Great Lakes Study Set

The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that stops it from happening.

False

Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly..

inhibiting their ability to open their shells

All but one of the connections between the Great Lakes and freshwater beyond the Great Lakes basin dried up by..

2,500 years ago

Annual cargo through the seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle...

80 million tons

At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to..

The Atlantic Ocean

The first European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because...

encountered impassible rapids

The round goby is considered a generalist species because:

it can live in freshwater or saltwater it tend to take charge of other fish it has a diverse diet it is very aggressive

Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because....

it focuses on tropic relationships as a network

Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid- 1990s were caused by...

microcystis blue-green algae cyanobacteria

For 4/5 of the Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian Carp is....

moderate to high

On land's near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration on...

wetlands

Once the salmon + alewife were gone in Lake Huron...

-a number of native fish species began to increase in number -fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue -the round goby proved to be a key food source for some native fish species

Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to be such successful invaders include:

-ability to reproduce at a relatively young age -ability to produce a lot of eggs -lack of native predators -their high filtration rate

Eutrophication

-is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients -is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion

DNA barcoding...

-is meant to identify a species -initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast

Phosphorus...

-is required by every living organism -does not exist naturally in the environment

Of the world's port cities, what % are within 2 stops of a Great Lakes port?

99%

What lake has highest seichal fluctuation?

Lake Erie

As described in Silent Invaders, zebra mussels have an inhalant siphon and an exhalation siphon. What is removed in between?

Large algae

What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper lakes?

Niagara Falls

There were two water features that had to be addressed for shipping across all 5 Lakes, what were they?

Niagara Falls Falls of St. Mary

Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also...

harmed the reproductive potential of the trout

Some strategies for getting rid of carp include:

making fertilizer from them making pet food from them making fish cakes from them

Increases in high precipitation events is a concern in the Great Lakes because a direct result will be...

more runoff from agricultural fields

The alewife is...

native of North America non-native of Great Lakes

Difference between exploitation of environment: Natives vs Europeans?

natives were fewer in number

According to the film, battle to control lampreys is..

never ending

In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include...

none of the above

The scientific method is initiated with...

observations

The notion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European Settlement is challenging because...

of so much environmental degration

Invasive species are harmful because...

of where they are

Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot', they can rapidly reach new locations because:

offspring are covered w/ hairs that help them catch currents

The drought in California is a national problem because...

they grow 90% of nation's produce

Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because..

they had no teeth

One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that:

they spawn up to 3x a year they are voracious egg eaters they drive other fish from their spawning beds

When General John Peabody took charge of the situation for the USACE, he...

turned off the barriers kept voltage to 1/4 capacity

Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is...

very difficult to do

If ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the great lakes, the probability of more invasive species showing up there is

very high*

Of the five Great Lakes, Lake Erie...

has the most fish is the most productive

The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that...

have a low reproductive rate

Its thought that lampreys first entered Lake Ontario...

through the Erie Canal

The last glacier withdrew North America about...

12,000 years ago

The deadliest fire in US history was...

the peshtigo fire

What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes?

Erie

The last ice age occurred during the...

Pleistocene Era

Zooplankton are eaten by..

fish, mollusks

The Clean Water Act...

focused on point-source pollution ignored non-point source pollution

The diet of a round goby includes:

young of larger fish young zebra and quagga mussels zooplankton eggs of other fish

Annual damage to fisheries + recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost

$200 million

The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels...

$600 million

There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it?

They're actually one lake

The Paleo Indians played a role in...

extinction of mastidon

Applegate discovered 1st lampricide by

trial + error

The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act:

-because doing so would reduce administrative costs -even though they didn't have Congressional approval to do so -because they thought it was relatively harmless

Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated in-lakes by...

-being able to live on a boat outside water for days -taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water

Welland Canal was constructed to...

-circumvent Niagara Falls -enable Canada to compete with the Erie Canal -enable ships rather than barges to reach the Great Lakes

To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint...

-decided to build its own water pipeline -decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River

To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint...

-decided to temporarily get its water from Flint R -decided to build its own water pipeline

One problem with mid-ocean flushing ballast tanks is that...

-effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species -it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there

Native mussels in the Great Lakes helped maintain water clarity by:

-filtering organic material from the water column -eating algae

The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby

-first appeared in North America in or near St. Clair -likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter -have their native range in Black and/or Caspian Seas

The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie...

-has resulted in dead zones around the world -has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico

Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumeek to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches + tiles...

