Great Lakes Study Set
The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that stops it from happening.
False
Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly..
inhibiting their ability to open their shells
All but one of the connections between the Great Lakes and freshwater beyond the Great Lakes basin dried up by..
2,500 years ago
Annual cargo through the seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle...
80 million tons
At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to..
The Atlantic Ocean
The first European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because...
encountered impassible rapids
The round goby is considered a generalist species because:
it can live in freshwater or saltwater it tend to take charge of other fish it has a diverse diet it is very aggressive
Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because....
it focuses on tropic relationships as a network
Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid- 1990s were caused by...
microcystis blue-green algae cyanobacteria
For 4/5 of the Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian Carp is....
moderate to high
On land's near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration on...
wetlands
Once the salmon + alewife were gone in Lake Huron...
-a number of native fish species began to increase in number -fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue -the round goby proved to be a key food source for some native fish species
Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to be such successful invaders include:
-ability to reproduce at a relatively young age -ability to produce a lot of eggs -lack of native predators -their high filtration rate
Eutrophication
-is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients -is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion
DNA barcoding...
-is meant to identify a species -initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast
Phosphorus...
-is required by every living organism -does not exist naturally in the environment
Of the world's port cities, what % are within 2 stops of a Great Lakes port?
99%
What lake has highest seichal fluctuation?
Lake Erie
As described in Silent Invaders, zebra mussels have an inhalant siphon and an exhalation siphon. What is removed in between?
Large algae
What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper lakes?
Niagara Falls
There were two water features that had to be addressed for shipping across all 5 Lakes, what were they?
Niagara Falls Falls of St. Mary
Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also...
harmed the reproductive potential of the trout
Some strategies for getting rid of carp include:
making fertilizer from them making pet food from them making fish cakes from them
Increases in high precipitation events is a concern in the Great Lakes because a direct result will be...
more runoff from agricultural fields
The alewife is...
native of North America non-native of Great Lakes
Difference between exploitation of environment: Natives vs Europeans?
natives were fewer in number
According to the film, battle to control lampreys is..
never ending
In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include...
none of the above
The scientific method is initiated with...
observations
The notion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European Settlement is challenging because...
of so much environmental degration
Invasive species are harmful because...
of where they are
Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot', they can rapidly reach new locations because:
offspring are covered w/ hairs that help them catch currents
The drought in California is a national problem because...
they grow 90% of nation's produce
Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because..
they had no teeth
One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that:
they spawn up to 3x a year they are voracious egg eaters they drive other fish from their spawning beds
When General John Peabody took charge of the situation for the USACE, he...
turned off the barriers kept voltage to 1/4 capacity
Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is...
very difficult to do
If ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the great lakes, the probability of more invasive species showing up there is
very high*
Of the five Great Lakes, Lake Erie...
has the most fish is the most productive
The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that...
have a low reproductive rate
Its thought that lampreys first entered Lake Ontario...
through the Erie Canal
The last glacier withdrew North America about...
12,000 years ago
The deadliest fire in US history was...
the peshtigo fire
What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes?
Erie
The last ice age occurred during the...
Pleistocene Era
Zooplankton are eaten by..
fish, mollusks
The Clean Water Act...
focused on point-source pollution ignored non-point source pollution
The diet of a round goby includes:
young of larger fish young zebra and quagga mussels zooplankton eggs of other fish
Annual damage to fisheries + recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost
$200 million
The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels...
$600 million
There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it?
They're actually one lake
The Paleo Indians played a role in...
extinction of mastidon
Applegate discovered 1st lampricide by
trial + error
The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act:
-because doing so would reduce administrative costs -even though they didn't have Congressional approval to do so -because they thought it was relatively harmless
Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated in-lakes by...
-being able to live on a boat outside water for days -taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water
Welland Canal was constructed to...
-circumvent Niagara Falls -enable Canada to compete with the Erie Canal -enable ships rather than barges to reach the Great Lakes
To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint...
-decided to build its own water pipeline -decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River
To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint...
-decided to temporarily get its water from Flint R -decided to build its own water pipeline
One problem with mid-ocean flushing ballast tanks is that...
-effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species -it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there
Native mussels in the Great Lakes helped maintain water clarity by:
-filtering organic material from the water column -eating algae
The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby
-first appeared in North America in or near St. Clair -likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter -have their native range in Black and/or Caspian Seas
The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie...
-has resulted in dead zones around the world -has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico
Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumeek to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches + tiles...
-have increased flows in the River -have made river more turbid -have increased nutrient inputs to the river
A goal in constructing Erie Canal:
-help organize territories west of original 13 -make NYC a port of global significance -connect eastern seaboard to interior part of continent
The Pacific Northwest is vulnerable to mussel invasion because...
-hundreds of thousands of boats use lakes + reservoirs there every year -its impossible to guard every boat ramp -no state or water body has been able to stop the mussel from invading
In cities, surfaces that are impervious to rainfall tend to..
-increase runoff during storm events -increase in area -results in inputs to rivers and the lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure
For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense...
-it must be favorable to an organism's survival -it must be favorable to an organism's survival -it must be heritable
In 2011, the EPA agreed to mandate treatment systems for all transoceanic ships discharging ballast in US waters, but..
-it's uncertain as to whether all ships comply -such systems aren't required until 2021 -it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species
A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that...
-minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm -people should have a voice in issues that affect them
Cities tended to be constructed...
-near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl -where timber resources were -adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths
The St. Lawrence Divide...
-runs thru southern Canada -separates the Great Lakes basin from Mississippi River basin -is generally more of a hill than a mountain -runs through the western part of Chicago
Alewife populations crashed because...
-the invasive mussels took up too much plankton -there was so much predation from salmon
Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because...
-the residents were mostly poor + African American -the residents were not viewed as credible -the complaints of the residents were not taken seriously
In reality, wetland serves many useful purposes. For example...
-they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl -they slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out -they filter water
Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because....
-they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate
The St. Lawerence Seaway was constructed
-to allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes -because the US President saw strategic value there during the Cold War w/ USSR
The Chicago Sanitary + Ship Canal
-was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time -helped sanitized Chicago's River -reversed flow of the Chicago River
Early immigrants who encountered Great Black swamp and decided to settle in the region...
-were in awe -decided to drain it
The second set of barriers funded by Congress...
-were more powerful than the original -was not turned on initially out of fear of deteriorating barges with flammable cargo -includes 3 clusters of electrodes
For a given set of 100 species introductions, how many on average will become invasive?
1
Of the World's port cities, the Great Lakes are directly connected to...
12%
Currently, the average number of transoceanic ships passing through the seaway each day is...
2
How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes?
20%
Of the 10 largest lakes in the world by surface area, how many are the Great Lakes?
4
Canada is supportive of efforts to close the seaway to ocean-going freighters.
False
In the recent decades, what primary factor has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species?
Global Connectivity
Ultimately, the federal government charged the State of Michigan with a violation of...
Safe Water Drinking Act
In "Silent Invaders" a key target to control:
St. Mary's River
After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by...
The Buckeye Traction Digger
The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was...
The Illinois + Michigan Canal
What Native American groups did the French encounter in the Great Lakes regions?
The Winnebagoes The Hurons The Iroquois
Compared to the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal:
accommodated longer + wider ships
Cladophora is a green algae that is native to all the Great Lakes except Superior, and became a nuisance int he 1960s due to...
adverse impacts of human activities excess phosphorous inputs
Another ballast hitchhiker, the Eurasian Ruffie, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to:
an extremely high reproductive rate
The concept of a food chain is..
an oversimplification
Successful invasive species tend to...
be good disperses produce lots of offspring
Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to...
be less predictable be greater
Eventually, the round goby....
became dominant forage fish helped to keep mussel populations in check depressed populations of sculpins and darters
Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after:
being ingested by invasive mussels gobies ate toxic mussels birds consumed toxic gobies
What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?
bioaccumulation
The effects of lead poisoning...
can last for decades are especially pronounced in children
Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by huge margin because the former:
can tolerate much deeper water don't need a hard surface to adhere to
The amount of cargo to pass through the seaway currently...
could be carried by 2 freight trains per day
In the scientific methods, predictions are made from hypothesis, tested with....
data
Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the seaway annually has...
declined
Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has...
decreased
Which of the following is NOT a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans?
downdrafts
In nature, ecosystems are:
dynamic unpredictable difficult for humans to control
The west to east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in...
elevation
According to the film "Great Lakes Water Level Changes" the 3 major factors in the Great Lakes water budget include...
evaporation from the Great Lakes precipitation directly on the Great Lakes runoff into the Lakes
Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be...
habitat generalists
The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because....
every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert lock
When relatively large predators are absent in an ecosystem, populations of prey species...
explode
When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles Lake Michigan....
five states took USACE + Illinois to court
In the film, "Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae," Jeff Reutters from the Stone Lab recommends that if we are going to the possibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first....
focus on water treatment plants
Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated w/ climate, recreational boating + tourism are most affected by
high water low water
At this point in time, what is the biggest problem facing the Great Lakes?
human ignorance
Most invasive species are introduced via..
humans
Collectively, western states in the US have spent how much to monitor and control invasive mussels?
hundreds of millions of dollars
One example of a hugely expensive project that's been implemented to transfer water across a continent is...
in China
Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes is attributed to climate change?
increase in water temperature increase in the number of heavy rainfall events
A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species + invasive species is that:
invasives cause negative environmental consequences
Compared to point-source pollution, non-point pollution
is harder to track is more difficult to regulate
When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling sewage experiment, Arkansas Game + Fish....
let some of them go
Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf Coast, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that
it has a single entry point for foreign freighters
Ballast serves a key function on freighters because
it provides stability to an empty ship it is heavy, readily available, and basically free
The lamprey moved slowly through Lake Erie because...
it was shallow it was warm lacked suitable spawning streams
Who eats who in lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because...
it's quite large yet eats small prey items
Asian carps possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including
lack of predators extremely high reproduction rate good disperses
Compared to the Europeans, the woodland culture was:
lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others
Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the US and Canada?
less than 2%
Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by...
outflow
Water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because...
people didn't think they'd have much of an impact on such large bodies of water
The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by:
preying on their young out-competing them for food
Why were lamprey successful in the Great Lakes?
produces many eggs no natural predators able to colonize upper lakes rapidly
Tanner's overarching objective as Michigan's Chief of Fisheries:
provide the best experience possible in recreational fishing
By far the best predictor(s) of the presence of environmental pollutants is/are
race
Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barries, General Peabody
refused to close the locks
Which of the following is one of the main focus areas for Great Lakes Initiative?
removal of toxins invasive species control non-point source pollution control
Dead zones in the Great Lakes are created by...
run-away algal growth excessive nutrient inputs decomposition of algal cells
An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a...
seiche
There were fewer alewives in Lake Erie because, in comparison to upper Lakes, it is:
shallower warmer
The food chain in Lake Powell...
simple was predicted to collapse in less than a decade
Sea Lamprey is anadromous, meaning:
spawn in freshwater, live in saltwater
Bighead + Silver carp are able to take over aquatic ecosystems because they...
starve their competitors by eating plankton
A key question in ecological restoration globally, and especially applicable to the Great Lakes has to do with...
target conditions
Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed:
that it would run the business of US ports on the eastern seaboard
A key problem w/ the St. Lawrence Seaway was..
the 9-month shipping season the locks and channels were too small
In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in:
the Cuyahuga River
Which river is one of the worst in-place-pollutant problems in the Great Lakes systems?
the Detroit River
One of the hotspots for invasive carp highlighted in the film Silent Invaders is....
the Illinois River
The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though the number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary + Ship Canal because....
the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was
On an annual basis, the Soo Locks handle more ships and more tonnage than..
the Panama + Suez Canals combined
Vernon Applegate was able to help reduce lamprey populations by focusing on:
the creeks were lampreys nest
In "Invasive Species-Asian Carp" Ray Nelson, who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary + Ship Canal because...
the general public has the impression this is a quick fix
There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the Lakes once they were connected to one another and to the Atlantic Ocean. The reason is that:
the lakes are relatively young
It was surprising that a year after the zebra mussel was discovered in Lake St. Clair, the species was found at extremely high densities in southern Lake Michigan, surprising because...
the movement would have been against the Lake's currents
The film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" descries a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a Southerly course. This transition is caused by....
the rising land surface after the glaciers retreat
Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared + drained the people there found...
the soils were incredibly rich they had the most productive land in country
According to the film "What's so great about the Great Lakes," of the five lakes, Superior is NOT...
the stormiest
All energy is derived from...
the sun
The massive die-off in 1967 involved an estimated 20 billion alewives + caused by...
their own physiology
Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a good source because...
their stomach mussels began to enlarge
In addition to ballast water, round gobies are spreading in the Great Lakes region because...
they are used as bait to catch larger fish
One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes fisheries had in common was that...
they both seemed limitless
Fishery managers began to stock chinook salmon because...
they could be planted after 6 months
The zebra mussel could not have walked across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because
they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth
The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes
to find a passage to the Great South Sea + Cathay
At this point, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes
to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean
In the film "The St. Lawrence Seaway System," the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was:
to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships
A key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves
transportation
Key commercial use of Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves..
transportation
The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships?
tropic relationships
A unique feature of the Great Lakes in summer is a tendency to...
warm from the shore out
The Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union
was once the world's fourth largest lake
Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining...
water quality
Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that Chinook salmon....
were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers