Grammar (Parts of Speech)

Relative Pronouns

A pronoun that marks a relative clause Ex: who, whose, whom, which, that

Past Tense Verb

A verb that tells that something has already happened; Many are formed by adding -ed Ex: was, climbed, or spoke

Future Tense Verbs

A verb used to express action that will take place in the future Ex: will be, will climb, or will speak

Adverb

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; usually answers why? when? where? how? to what extent?

Pronouns

A word that takes the place of a noun; stops repetitiveness; only a few pronouns Ex: it, them, he, herself

Conjunction

A word used to join words or groups of words

Proper Noun

A SPECIFIC person, place, thing, or idea; always capitalized Ex: George Washington, Mark Walburg, New York, Los Angeles, Grand Canyon, Earth, Lincoln memorial, Tuesday, President Trump, Paris, Africa, Julie, United States

Independent clause

A clause that can stand alone as a sentence; has a verb and subject

Common Noun

A general name for a person, place, or thing; not capitalized; class or group of people, places, and things Ex: boy, dog, car, home, bank, puppy, flu, worker, son, mom, worker, girl, manager, chalk, mother, sister, woman, school, library, chair, etc.

Clause

A group of words that contains a subject and predicate and functions as part of a compound or complex sentence

Irregular Verbs

A noun that forms its plural by changing the spelling of the word Ex: Present Past Past Participle am was been do did done grow grew grown run ran run begin began begun

Noun

A person, place, thing, or idea; most often fill subject or object in a sentence

Adverbial phrase

A phrase that functions as an adverb; answers when something happens

Adverb Phrase

A phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb

Interrogative Pronoun

A pronoun that asks a question Ex: what, which, who, whom, whose; the "wh" words

Indefinite Pronoun

A pronoun that does not refer to a specific, person, place, thing, or idea; unknown amount; replace nouns to avoid unnecessary repetition Ex: everyone, everything, everybody, anybody, many, most, few, each, some, someone, all, nothing, nobody, and no one, several, neither, either

Intensive/ Reflexive Pronouns

A pronoun that emphasizes or reflects back to a noun or another pronoun; a pronoun ending in -self or -selves (myself and themselves) Ex: I myself, him himself, her herself, it itself, our ourselves, you yourself, they themselves

Error? I can get eight hours of sleep tonight, I don't think I will be able to get up early enough to drive to the city in time for the meeting.

Alternatively, "I can" might be changed to "If I don't" or "If I cannot." or needs a subordinating conjunction "unless" at the beginning of the clause.

Adverb

Are often made by adding -LY to an adjective and should be near the word they modify

Which words in the following sentence form an adverb phrase? While I was running around Green Lake, I saw Gary Grenell, a local photographer.

Around Green Lake

What is the proper noun in the sentence: Alex is a wonderful player.

Alex is the proper noun

What are the adjectives in the following sentences: I think that pizza smells delicious. The beautiful blue jade necklace belongs to Jade.

Delicious and beautiful, blue, jade

Perfect Continuous Verbs

Describe actions that started in the past and are continuing Ex: Her friends HAD BEEN GIVING her gifts all night when I arrived. (past) I HAVE BEEN GIVING her gifts every year for nine years. (present) I WILL HAVE BEEN GIVING her gifts on holidays for ten years next year. (future)

Perfect Verbs

Describe repeated actions or actions that started in the past and have been completed Ex: I HAD GIVEN her a gift before you got there. (past) I HAVE GIVEN her a gift already. (present) I WILL HAVE GIVEN her a gift by midnight. (future)

Simple Verbs

Describe something that happened once or general truths Ex: I GAVE her a gift yesterday. (past) I GIVE her a gift everyday. (present) I WILL GIVE her a gift tomorrow. (future)

What is the common noun in the sentence: Dinner was ready at 6pm.

Dinner is the common noun

Intransitive Verb

Do not point to a receiver of an action; action verb doesn't point to subject or object; verb that does not have a direct object; the person or thing that receives the DO is the IDO Ex: She JUMPED over the fence. He PLAYS. Jon WRITES well.