-have increased flows in the River -have made river more turbid -have increased nutrient inputs to the river

A goal in constructing Erie Canal:

-help organize territories west of original 13 -make NYC a port of global significance -connect eastern seaboard to interior part of continent

The Pacific Northwest is vulnerable to mussel invasion because...

-hundreds of thousands of boats use lakes + reservoirs there every year -its impossible to guard every boat ramp -no state or water body has been able to stop the mussel from invading

In cities, surfaces that are impervious to rainfall tend to..

-increase runoff during storm events -increase in area -results in inputs to rivers and the lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure

For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense...

-it must be favorable to an organism's survival -it must be favorable to an organism's survival -it must be heritable

In 2011, the EPA agreed to mandate treatment systems for all transoceanic ships discharging ballast in US waters, but..

-it's uncertain as to whether all ships comply -such systems aren't required until 2021 -it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species

A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that...

-minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm -people should have a voice in issues that affect them

Cities tended to be constructed...

-near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl -where timber resources were -adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths

The St. Lawrence Divide...

-runs thru southern Canada -separates the Great Lakes basin from Mississippi River basin -is generally more of a hill than a mountain -runs through the western part of Chicago

Alewife populations crashed because...

-the invasive mussels took up too much plankton -there was so much predation from salmon

Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because...

-the residents were mostly poor + African American -the residents were not viewed as credible -the complaints of the residents were not taken seriously

In reality, wetland serves many useful purposes. For example...

-they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl -they slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out -they filter water

Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because....

-they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate

The St. Lawerence Seaway was constructed

-to allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes -because the US President saw strategic value there during the Cold War w/ USSR

The Chicago Sanitary + Ship Canal

-was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time -helped sanitized Chicago's River -reversed flow of the Chicago River

Early immigrants who encountered Great Black swamp and decided to settle in the region...

-were in awe -decided to drain it

The second set of barriers funded by Congress...

-were more powerful than the original -was not turned on initially out of fear of deteriorating barges with flammable cargo -includes 3 clusters of electrodes

For a given set of 100 species introductions, how many on average will become invasive?

1

Of the World's port cities, the Great Lakes are directly connected to...

12%

Currently, the average number of transoceanic ships passing through the seaway each day is...

2

How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes?

20%

Of the 10 largest lakes in the world by surface area, how many are the Great Lakes?

4

Canada is supportive of efforts to close the seaway to ocean-going freighters.

False

In the recent decades, what primary factor has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species?

Global Connectivity

Ultimately, the federal government charged the State of Michigan with a violation of...

Safe Water Drinking Act

In "Silent Invaders" a key target to control:

St. Mary's River

After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by...

The Buckeye Traction Digger

The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was...

The Illinois + Michigan Canal

What Native American groups did the French encounter in the Great Lakes regions?

The Winnebagoes The Hurons The Iroquois

Compared to the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal:

accommodated longer + wider ships

Cladophora is a green algae that is native to all the Great Lakes except Superior, and became a nuisance int he 1960s due to...

adverse impacts of human activities excess phosphorous inputs

Another ballast hitchhiker, the Eurasian Ruffie, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to:

an extremely high reproductive rate

The concept of a food chain is..

an oversimplification

Successful invasive species tend to...

be good disperses produce lots of offspring

Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to...

be less predictable be greater

Eventually, the round goby....

became dominant forage fish helped to keep mussel populations in check depressed populations of sculpins and darters

Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after:

being ingested by invasive mussels gobies ate toxic mussels birds consumed toxic gobies

What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?

bioaccumulation

The effects of lead poisoning...

can last for decades are especially pronounced in children

Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by huge margin because the former:

can tolerate much deeper water don't need a hard surface to adhere to

The amount of cargo to pass through the seaway currently...

could be carried by 2 freight trains per day

In the scientific methods, predictions are made from hypothesis, tested with....

data

Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the seaway annually has...

declined

Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has...

decreased

Which of the following is NOT a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans?

downdrafts

In nature, ecosystems are:

dynamic unpredictable difficult for humans to control

The west to east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in...

elevation

According to the film "Great Lakes Water Level Changes" the 3 major factors in the Great Lakes water budget include...

evaporation from the Great Lakes precipitation directly on the Great Lakes runoff into the Lakes

Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be...

habitat generalists

The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because....

every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert lock

When relatively large predators are absent in an ecosystem, populations of prey species...

explode

When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles Lake Michigan....

five states took USACE + Illinois to court

In the film, "Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae," Jeff Reutters from the Stone Lab recommends that if we are going to the possibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first....

focus on water treatment plants

Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated w/ climate, recreational boating + tourism are most affected by

high water low water

At this point in time, what is the biggest problem facing the Great Lakes?

