Government - Chapter 5, Chapter 6 - Voting and Elections - Government, Chapter 7- Voting and Elections- Government, Chapter 8: The media - government

16. How were literacy tests and understanding tests used to disfranchise African Americans?

Literacy tests, which had been used in the North since the 1850s to disqualify naturalized European immigrants from voting, called on the prospective voter to demonstrate his (and later her) ability to read a particular passage of text. However, since voter registration officials had discretion to decide what text the voter was to read, they could give easy passages to voters they wanted to register (typically White people) and more difficult passages to those whose registration they wanted to deny (typically Black people). Understanding tests required the prospective voter to explain the meaning of a particular passage of text, often a provision of the U.S. Constitution, or answer a series of questions related to citizenship. Again, since the official examining the prospective voter could decide which passage or questions to choose, the difficulty of the test might vary dramatically between White and Black applicants. Even had these tests been administered fairly and equitably, however, most Black people would have been at a huge disadvantage, because few could read.

53. Who was Susan B. Anthony?

feminist / advocate of women's equality, fought for rights for women besides suffrage, including the right to seek higher education. formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), which demanded that the Constitution be amended to grant the right to vote to all women. It also called for more lenient divorce laws and an end to sex discrimination in employment.

64. What was the Indian Removal Act?

forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River. Cherokee in particular resisted, in 1829 after gold was discovered there. Wishing to remain where they were, the tribe sued the state of Georgia.

24. What is the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?

founded in 1909 by W.E.B. DuBois- organization whose purpose was to end racial discrimination and secure equality for African Americans

30. What are restrictive covenants?

contracts residents in northern cities signed promising that if they moved, they would not sell their houses to African Americans and sometimes not to Chinese, Japanese, Mexicans, Filipinos, Jews, and other ethnic minorities as well.

52. In what political movement (other than women's rights) were many of the early leaders of the women's movement involved?

temperance movement, the abolition movement,

21. What was the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson?

the 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed "separate but equal" racial segregation under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

26. What was the significance of Brown v. Board of Education?

the 1954 Supreme Court ruling that struck down Plessy v. Ferguson and declared segregation and "separate but equal" to be unconstitutional in public education

72. What is the American Indian Movement (AIM)?

the Native American (more radical) civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973

98. What was the significance of the Rehabilitation Act, Education for All Handicapped Children Act, and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?

the Rehabilitation Act made it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities in federal employment or in programs run by federal agencies or receiving federal funding. ........................................ the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975, required public schools to educate children with disabilities. The act specified that schools consult with parents to create a plan tailored for each child's needs that would provide an educational experience as close as possible to that received by other children. In 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) greatly expanded opportunities and protections for people of all ages with disabilities. It also significantly expanded the categories and definition of disability. The ADA prohibits discrimination in employment based on disability. It also requires employers to make reasonable accommodations available to workers who need them. Finally, the ADA mandates that public transportation and public accommodations be made accessible to those with disabilities. The Act was passed despite the objections of some who argued that the cost of providing accommodations would be prohibitive for small businesses.

95. What was the significance of Obergefell v. Hodges?

the Supreme Court overturned state bans and made same-sex marriage legal throughout the United States on June 26, 2015

8. What is the strict scrutiny standard? When does it apply?

the burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate that there is a compelling governmental interest in treating people from one group differently from those who are not part of that group—the law or action can be "narrowly tailored" to achieve the goal in question, and that it is the "least restrictive means" available to achieve that goal. - in other words, if there is a non-discriminatory way to accomplish the goal in question, discrimination should not take place.

66. What was the Trail of Tears?

the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838-1839

58. What was the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?

the proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex

17. What were grandfather clauses?

the provision in some southern states that allowed illiterate White people to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified

54. What was the primary goal of the National American Woman Suffrage Association?

the right to vote for all women. women's suffrage

7. What is intermediate scrutiny? When does it apply?

the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate an important governmental interest is at stake in treating men differently from women

49. What is the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention?

the women's rights movement began at the same time as the movement to abolish slavery in the United States. Indeed, the women's movement came about largely as a result of the difficulties women encountered while trying to abolish slavery. The trailblazing Seneca Falls Convention for women's rights was held in 1848, a few years before the Civil War.