Dependent clause

Does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence; has verb and subject but doesn't show complete thought

Point of Views

First person: the speaker (I, we) Second person: the person being addressed (you) Third person: is outside the conversation (they, them)

Subjunctive Mood

For wishes and statements that go against facts Ex: I wish that I were going to the show. If I were you, I would do this. (goes against fact, you can't be them and have the chance to do it)

Proper adjective

Formed from a proper noun and begins with a capital letter Ex: African American (African is the proper adjective that modifies the proper noun) and Belgian Waffle

What is the proper noun in the sentence: He has a house across the Georges River.

Georges River is the proper noun

Adjectives

Go in front of the modified word and are separated by commas or conjunctions

What is used to conjugate verbs?

Helping verbs Ex: to be, to have, to do

Helping Verbs List Song

Helping verbs, helping verbs, there are 23!! Am, is, are, was and were, being, been, and be, Have, has, had, do, does, did, will, would, shall and should. There are five more helping verbs: may, might, must, can, could!

Which words in the following sentence form the main clause (independent clause)? Although I like uncooked raisins, I do not like them in cookies, cinnamon rolls, or hot cereal.

I do not like them in cookies, cinnamon rolls, or hot cereal

What is the IC and DC: Jamie agreed to pick up her sister from school provided that her sister give her gas money

IC: Jamie agreed to pick up her sister from school DC: her sister give her gas money

What mood is these two sentences: Play the guitar! and Please play the guitar.

Imperative mood

Subordinating conjunction

Joins a subordinate clause (dep.) to a main clause (ind.) to make a complex sentence Ex: after, because, unless, until, when, in order, where, whenever, although, since, before, as, as though, as long/ soon as, if, even if/ though, so that, though, while

When comparing two things use more or most?

More

When comparing more than two things use more or most?

Most

Verbs that are conjugated must match in ___ , _____, and ____

Number (singular or plural) tense, and person (POV)

Past and Present Participle

Past: usually formed by adding the sufix -ed to the verb stem Ex: type becomes typed; drop becomes dropped Present: formed by adding -ing to the verb stem Ex: typing and dropping

Although November is usually my favorite month of the year, this year it rained too much for me. Is the word although a coordinating conjunction or a subordinating conjunction?

Subordinating because it connects a subordinate clause (although nov is usually my favorite month of the year) to the sentences main clause (this year it rained too much for me)

What is the gerund in this sentence: Running is my favorite form of exercise.

Running is a noun and acts as the subject of the sentence

Parts of Speech

The building blocks of sentences, paragraphs, and entire texts

Error? I was full after eating a big breakfast, so I ate a huge midmorning snack and a gigantic lunch.

The coordinating conjunction so does not make sense in this compound sentence. Instead use yet or but. OR rewrite it: Even though I was full after eating a big breakfast, I ate a huge midmorning snack and a gigantic lunch.

Error? Lydia does not agree with this president's policies, so she could care less if his approval rating drops even lower in the polls.

The correct expression is "could not care less." "Could care less" is incorrect—it conveys the opposite meaning from the one intended.

Error? Only one among the school's 450 students were invited to enter the city's annual spelling bee.

The plural helping verb were does not agree with its singular subject, one. Were should be changed to was.

Error? Katrina, the youngest of my four cats, are due for a check-up at the vet.

The plural verb are does not agree with its singular subject, Katrina. Are should be changed to is.

What mood are these two sentences: I suggest that Lee play the guitar. and If I were Lee, I would play the guitar.

Subjunctive mood

Error? Whenever I scratch my dog's belly, she grins over joy.

The preposition over is incorrectly used here; it should be replaced with with. Alternatively, the phrase "over joy" might be replaced with joyfully.

Error? "Wow;" she exclaimed. "This is one of the best days of my entire life!"

The semicolon following Wow is incorrect punctuation. This mark should be changed to a comma or an exclamation mark.

Error? The fact that movies and TV shows based on Jane Austen's completed novels ​has attracted millions of viewers would have astonished the author, who died 200 years ago.

The singular verb has attracted does not agree with its plural subject, movies. Has should be changed to have.

What is the possessive noun in the sentence: Tom's notebook is on the dining room table.

Tom's is the possessive noun

In this prepositional phrase identify the object of preposition and preposition: The shallows flew over the trees near the lake.

Two in this one: Prepositional phrase: over the trees Prep: over Obj of Prep: trees Prepositional phrase: near the lake Prep: near Obj of Prep: lake

Continuous Verbs

Verbs describe an ongoing action Ex: I WAS GIVING her a gift when you got here. (past) I AM GIVING her a gift; come in! (present) I WILL BE GIVING her a gift at dinner. (future)

Phrasal Verb

Verbs that are followed by words that look like prepositions but they are part of the verb Ex: call off; look up; drop offf

Action Verbs

Verbs that describe action; verb that shows what the subject is doing in the sentence; a sentence can be complete with an action verb Ex: He SINGS. Run! Go! She READS. I TALK with him everyday.

Gerund

When the present participle acts as a noun; a verb ending in "ing" that serves as a noun

What word is the conjunction and what kind is it: He went home when I left.

When; subordinating

General Noun

Names of conditions or ideas; abstract Ex: beauty strength, peace, truth

What is the pronoun and is it nom. or obj.: Nathan drank water

Nathan; nom. because he formed the action on the water

Objective Pronouns

Noun having action or verb taken upon it

Nomative Pronoun

Noun performing action or verb

Possessive Noun

Noun that shows ownership or relationship Ex: dog's, man's, lion's, cat's, mom's, buses'

Is the following an adjective or adverb: My niece is playing QUIETLY.

Adverb

Is the following an adjective or adverb: Sterling played BRILLIANTLY today.

Adverb

Colon

(:) used following the salutation in a business letter or email (Dear Mr. Melton:); also used to introduce a list of items (Ex: Here is a list of healthy fruits: apples, oranges, strawberries, blueberries, and tangerines.)

Is the bold word an adverb or adjective: The boy ran QUICKLY around the track.

Adverb; modifies ran

What are the 8 parts of speech?

1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adverb 5. Adjective 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection

Singular Objective Pronouns (object)

1st peron: me 2nd person: you 3rd person: him, her, and it

Singular Nominative Pronouns (subject)

1st person: I 2nd person: you 3rd person: he, she, and it

Singular Possessive Pronouns

1st person: my (posses nom.) and mine (posses obj.) 2nd person: your (posses nom.) and yours (posses obj.) 3rd person: his, her, its (posses nom.) and his hers and its (posses obj.)

Singular Reflexive Pronouns

1st person: myself 2nd person: yourself 3rd person: himself, herself, itself

Plural Possessive Pronouns

1st person: our (posses nom.) and ours (posses obj.) 2nd person: your (posses nom.) and yours (posses obj.) 3rd person: their (posses nom.) and theirs (posses obj.)

Plural Reflexive Pronouns

1st person: ourselves 2nd person: yourselves 3rd person: themselves

Plural Objective Pronouns

1st person: us 2nd person: you 3rd person: them

Plural Nominative Pronoun

1st person: we 2nd person: you 3rd person: they

Is the following an adjective or adverb: James is eating his lunch HUNGRILY.

Adverb

Complex Sentence

A sentence made up of one independent (main) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses

Interrogative Sentence

A sentence that asks a question Ex: How are you doing this afternoon?

Interrogative Sentence

A sentence that asks a question and ends with a question mark Ex: Do you want to go to the movies?

Declarative Sentence

A sentence that makes a statement and ends with a period Ex: The dog chased the cat around the yard.

Verb of Being ("to be" verb)

A verb that describes a state of being rather than an action Ex: am, are, is, seems, or appears

Two Types of Verbs

Action verbs and linking verbs

Transitive verbs can be _____ or _____

Active voice or passive voice

Personal Pronouns

Acts as subjects or objects in a sentence Ex: SHE received a letter; I gave the letter to HER.

Is the following an adjective or adverb: Mark is really HUNGRY.

Adjective

Is the following an adjective or adverb: That music is NOISY.

Adjective

Superlative Adjective

Adjective used to compare three or more items Ex: This is the HOTTEST day of the year. Ex: She is the SMARTEST girl in the school.

Positive Adjective

Adjective used when no comparison being made; normal form of an adj. Ex: This is a HOT day

Absolute Adjective

Adjective with a meaning that is generally not capable of being intensified or compared Ex: "unique" because it is either unique or it is not unique; it can't be more unique than something else because unique means one of a kind

In the following sentence, identify one adverb and one adjective. Sleeping on the floor can be amazingly comfortable.

Adjective: comfortable Adverb: amazingly

Is the bold word an adjective or adverb: The SHORT test lasted only 10 minutes.

Adjective; modifies test

Comparative Adjective

Adjectives used to compare two things; Usually using the suffix -er and the word 'than'. Ex: she is FASTER than me.

Comparative Adjective

An adjective that compares two nouns or pronouns Ex: taller, happier, or "more delicious"

Infinitive

An unconjugated verb; to + verb Ex: to break; to be; to sing

What is the proper noun in the sentence: Aunt Jackie is my favorite aunt.

Aunt Jackie is the proper noun

What word is the conjunction and what kind is it: The rock was small, but it was heavy.

BUT; coordinating

Nominative Case of the Noun/Pronoun

Case for noun and pronouns that are the subject of a sentence

Possessive Case of the Noun/Pronoun

Case for noun and pronouns that shows possession or ownership

Objective Case of the Noun/Pronoun

Case for nouns and pronouns that that are an object in a sentence; that can be a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition

What is the collective noun in the sentence: There was a colony of seagulls at the beach.

Colony is the collective noun

Two types of nouns

Common and Proper

In the sentence I like baked potatoes, but I love French fries, is the word but a coordinating conjunction or a subordinating conjunction?

Coordinating because it connects two short but complete sentences (FANBOYS)

What is the DO and IDO in this sentence: My friends brought me a package of apples from their trip to France.

DO: Package IDO: Me

What is the DO and IDO in this sentence: Alex GAVE his brother the ball.

DO: the ball IDO: his brother

What word is the conjunction and what kind is it: Either you are coming or you are staying.

Either... or; correlative.

Brackets [ ]

Enclose added words to a quotation and add insignificant information within parentheses

Parentheses

Enclose nonessential information

Comparing two things, add _____

Er Ex: My dog is SMALLER than yours

Comparing more than two things, add ___

Est Ex: I have the BIGGEST dog in town

Whats the adverbial phrase: He goes camping every summer. They are going to sleep earlier than usual.

Every summer and earlier than usual

What are the 7 coordinating conjunctions?

FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so); connect equal parts of sentences

What is the adjective in this sentence: Can I look through your four shirts?

Four

What's the error: I love French Fries, Belgian waffles, and Italian pasta.

Fries should be lower case because it's a common noun, even with the proper adjective French

Is this sentence: When she comes for the food, I will have walked to the store. - perfect - present perfect - past perfect - future perfect

Future perfect

Adverbial clauses

Has a subject, verb, and subordinating conjunction

In the sentence I threw the ball to Pablo, which pronoun could you substitute for Pablo's name?

Him

What is the common noun in the sentence: He has a house across the river.

House and river are the common nouns

What is the proper noun in the sentence: He is a fan of Hugh Jackman and the movie Wolverine.

Hugh Jackman and Wolverine are the proper nouns

What's the error in this sentence: Not every nation has a President as its leader; some have prime ministers, some have kings or queens, and others have military dictators.

In his sentence president is a common noun so it should be lower case Ex: Did you see President Obama at the rally? Me and my sister are going to see the president tomorrow.

Identify two prepositional phrases in the following sentence. My family and I used to camp in the Wawona Campground at Yosemite National Park.

In the Wawona campground and at YNP

Possessive Pronoun

Indicate possession Ex: The apartment is HERS, but the furniture is MINE. - my, mine, your, their, or our

En dash (-)

Indicates range

Ellipses ...

Indicates that information has been removed from a quotation or creates a reflective pause

What mood is these two sentences: Are they playing the guitar? and They are playing the guitar.

Indicative mood

What is the linking verb in this sentence: He is the best player on the team.

Is

Lay V.S. Lie

Lay: something down; to put or place Lie: yourself down; to recline

What is the common noun in the sentence: They talk about movies and celebrities.

Movies and celebrities are the common nouns

What is the reflective pronoun in this sentence: I made the dessert myself.

Myself is the reflexive pronoun

Collective Noun

Name for person, place, or thing that is considered as a unit or may act as a whole Ex: class, dozen, herd, team, public, crowd, company, flock, pack, staff, jury

Specific nouns

Name people, places, and things that are understood by using your senses; concrete Ex: baby, friend, town, father, park, city hall, apple, gasoline

Noncountable V.S. Countable Noun

Non-countable: money and water Countable: dollars and cubes Can have cross over, for example a chair is a common noun and a countable noun

Which two words in the following sentence are prepositions: My cat usually sleeps on the bed with me.

On and with

Which one of these words is NOT an interjection? hey, wow, oh, painful, hooray, ouch

Painful, it's an adjective

Is this sentence in active or passive voice: The house was painted by Anna.

Passive voice

Is this sentence: Before I walked to the store, I had walked to the school. - perfect - present perfect - past perfect

Past perfect

What is the common noun in the sentence: Alex is a wonderful player.

Player is the common noun

What is the action verb in this sentence: My brother plays tennis.

Plays

Is this sentence: I have walked to the store three times today. - perfect - present perfect - past perfect - future perfect

Present perfect

Demonstrative Pronoun

Pronoun that points out a person, place, thing, or idea; specific things Ex: this, that, these, those

Reciprocal Pronouns

Pronouns that show a mutual action; two things at once Ex: each other, one another - Each other: used when the antecedent is two things - One another: used when the antecedent is three or more things

Pronoun Example: Jasmine loves movies. ___ sees movies all the time because ___ has a movie pass.

Replace Jasmine with "she"

Apostrophe

Replace missing letters, numerals and signs 1989= '89 do not= don't

Identify the participles in these sentences: Seated patiently, Ron listened to his friend's boring story. Maya petted the sleeping cat.

Seated and Sleeping

What is the indefinite pronoun in this sentence: Several came to the party to see both.

Several and both are the indefinite pronouns

What pronoun best completes the sentence: _________ baked the cookies herself and ate most of them.

She

Correlative Conjunctions

Show connection between pairs; in pairs Ex: either or, neither nor, not only but also

Em Dash (long dash)

Shows an abrupt break in a sentence and emphasizes the words within the em dashes

Examples of singular and plural nouns

Singular --> Plural book books house houses foot feet leaf leaves woman women

Phrase

Small group of words that stand together as a unit and suggest a certain image or idea Ex: bicycling down a shady country road or my oldest cat

Error? I ate so much food on Thanksgiving that my stomach was literally bursting at the seams

Stomachs do not have seams like clothing or cloth toys, this is an impossible scenario. Deleting the word literally would make it clear that the writer is using the term "bursting at the seams" figuratively.

What is the general noun in the sentence: She reigned the kingdom with strength and peace.

Strength and peace are the general nouns

Identify the sub, verb, and sub conj in this adverbial clause: Sit at the table until your food is eaten.

Sub: food Verb: eaten Sub conj: until

Active Voice

The subject of the sentence performs the action or receives the action Ex: Jon drew the picture. (Jon, the subject is doing the action of drawing a picture)

Passive Voice

The subject of the sentence receives the action Ex: The picture is drawn by Jon (the subject, picture, is receiving the action from Jon)

Which word or words in this sentence form a direct object? I quickly read the third chapter.

The third chapter or chapter

Apostrophe

They form plurals of letters, numerals, and signs Ex: 10's and A's

What would "he/ she/ it gives" be in plural form?

They give

Error? First we will fly to Copenhagen, a port city in Denmark and then we will board a ship and sail to several different Baltic nations.

This compound sentence needs a comma inserted after Denmark and before the conjunction and

Error? Alexander Hamilton, whose portrait is on the twenty-dollar bill, was one of our nation's "Founding Fathers"?

This is a statement (or declarative sentence), so it should end with a period, not a question mark

Error? My grandma says that "when she was in high school, she and her classmates ​handwrote or typed their essays—desktop computers were not common until the late 1980s."

This is not a direct quotation, so the quotation marks should be deleted from this sentence. (The speaker is paraphrasing his or her grandmother.)

Error? On the test people who don't carefully read and follow directions are likely to make mistakes.

This sentence is unclear. The phrase "on the test" is meant to modify the noun mistakes, so the phrase should be moved to follow this noun: People who don't carefully read and follow directions are likely to make mistakes on the test.

