and by definition, that cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. It's res communis that must not be regulated

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a. the intelligence exhibited by machines or software, and the branch of computer science that develops machines and software with human-like intelligence. b. the intelligence exhibited by humans and the branch of bio-engineering that makes individuals capable of hiding their true identity & projecting an image of themselves that is far from reality. c. the intelligence exhibited by machines or software and a branch of bio-informatics that makes machines to malfunction and thereby slow down productivity. d. the human-like intelligence exhibited by lab animals that enables them to perform complex tasks, such as communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.

A. The intelligence exhibited by machines or software, and the branch of computer science that develops machines and software with human-like intelligence

Which one of the following refers to the privately-owned assets used to produce the commodities in an economy? a). the means of production b) the mode of production c). false consciousness d) private property

A. The means of production

The post-Cold War world will be a battle between the West and: a. the rest b. itself c. Russia d. Terrorists

A. The rest

According to many structuralists, which of the following is not one of the outcomes of the global financial crisis? a) The resurgence of labor unions in industrial democracies b) Great global inequality. c) Increased consumer debt in industrialized nations. d) Many state officials promoting austerity policies to decrease debt and promote recovery.

A. The resurgence of labor unions in industrial democracies

The basic idea behind structuralism is that a.) the structure of the international political economy—namely capitalism—conditions its outcome. b) the core exploits the proletariat. c) the state exploits the market. d) wealth is necessary for power.

A. The structure of the international political economy - namely capitalism - conditions its outcome

Both Karl Marx's historical materialism/contradictions in societal evolution and Walt W. Rostow's "stages of economic growth" theory are largely based on the historical trajectory of Western nations. ​a. True ​b. False ​c. None of the above ​d. all of the above

A. True

The Blockchain has facilitated the development and explosive growth of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. a. True​​​​​​ b. False

A. True

Ideological manipulation or "cultural hegemony" occurs when a) workers believe in the legitimacy of the capitalist system. b) workers post propaganda intended to incite change within the system. c) authoritarian leaders impose stringent measures upon their country's population. d) politicians convince voters that they (politicians) support populist proposals.

A. Workers believe in the legitimacy of the capitalist system

Al Gore's documentary film, Inconvenient Truth claim's that economic growth and a healthy sustainable environment are compatible? a. yes b. no

A. Yes

Marx believed in a theory called historical materialism. In this theory, capitalism: a) arose out of socialism in order to overcome communism. b) arose out of feudalism in order to overcome feudalism. c) is based on the exploitation of the bourgeoisie by the proletariat. d) shares its surplus fairly through the laws of supply and demand.

B. Arose out of feudalism in order to overcome feudalism

What is the contribution to tackling climate change that Gore ("Inconvenient Truth") asks of corporations? a.. reduce growth​​ b. create new technology c. change the profit economic model d. prioritize environment over consumption

B. Create new technology

What is the ontology of green politics or "ecologism"? a. anthropocentric​ b. ecocentric​ c. biocentric​ d. environmentalism

B. Ecocentric

Stem cell research that results in "designer babies" and treatments for other genetic diseases is an example of what development policy community refers to as "wicked problems." a. True​​​​​​ b. False

B. False

Who claimed that liberalism was "the end of history"? a. Immaneul Kant b. Francis Fukuyama c. Karl Marx d. Fredrick Hegel

B. Francis Fukuyama

In Hegel's dialectic, what are in conflict? a. classes b. ideologies c. cultures d. religions

B. Ideologies

What aspect of liberalism does Francis Fukuyama claim has already won in the "victory of liberalism"? a. politics b. ideology c. economics d. non-state actors

B. Ideology

One of these statements explains the growing concern that cyberspace will become the next theatre of warfare a. Information and technology being made available on cyberspace is off limits to armed attacks. b. More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities. c. It's highly unlikely that cyber warfare may cause escalation to conventional warfare. d. Non-state actors will never effectively conduct sub-conventional cyber warfare

B. More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities

When did the modernization and development tradition emerge? a. pre Cold War b. post-Cold War c. 1990s d. during the Cold War

B. Post-cold war

What does Fukuyama identify as two future challenges to liberalism and why does he think they will fail? a. Food Insecurity/Hunger and Growing Inequality b. Religious Fundamentalism and Resurgence of Nationalism/Populism c. The Illusions of Globalization and Nuclear Proliferation d. Clash of Cultures and Secessionist Movements

B. Religious Fundamentalism and Resurgence of Nationalism/Populism

One of the following is not among the "global wake-up calls" to global environmental challenges a. The discovery of the hole in the Ozone layer in 1984 b. The devastation caused by the Atom Bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. c. The devastation caused by the Chernobyl nuclear plant explosion in 1986 d. The Club of Rome's Limits to Growth publication of 1972

B. The devastation caused by the atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945

The process by which inherently unstable opposing economic forces and counterforces lead to crisis, revolution, and to the next stage of history is called a). evolution. b) class conflict. c). a dialectical process. d) law of disproportionality

C. A dialectical process

Only one of these is a correct statement of the oft-stated "benefits" of emerging technologies: a. Driving innovations in business models, products and processes that eliminate goods and services available to "bottom of the pyramid" consumers; b. Discouraging better use of existing and underutilized household and productive assets c. Catalyzing increases in demand, nationally and internationally, which create new industries and markets, leading to macro- and microeconomic growth. d. Changing demand for labor and capital that reduces direct job creation and hinders the transformation of the workforce.

C. Catalyzing increases in demand, nationally, and internationally, which create new industries and markets, leading to macro- and microeconomic growth

Huntington's clash of civilizations thesis claims to account for the evolution of _______ in the modern world. a. economics b. religion c. conflict d. culture

C. Conflict

What does Huntington assume causes conflict? a. politics b. ideology c. difference d. power

C. Difference

For Historical Materialists, what process drives all others? a.​ political b.​ cultural c.​ economic d. ​ all of the above

C. Economic

One of these is not among macrotrends in global environmental degradation or stress a. Many of the world's fresh water resources are under serious stress b. Cumulative effects of resource-intensive production c. Ever narrowing gulf in consumption levels within and between countries d. Degradation of urban environmental quality

C. Ever narrowing gulf in consumption levels within and between countries

One of these would not normally appear on any scientists' Top 10 Emerging Technologies a. Autonomous Vehicles b. Fuel cells/Next Generation Batteries c. Fossil fuels d. Nano-sensors and Internet of Nano-things

C. Fossil fuels

"Framing a Technology", i.e., how a technology is perceived and discussed is a critical challenge in developing approaches to governing new technologies because a. Framing it as a "breakthrough" or a "novel" technology guarantees access to the poor. b. Power and influence don't depend on who is using these framings and why they are doing so. c. Framing a new technology influences public perception—why some new technologies become the focus of much public concern, while others are adopted without much attention d. It is the narrowness of framing (either of the technology or its governance) that creates less contention and conflict.

C. Framing a new technology influences public perception-why some new technologies become the focus of much public concern, while others are adopted without much attention

Which of the following is not one of the four aspects of globalization as outlined in the text? a. Liberalization. b. Internationalization. c. Internalization. d. Deterritorialization.

C. Internalization

One of these does not explain why states make global governance of cybersecurity difficult a. States face an incentive problem: they are prone to exploit digital vulnerabilities to access sensitive data (cyber espionage) and/or to gain strategic advantages in a militarized conflict by, e.g., temporarily incapacitating an opponent's communication infrastructure. b. States generally prefer private rent-seeking over the production of a public good (international cyber security), which has led to the securitization, militarization and increasingly fragmentation of the Internet. c. International institutions and organizations have provided the "rules of the game" and reduced cyber trust gap among states. d. Establishing cybersecurity ground rules requires trust in the first place - a classic Catch-22 -which is even more difficult to establish under the condition of a security dilemma.

C. International institutions and organizations have provided the "rules of the game" and reduced cyber trust gap among states

In The Truman Show what ideology does Truman represent? a. totalitarianism b. Marxism c. liberalism d. realism

C. Liberalism

Ecocentrism places humans as: a. above nature b. below nature c. part of nature d. outside nature

C. Part of nature

9. Who popularized the "limits-to-growth" argument in the 1970s? a. Medows​ b. Malthus​ c. Paterson ​d. Gore

C. Paterson

One of these is not a constraint to achieving greater international cooperation and harmonization of policies in addressing the uncertainties arising from emerging technologies. a. Current regulatory efforts are primarily focused at the national and regional level. b. Minimal high levels of cooperation, coordination, and communication between various state and non-state actor institutions and stakeholders, including those who develop, manufacture, market, and regulate emerging technology-enabled products, & representatives of civil society. c. Potential lag time between the generation of knowledge about potential environment, health and safety risks, and the pace of commercialization of advanced technology-enabled products. d. Agreements on ethical, legal, and societal issues (ELSI) in the United Nations has led to the development of a safe, sustainable, and society-focused technology, without stifling innovation.

