Grade 12 Biology Cellular Respiration

Reduction

A chemical reaction in which an atom gains one or more electrons.

Oxidation

A chemical reaction in which an atom loses one or more electrons.

Chemiosmosis

A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

Cellular Respiration formula

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Krebs Cycle

Happens in the mitochondrial matrix. Produces oxaloacetate.

Oligosaccharides

Sugars containing several simple sugars attached to one another using glycosydic linkages.

Mitochondrial Matrix

The fluid that fills the interior space of the mitchondrion.

Cristae

The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Electrochemical gradient

A concentration gradient created by pumping ions into a space surrounded by a membrane that is impermeable to the ions.

Phosphorylation

Attaching a phosphate group to an organic molecule.

Glycosidic linkages

Covalent bonds holding monosaccharides together, formulated by a condensation reaction; Uses H atom from hydroxyl of one sugar and OH from hydroxyl of another sugar.

Glycolysis

Happens in the cytoplasm. Breaks down a glucose into 2 pyruvate.

Electron Transport Chain

Happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Produces NAD+, FAD+, H+, ATP, and H2O.

Isomer

Molecules with the same chemical formula but with a different arrangement of atoms.

Polysaccharides

Monosaccharide polymers composed of subunits held together by glycosydic linkages.

Pyruvate Oxidation

Produces acetyl-CoA for the Krebs Cycle.