73. What is the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act?

tribes assumed control of programs that had formerly been controlled by the BIA, such as education and resource management, and the federal government provided the funding.108 Many tribes have also used their new freedom from government control to legalize gambling and to open casinos on their reservations. Although the states in which these casinos are located have attempted to control gaming on Native American lands, the Supreme Court and the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 have limited their ability to do so.

39. What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

went beyond previous laws by requiring greater oversight of elections by federal officials. Literacy and understanding tests, and other devices used to discriminate against voters on the basis of race, were banned.

4. What is the Equal Protection Clause? Where is it found?

"No State shall . . . deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Found in the Fourteenth Amendment

31. What is the significance of Shelley v. Kraemer?

(1948), the Supreme Court held that while such covenants did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment because they consisted of agreements between private citizens, their provisions could not be enforced by courts. Because state courts are government institutions and the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the government from denying people equal protection of the law, the courts' enforcement of such covenants would be a violation of the amendment. Thus, if a White family chose to sell its house to a Black family and the other homeowners in the neighborhood tried to sue the seller, the court would not hear the case.

94. What was the significance of Lawrence v. Texas?

, the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional state laws that criminalized sexual intercourse between consenting adults of the same sex.

45. What is affirmative action?

, the practice of ensuring that members of historically disadvantaged or underrepresented groups have equal access to opportunities in education, the workplace, and government contracting..................the use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination

87. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

1882- prevented Chinese from immigrating to the United States for ten years and prevented Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens

89. What was the significance of Korematsu v. United States?

Although Japanese American Fred Korematsu challenged the right of the government to imprison law-abiding citizens, the Supreme Court decision in the 1944 case of Korematsu v. United States upheld the actions of the government as a necessary precaution in a time of war.

85. Who is regarded as the "model minority?" Why?

Asian Americans - because it is assumed they are generally financially successful and do well academically

81. What is the United Farm Workers? Who founded it?

Cesar Chavez & Delores Huerta

90. What was the significance of Lau v. Nichols?

Chinese American students in San Francisco sued the school district, claiming its failure to provide them with assistance in learning English denied them equal educational opportunities.143 The Supreme Court found in favor of the students.

88. What was Executive Order 9066?

During World War II, citizens of Japanese descent living on the West Coast, whether naturalized immigrants or Japanese Americans born in the United States, were subjected to the indignity of being removed from their communities and interned under Executive Order 9066. The reason was fear that they might prove disloyal to the United States and give assistance to Japan. Although Italians and Germans suspected of disloyalty were also interned by the U.S. government, only the Japanese were imprisoned solely on the basis of their ethnicity. None of the more than 110,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans internees was ever found to have committed a disloyal act against the United States, and many young Japanese American men served in the U.S. army during the war.

48. What is the significance of Fisher v. University of Texas?

Fisher v. University of Texas (2013, known as Fisher I), University of Texas student Abigail Fisher brought suit to declare UT's race-based admissions policy as inconsistent with Grutter. The court did not see the UT policy that way and allowed it, so long as it remained narrowly tailored and not quota-based. Fisher II (2016) was decided by a 4-3 majority. It allowed race-based admissions, but required that the utility of such an approach had to be re-established on a regular basis.

33. What was the significance of Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections?

Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, the Supreme Court declared that requiring payment of a poll tax in order to vote in an election at any level was unconstitutional.

75. What is the difference between Latino and Hispanic?

Hispanic usually refers to native speakers of Spanish or those descended from Spanish-speaking countries. Latino refers to people who come from, or whose ancestors came from, Latin America. Not all Hispanics are Latinos. Latinos may be of any race or ethnicity; they may be of European, African, Native American descent, or they may be of mixed ethnic background. Thus, people from Spain are Hispanic but are not Latino.

11. What was the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation?

IT changed the meaning of the Civil War- January 1, 1863 - Although it stated "all persons held as slaves . . . henceforward shall be free," the proclamation was limited in effect to the states that had rebelled. Slaves in states that had remained within the Union, such as Maryland and Delaware, and in parts of the Confederacy that were already occupied by the Union army, were not set free.

68. What was the Curtis Act?

In 1898, the Curtis Act dealt the final blow to Indian sovereignty by abolishing all tribal governments.

77. What is the League of United American Citizens (LULAC)?

In 1929, Latino civil rights activists formed the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) to protest against discrimination and to fight for greater rights for Latinos.

46. What is the significance of Bakke v. California?

In 1978, in Bakke v. California, the Supreme Court upheld affirmative action and said that colleges and universities could consider race when deciding whom to admit but could not establish racial quotas.

47. What is the significance of Grutter v. Bollinger?

In 2003, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the Bakke decision in Grutter v. Bollinger, which said that taking race or ethnicity into account as one of several factors in admitting a student to a college or university was acceptable, but a system setting aside seats for a specific quota of minority students was not.

71. When did the Native American civil rights movement emerge?

In the 1960s, a modern Native American civil rights movement, inspired by the African American civil rights movement, began to grow.

78. What is the significance of Mendez v. Westminster?

In the case of Mendez v. Westminster (1947), the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Court held that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate schools was unconstitutional.

42. Which civil rights organizations were willing to use violence to achieve their goals?

Malcolm X, the leader of the Nation of Islam, and groups like the Black Panthers were willing to use violence to achieve their goals. These activists called for Black Power and Black Pride, not assimilation into White society. Their position was attractive to many young African Americans, especially after Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in 1968.

91. What were the Mattachine Society and the Daughters Bilities?

Mattachine Society- one of the first groups to champion the rights of gay men. Its goal was to unite gay men who otherwise lived in secrecy and to fight against abuse. early issues targeted by the Mattachine Society was police entrapment of male homosexuals. The The Mattachine Society often worked with the Daughters of Bilitis, a lesbian rights organization.

80. Who were Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta?

Mexican American civil rights leaders......fought for the rights of Mexican American agricultural laborers through their organization, the United Farm Workers (UFW), a union for migrant workers they founded in 1962. Chavez, Huerta, and the UFW proclaimed their solidarity with Filipino farm workers by joining them in a strike against grape growers in Delano, California, in 1965. Chavez consciously adopted the tactics of the African American civil rights movement. In 1965, he called upon all U.S. consumers to boycott California grapes and in 1966, he led the UFW on a 300-mile march to Sacramento, the state capital, to bring the state farm workers' problems to the attention of the entire country. The strike finally ended in 1970 when the grape growers agreed to give the pickers better pay and benefits.

56. Did the right to vote lead directly to women's equality?

NO - the Nineteenth Amendment did not end discrimination against women in education, employment, or other areas of life, which continued to be legal.

69. What was the Nationality Act?

Native Americans born before the Curtis act took effect, who had not already become citizens as a result of the Dawes Severalty Act or service in the army in World War I, were granted citizenship

55. Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

Nineteenth Amendment granted all women the right to vote.

5. Are all laws that treat people differently unconstitutional?

No

62. Did the Fourteenth Amendment grant citizenship to Native Americans?

No

40. Which president advocated for and then signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

President Lyndon B. Johnson

10. What was the significance of Dred Scott v. Sandford?

Scott, who had been born into slavery but had spent time in free states and territories, argued that his temporary residence in a territory where slavery had been banned by the federal government had made him a free man. The Supreme Court rejected his argument. In fact, the Court's majority stated thatScott had no legal right to sue for his freedom at all because Black people (whether free or enslaved) were not and could not become U.S. citizens. Thus, Scott lacked the standing to even appear before the court. The Court also held that Congress lacked the power to decide whether slavery would be permitted in a territory that had been acquired after the Constitution was ratified, in effect prohibiting the federal government from passing any laws that would limit the expansion of slavery into any part of the West.

34. What other civil rights groups formed to challenge the slow pace of progress?

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) challenged the NAACP's position as the leading civil rights organization and questioned its legal-focused strategy. These newer groups tended to prefer more confrontational approaches, including the use of direct action campaigns relying on marches and demonstrations.

41. What was the significance of Shelby County V. Holder?

Supreme Court turned back the clocks when it gutted a core aspect of the Voting Rights Act in 2013. No longer would states need federal approval to change laws and policies related to voting. many states with a history of voter discrimination quickly resumed restrictive practices with laws requiring photo ID and limiting early voting. Some of the new restrictions are already being challenged in the courts.

67. What is the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)?

The Bureau of Indian Affairs, also known as Indian Affairs, is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and Alaska Natives, and administering and managing over 55,700,000 acres of land held in trust by the U.S. federal government for Indian Tribes. when tribes were put on reservations- they struggled and had to ask BIA for help Protestant missionaries were allowed to "adopt" various tribes, to convert them to Christianity and thus speed their assimilation. . In an effort to hasten this process, Indian children were taken from their parents and sent to boarding schools, many of them run by churches, where they were forced to speak English and abandon their traditional cultures.

86. Which was the largest group of Asians to first come to the United States?

The Chinese were the first large group of Asian people to immigrate to the United States.

59. What is the significance of Title IX of the United States Education Amendments of 1972?

Title IX of the United States Education Amendments of 1972 passed into law as a federal statute (not as an amendment, as the ERA was meant to be).----applies to all educational institutions that receive federal aid and prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in academic programs, dormitory space, health-care access, and school activities including sports. Thus, if a school receives federal aid, it cannot spend more funds on programs for men than on programs for women.

83. What was the significance of Arizona v. United States?

U.S. Supreme Court struck down provisions of the law that made it a state crime to reside in the United States illegally, forbade undocumented immigrants to take jobs, and allowed the police to arrest those suspected of being illegal immigrants. The court, however, upheld the authority of the police to ascertain the immigration status of someone suspected of being an undocumented entrant if the person had been stopped or arrested by the police for other reasons.

65. What happened after Native Americans won Supreme Court rulings granting them ownership of their ancestral lands?

White Georgians, however, refused to abide by the Court's decision, and President Andrew Jackson, a former Indian fighter, refused to enforce it.96 Between 1831 and 1838, members of several southern tribes, including the Cherokees, were forced by the U.S. Army to move west along routes shown in Figure The forced removal of the Cherokees to Oklahoma Territory, which had been set aside for settlement by displaced tribes and designated Indian Territory, resulted in the death of one-quarter of the tribe's population.

76. Are Puerto Ricans citizens of the United States?

Yes- Jones Act granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans.

92. What was the significance of Stonewall Inn?

a bar in Greenwich Village, New York, where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBT community there

1. What is public opinion?

a collection of popular views about something, perhaps a person, a local or national event, or a new idea. For example, each day, a number of polling companies call Americans at random to ask whether they approve or disapprove of the way the president is guiding the economy.

50. What is coverture?

a legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased........women adopt their husbands' names, but all personal property they owned legally became their husbands' property. Husbands could not sell their wives' real property—such as land or in some states slaves—without their permission, but they were allowed to manage it and retain the profits. If women worked outside the home, their husbands were entitled to their wages.61 So long as a man provided food, clothing, and shelter for his wife, she was not legally allowed to leave him. Divorce was difficult and in some places impossible to obtain.62 Higher education for women was not available, and women were barred from professional positions in medicine, law, and ministry.

19. What was the white primary?

a primary election in which only White people are allowed to vote

84. What is the Dream Act?

a proposal for granting undocumented immigrants permanent residency in stages

12. What was the significance of the Thirteenth Amendment?

abolished slavery and freed all slaves (made slavery illegal) also can be said it outlawed slavery

22. What approach did Booker T. Washington take to ending racial discrimination?

acceptance of inequality and segregation over the short term would allow African Americans to focus their efforts on improving their educational and social status until White people were forced to acknowledge them as equals.

60. What is the glass ceiling?

an invisible barrier caused by discrimination that prevents women from rising to the highest levels of an organization—including corporations, governments, academic institutions, and religious organizations

18. What were poll taxes?

annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote

6. What is the rational basis test? When does it apply?

as long as there's a reason for treating some people differently that is "rationally related to a legitimate government interest," the discriminatory act or law or policy is acceptable. Applies in the circumstance Unless the person or group challenging the law can prove otherwise, the courts will generally decide the discriminatory practice is allowed.

1. What are civil rights?

at the most fundamental level, guarantees by the government that it will treat people equally, particularly people belonging to groups that have historically been denied the same rights and opportunities as others.

32. What was the significance of the Twenty-Fourth Amendment?

banned the poll tax in elections to federal (but not state or local) office; the amendment went into effect after being ratified in early 1964.

2. What is the difference between civil liberties and civil rights?

civil liberties are limitations on government power designed to protect our fundamental freedoms. For example, the Eighth Amendment prohibits the application of "cruel and unusual punishments" to those convicted of crimes, a limitation on government power.

35. What is direct action?

civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregationist practices through public demonstrations

37. What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964? What sorts of discrimination did the Civil Rights Act outlaw?

civil rights legislation, act outlaw government discrimination and the unequal application of voting qualifications by race, but it also, for the first time, outlawed segregation and other forms of discrimination by most businesses that were open to the public, including hotels, theaters, and restaurants that were not private clubs. It outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, sex, or national origin by most employers, and it created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

2. What are beliefs?

closely held ideas that support our values and expectations about life and politics. For example, the idea that we are all entitled to equality, liberty, freedom, and privacy is a belief most people in the United States share. We may acquire this belief by growing up in the United States or by having come from a country that did not afford these valued principles to its citizens.

14. What was the significance of the Fifteenth Amendment?

gave black people the right to vote - people could not be denied the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." This construction allowed states to continue to decide the qualifications of voters as long as those qualifications were ostensibly race-neutral. Thus, while states could not deny African American men the right to vote on the basis of race, they could deny it to women on the basis of sex or to people who could not prove they were literate.

70. What was the Indian Citizenship Act?

granted citizenship to all Native Americans born after its passage.

13. What was the significance of the Fourteenth Amendment?

granted citizenship to black people- introduced the equal protection clause to the Constitution, this amendment also extended the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment to the states, required the states to respect the privileges or immunities of all citizens, and, for the first time, defined citizenship at the national and state levels. People could no longer be excluded from citizenship based solely on their race. was also was designed to ensure that the states would respect the civil liberties of freed slaves.

97. What are hate crimes?

harassment, bullying, or other criminal acts directed against someone because of bias against that person's sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, or disability

44. What are the most serious concerns of the black community today?

housing- Many African Americans still live in predominantly Black neighborhoods..........education, racially balanced schools...........................economic inequality- lack of high paying jobs, poverty, lack of strong community ties, police and racial profiling, white nationalism

74. What is the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act?

in an effort to gain undisputed title to oil rich land, settled the issue of Alaska Natives' land claims with the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971. According to the terms of the act, Alaska Natives received 44 million acres of resource-rich land and more than $900 million in cash in exchange for relinquishing claims to ancestral lands to which the state wanted title.

9. What were black codes?

laws passed immediately after the Civil War that discriminated against freed slaves and other Black people and deprived them of their rights

51. Who were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott?

leaders of the early women's movement, called for a women's rights convention, the first ever held specifically to address the subject, at Seneca Falls, New York..............wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which was modeled after the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed women were equal to men and deserved the same rights. Among the rights Stanton wished to see granted to women was suffrage, the right to vote.

96. What is the Matthew Shepherd Act?

made it a federal hate crime to attack someone based on his or her gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, or disability and made it easier for federal, state, and local authorities to investigate hate crimes, crimes, but it has not necessarily made the world safer for LGBT Americans.

38. What is the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)?

monitored employment discrimination claims and helped enforce this provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 law. The provisions that affected private businesses and employers were legally justified not by the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection of the laws but instead by Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce.

23. What approach did W.E.B. DuBois take to ending racial discrimination?

more confrontational approach to secure racial equality through legal means and challenging the laws in court. in 1909 founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as a rallying point for securing equality. White liberals dominated the organization in its early years, but African Americans assumed control over its operations in the 1920s.

79. What is bilingual education?

teach Mexican and Mexican American history, and to offer instruction in both English and Spanish for children with limited ability to communicate in English.

36. What is civil disobedience? With what is it associated?

nonviolent resistance; the refusal to obey an unjust law,...........Civil rights pioneers adopted these measures in the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycott. After Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a White person and was arrested, a group of Black women carried out a day-long boycott of Montgomery's public transit system. This boycott was then extended for over a year and overseen by union organizer E. D. Nixon. The effort desegregated public transportation in that city. original civil disobedience traces back to the campaign led by Mahatma Gandhi to liberate colonial India from British rule in the 1930s and 1940s.

93. What was "don't ask, don't tell?"

officially prohibited discrimination against suspected gays, lesbians, and bisexuals by the U.S. military. It also prohibited superior officers from asking about or investigating the sexual orientation of those below them in rank.149 However, those gays, lesbians, and bisexuals who spoke openly about their sexual orientation were still subject to dismissal because it remained illegal for anyone except heterosexuals to serve in the armed forces. The policy ended in 2011, and now gays, lesbians, and bisexuals may serve openly in the military.

63. After the American Revolution, what was the legal status of Native Americans?

officially regarded as citizens of other nations, they were denied U.S. citizenship.

25. What strategy did the NAACP use to end racial segregation?

overturning Jim Crow laws through the courts. Perhaps its greatest series of legal successes consisted of its efforts to challenge segregation in education.

3. What groups have historically suffered unequal treatment in American history?

people of non-White ancestry (blacks, asians, indians), women, and members of ethnic and religious minorities - homosexuals,

61. What is the doctrine of comparable worth?

people should be compensated equally for work requiring comparable skills, responsibilities, and effort. Thus, even though women are underrepresented in certain fields, they should receive the same wages as men if performing jobs requiring the same level of accountability, knowledge, skills, and/or working conditions, even though the specific job may be different.

28. What is "massive resistance?"

policy adopted in 1956 by Virginia's state government to block the desegregation of public schools mandated by the U.S. Supreme Court in its 1954 ruling in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.

57. What is the National Organization for Women (NOW)?

promoted workplace equality, including equal pay for women, and also called for the greater presence of women in public office, the professions, and graduate and professional degree programs.

15. What is disfranchisement? What tools did southern states adopt to disfranchise African Americans?

revocation (removal) of voting rights---------took a number of forms; not every southern state used the same methods, and some states used more than one, but they all disproportionately affected Black voter registration and turnout. Perhaps the most famous of the tools of disenfranchisement were literacy tests and understanding tests, poll taxes

29. What is de jure segregation?

segregation that results from government discrimination

43. What is de facto segregation?

segregation that results from the private choices of individuals to live in segregated communities without government action or support. result of White Flight- whote people moved to suburbs to avoid integration

82. What was Proposition 187 in California? What became of it?

sought to deny non-emergency health services, food stamps, welfare, and Medicaid to undocumented immigrants. It also banned children from attending public school unless they could present proof that they and their parents were legal residents of the United States. A federal court found it unconstitutional in 1997 on the grounds that the law's intention was to regulate immigration, a power held only by the federal government.

27. How did southern states react to the Brown decision?

southern states were angry and resisted the ruling. Virginia there was massive resistance closing large number of public schools for many years. they ignored the mandate and many white southerners established private academies that admitted only white students, some areas closed schools to avoid integration

20. What were Jim Crow laws?

state and local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined Black voting rights in the south after Reconstruction