To V.S. too

To is a preposition Too means also

Slash /

To separate lines of poetry within a text or to indicate interchangeable terminology

Imperative Mood

Used for commands, orders, or requests Ex: Will you do this for me? You are going to do this!

Indicative Mood

Used for facts, opinions, and questions Ex: You can do this. I think that you can do this. Do you know that you can do this?

Quotation Marks

Used to indicate the beginning or end of a quotation (Ex: "Where are my glasses?" Grandma asked.)

Coordinating Conjunctions

Used with a comma to join independent clauses

Participles

Verb form lacking number and person; verbal that ends with -ing or -ed and serves as an adjective; used in verb conjugation to indicate the state of an action Ex: she is going; we had waited

Transitive Verb

Verb whose action points to a receiver; verb that has a direct object, which receives the action of the verb Ex: Alex GAVE his brother the ball. He PLAYS the piano. The piano was PLAYED by him.

What is the subject and verb in this sentence: My friends brought me a package of apples from their trip to France.

Verb: brought Subject: friends

In the following sentence, which verb has a direct object? Which one or two words comprise the direct object? Purring loudly, the mother cat grooms her kittens with her rough tongue.

Verb: grooms has a DO DO: kittens or her kittens The verb purring doesn't have a DO

Linking Verb

Verbs that describe being; links the subject to the rest of the sentence; intransitive verbs that show a condition (subject is described by does no action) Ex: The girls APPEARED to be genuine. I AM a doctor. Pollution from cars has BECOME a major problem. I FEEL awful about forgetting her present. I AM Jon. I SMELL roses.

What would "I give" be in plural form?

We give

Interjection

Word for an exclamation. that is used alone or as a piece to a sentence Ex: ouch! wow! please! hey! oh,...

Prepositon

Word placed before a noun or pronoun that shows the relationship between an object and another word in the sentence

Adjectives

Word used to modify or describe a noun or pronoun Ex: happy, sad, pretty, sparkly, navy

Verb

Words that show action or a state of being; one of these is required in a sentence, without a verb you have no sentence; shows the subject's movement or the movement that has been done to the subject Ex: run, dance, jump, play, go, slide, swim, jog (action) or is, seems, feel, am, become, appeared (being)

Is this a complex sentence: While I don't want to miss my bus, I can stay a few minutes longer.

Yes

Are the words is, am, and are verbs? Why or why not?

Yes, they are "verbs of being"; forms of the verb to be; not all verbs show action

What would "you give" be in plural form?

You (all) give

What are the indefinite articles?

a and an; no limit or fixed amount Ex: Does anyone have A bottle of wine?

Is the following an adjective or adverb: This is a SLOW car.

adjective

What are some prepositions?

about, before, during, on, at, up, under, after, for, beneath, over, until, against, between, within, toward, without, down, at, by, to, through, with, beyond, and of

What is the adverb in this sentence: She almost tripped over my dog.

almost

Common Linking Verbs

appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn, be

Whats the preposition: The earth rotates around the sun.

around

What is the pronoun and is it nom. or obj.: Shay caught the ball

ball; objective

Whats the preposition: The needle is beneath the hay.

beneath

What is the singular possessive form of class and walrus?

class's and walrus's

What is the plural possessive form of class and walrus?

classes' and walruses'

3 types of conjunctions?

coordinating, correlative, subordinating

Independent or dependent: When liz went to the studio to sing.

dependent

The three moods for verbs are

imperative, indicative, and subjunctive

A prepositional phrase must have a _____ and _____

object of preposition and preposition

What is the adverb in this sentence: She went outside and ran.

outside

What is the subordinating conjunction: Jamie agreed to pick up her sister from school provided that her sister give her gas money

provided that

What is the adverb in this sentence: He walks quickly through the crowd.

quickly

What is the definite article?

the; limited or fixed amount Ex: I lost THE bottle that belongs to me.

Adverbs describe ______ while adjectives describe ______

verbs; nouns and pronouns

Which verb phrase correctly completes the following sentence: By this time tomorrow, we _______ in New York.

will have landed

Can "creativity" be a noun?

yes, because it's an idea