D. Agreements on ethical, legal, and societal issues (EKSI) in the United Nations has led to the development of a safe, sustainable, and society-focused technology, without stifling innovation

11. Only one of these is susceptible to cybersecurity attack or breach: a. Internet of Things (IoT)​​​ b. Automobiles c. Financial systems​​​​ d. All of the above

D. All of the above

According to modernization theory, the journey to modernity requires the a. integration of developing countries into the global market economy, especially through trade. b. entry of multinational corporations (MNCs) as a major source of capital, jobs technology. c. foreign aid from wealthier nations and international organizations to strengthen the poorer nations. d. all of the above

D. All of the above

Emerging technologies are important in the study of global politics today because a. they engender much more competition from/with companies from different geographies, and enable states and non-state actors to participate and access the same technologies--from the "developed world" as well emerging markets. b. they can help redefine and navigate "wicked problems" or seemingly intractable development challenges by highlighting the limits of current thinking and suggest new ways of approaching these challenges. c. emerging technological developments represent an important driver of international economic and industrial competitiveness capable of reshaping global power. d. All of the above

D. All of the above

This is a major reason why it is difficult to forcefully respond to cybersecurity breaches: a. Identifying attackers ("Authorship of attacks") is difficult, as they are often in a different jurisdiction to the systems they attempt to breach. b. Attackers often operate through proxies, temporary anonymous dial-up accounts, wireless connections, and other anonymizing procedures which make back-tracing difficult. c. The sheer number of attempted attacks is so large that organizations cannot spend time and money pursuing each attacker. d. All of the above.

D. All of the above

7. One of these is not a suggested strategy for effective "global governance" of emerging technologies a. Public awareness and stakeholder engagement in open and transparent discussion b. Societal economic and political pressure to ensure that novel technologies deliver innovations in line with societal priorities and requirements. c. An "anticipatory approach" so as to "future-proof" or ensure sustainable development as a key outcome of scientific advances and technological development. d. Focus on cultural differences and national priorities to ensure that harmonized governance does not undermine state power and spark a "clash of civilizations" in the future.

D. Focus on cultural differences and national priorities to ensure that harmonized governance does not undermine state power and spark a "clash of civilizations" in the future

One of these is not a principle of sustainable development: a. Intergenrational equity​ b. precautionary principle​ c. "green taxes" to tackle "market failure" d. None of the above

D. None of the above

Critics oppose the continuing development of emerging technology partly out of fear that a. despite strong regulation by states, the private sector has largely and more efficiently driven the development and deployment of these technologies for the benefit of humankind. b. some of these emerging technologies could eliminate dangers, perhaps even contribute to the sustainability of humanity itself c. the benefits of emerging technologies will ultimately be distributed "democratically" in ways that could enhance the power of the poor to overthrow the rich. d. robots and other forms of automation will ultimately result in significant unemployment as machines and software begin to match and exceed the capability of workers to perform most routine, and eventually skilled, jobs.

D. Robots and other forms of automation will ultimately result in significant unemployment as machines and software begin to match and exceed the capability of worker to perform most routine, and eventually skilled, jobs

After the financial crisis of 2007, structuralists recommended: a) more free-market economic policies. b) bailout packages for banks and major financial institutions. c) cuts in both governmental and personal spending. d) substantial government regulation of both the global and national economies.

D. Substantial government regulation of both the global and national economies

Which of the following is NOT one of Marx's Laws of Capitalism? a). the law of the falling rate of profit b) the law of disproportionality c). the law of concentration d) the law of capitalist imperialism

D. The law of capitalist imperialism

One of these is not characteristic of the scope of global environmental governance challenges f. Non-state actors are not part of the solution and so, do not participate in regime negotiations g. Environmental problems are generally "linked-issues" h. Transboundary externalities and the Prisoners' Dilemma i. They're "global commons" without specific property rights

F. Non-state actors are not part of the solutions and so, do not participate in regime negotiations

What was the modernization and development tradition a response to or intended to manage? a. Economic decline in former colonial territories b. the emergence of the Soviet bloc c. recovery of post-World War II Europe

b) the emergence of the Soviet bloc