human ignorance

Most invasive species are introduced via..

humans

Collectively, western states in the US have spent how much to monitor and control invasive mussels?

hundreds of millions of dollars

One example of a hugely expensive project that's been implemented to transfer water across a continent is...

in China

Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes is attributed to climate change?

increase in water temperature increase in the number of heavy rainfall events

A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species + invasive species is that:

invasives cause negative environmental consequences

Compared to point-source pollution, non-point pollution

is harder to track is more difficult to regulate

When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling sewage experiment, Arkansas Game + Fish....

let some of them go

Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf Coast, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that

it has a single entry point for foreign freighters

Ballast serves a key function on freighters because

it provides stability to an empty ship it is heavy, readily available, and basically free

The lamprey moved slowly through Lake Erie because...

it was shallow it was warm lacked suitable spawning streams

Who eats who in lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because...

it's quite large yet eats small prey items

Asian carps possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including

lack of predators extremely high reproduction rate good disperses

Compared to the Europeans, the woodland culture was:

lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others

Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the US and Canada?

less than 2%

Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by...

outflow

Water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because...

people didn't think they'd have much of an impact on such large bodies of water

The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by:

preying on their young out-competing them for food

Why were lamprey successful in the Great Lakes?

produces many eggs no natural predators able to colonize upper lakes rapidly

Tanner's overarching objective as Michigan's Chief of Fisheries:

provide the best experience possible in recreational fishing

By far the best predictor(s) of the presence of environmental pollutants is/are

race

Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barries, General Peabody

refused to close the locks

Which of the following is one of the main focus areas for Great Lakes Initiative?

removal of toxins invasive species control non-point source pollution control

Dead zones in the Great Lakes are created by...

run-away algal growth excessive nutrient inputs decomposition of algal cells

An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a...

seiche

There were fewer alewives in Lake Erie because, in comparison to upper Lakes, it is:

shallower warmer

The food chain in Lake Powell...

simple was predicted to collapse in less than a decade

Sea Lamprey is anadromous, meaning:

spawn in freshwater, live in saltwater

Bighead + Silver carp are able to take over aquatic ecosystems because they...

starve their competitors by eating plankton

A key question in ecological restoration globally, and especially applicable to the Great Lakes has to do with...

target conditions

Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed:

that it would run the business of US ports on the eastern seaboard

A key problem w/ the St. Lawrence Seaway was..

the 9-month shipping season the locks and channels were too small

In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in:

the Cuyahuga River

Which river is one of the worst in-place-pollutant problems in the Great Lakes systems?

the Detroit River

One of the hotspots for invasive carp highlighted in the film Silent Invaders is....

the Illinois River

The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though the number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary + Ship Canal because....

the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was

On an annual basis, the Soo Locks handle more ships and more tonnage than..

the Panama + Suez Canals combined

Vernon Applegate was able to help reduce lamprey populations by focusing on:

the creeks were lampreys nest

In "Invasive Species-Asian Carp" Ray Nelson, who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary + Ship Canal because...

the general public has the impression this is a quick fix

There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the Lakes once they were connected to one another and to the Atlantic Ocean. The reason is that:

the lakes are relatively young

It was surprising that a year after the zebra mussel was discovered in Lake St. Clair, the species was found at extremely high densities in southern Lake Michigan, surprising because...

the movement would have been against the Lake's currents

The film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" descries a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a Southerly course. This transition is caused by....

the rising land surface after the glaciers retreat

Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared + drained the people there found...

the soils were incredibly rich they had the most productive land in country

According to the film "What's so great about the Great Lakes," of the five lakes, Superior is NOT...

the stormiest

All energy is derived from...

the sun

The massive die-off in 1967 involved an estimated 20 billion alewives + caused by...

their own physiology

Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a good source because...

their stomach mussels began to enlarge

In addition to ballast water, round gobies are spreading in the Great Lakes region because...

they are used as bait to catch larger fish

One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes fisheries had in common was that...

they both seemed limitless

Fishery managers began to stock chinook salmon because...

they could be planted after 6 months

The zebra mussel could not have walked across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because

they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth

The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes

to find a passage to the Great South Sea + Cathay

At this point, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes

to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean

In the film "The St. Lawrence Seaway System," the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was:

to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships

A key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves

transportation

Key commercial use of Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves..

transportation

The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships?

tropic relationships

A unique feature of the Great Lakes in summer is a tendency to...

warm from the shore out

The Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union

was once the world's fourth largest lake

Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining...

water quality

Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that Chinook salmon....

were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers