Group Work Practice 1st exam

Norming/ Performing

Members take responsibility for tasks in group. Members work are proactive for the benefit of the team. Team achieves effective results. group operates together and effectively to accomplish the task. The performing stage can only be done if the group has performed the other three stages prior. Team work is accomplished in this stage by group members working together and putting differences aside to complete goal. The group has build an open and trusted atmosphere were members can work effectively towards the task.

Developing field theory

(1) roles, which refer to the status, rights, and duties of group members; (2) norms, which are rules governing the behavior of group members; (3) power, which is the ability of members to influence one another; (4) cohesion, which is the amount of attraction the members of the group feel for one another and for the group; (5) consensus, which is the degree of agreement regarding goals and other group phenomena (6) valence, which is the potency of goals and objects in the life space of the group

Group Work Values

-Participation of and positive relations among people of different color, creed, age, etc. -value of cooperation and mutual decision participatory democracy • individual initiative within the group • freedom to participate, including expressing thoughts and feelings about matters of concern to individual members or the group as a whole •high individualization in the group so that each member's unique concerns are addressed

evidence-based group practice principles

1) formulating answerable questions, (2) searching for evidence, (3) critically reviewing the evidence, and (4) applying and evaluating the evidence

6 developmental stages

1. Planning 2. Beginning 3. Assessment 4. Middle 5. Ending 6. Evaluation

Forming Stage

Build a common goal. Establish a clear expectations. Comprehend personal expectations. Clarify responsibilities and recognition. Consider resources; who has what to contribute. Facilitator provides directions and drives the group process. group members want to be accepted, strong personal opinions are kept hidden to avoid confrontations as the group is forming and their roles in the group may be a bit confusing. In order to develop cohesion, trust and bonding, the group should get organized and acknowledge what is expected and acceptable.

Advantages of Group Treatment

Empathy from multiple sources Feedback Helper-therapy Vicarious learning—learning by hearing about other members' coping responses Recapitulation—working through previously unsatisfactory relationships with family members, peers, and friends with the help of group members Transcendence—members sharing how they adapted to and compensated for disabilities

Group Work

Goal-directed activity with small treatment and task groups aimed at meeting socio-emotional needs and accomplishing tasks. Rehabilitation• Habilitation: grow and develop • Correction— problems with social laws Socialization— how to get along with others• Prevention— helping them prepare for events that are likely to occur Social action— change their environment • Problem solving— resolve complex issues and concerns • Developing social values—helping members develop a humanistic approach to living

Introduction stage

Introduction of group members Assigning tasks within the group Emergence of group cohesion groups are concerned with planning, organizing, and establishing a meeting schedule

helper-therapy principle

Riessman, provide help results in therapeutic benefit themselves.

Social goals model

Social consciousness, social responsibility, informed citizenship, and informed political and social action Settlement houses and neighborhood center settings

Sanctions

Social disapproval or denial of a tangible reward can then be used to try to distinguish an unwanted behavior. For example, a member of an inpatient group for people suffering from severe and persistent mental disorders may lose the privilege to go to a "movie night" with other residents because he did not follow group rules about confidentiality anger and resent the members of a children's group decided together that those who came late to group meetings would clean up after snacks were served. : group as a whole decides but somex's members impose their own punishments, sometimes referred to as response costs

Growth groups

To develop members' potential, awareness, and insight. The group is used as a vehicle to develop members' capabilities to the fullest self-improvement: encounter group for married couples • A values-clarification group for adolescents • A consciousness-raising group sponsored by a women's community center • A gay-pride group sponsored by a community health clinic serving the gay community in a large urban area

Reciprocal model

To form a mutual aid system among group members to achieve optimum adaptation and socialization Compatible with clinical inpatient and outpatient settings and neighborhood and community centers

Self-help groups

To help members solve their own problems led by members who share the problem experienced by the other members of the group: Alcoholics Anonymous, groups for people trying to get sober and those trying to remain sober • Mended Hearts, a group for patients who have undergone bypass or other heart surgery procedures • Make Today Count, a group for cancer survivors • Gamblers Anonymous, groups for people who are trying to stop gambling or who are trying to remain free of a gambling addiction

Remedial model

To restore and rehabilitate group members who are behaving dysfunctionally Formal agency setting, clinical outpatient or inpatient settings

small group

ability of members to identify themselves as members, to engage in interaction, and to exchange thoughts and feelings

Boards of directors (organizational) task

accountable to the state government that granted the organization its charter; to the federal government that granted their tax-exempt status; and, ultimately, to the public whom the organization serves Members of advisory boards provide counsel and guidance to the management of an organization: Trustees of a large public hospital • Members of the governing board of a family service agency • Individuals on the citizens' advisory board of a county department of social services • Members of the board of a corporation that includes several affiliated social service and health agencies

Coalitions (community/ task)

alliances, as they are sometimes called—are groups of organizations, social action groups, or individuals that come together to exert inf luence by sharing resources and expertise: group of family planning and community health-care clinics who have formed a pro-choice coalition to inf luence state and federal legislation on abortion • Not-for-profit home-care agencies who gather to lobby for greater access to community care for the chronically ill elderly • Community agencies that want to bring public attention to the need for a community teen center • Business, community, and civic leaders who team up to explore ways to reduce racial tensions in a large urban area

Classical learning theory

behavior becomes associated with a stimulus. For example, a worker responds by making a negative verbal comment each time a member turns and speaks to another member while the worker or other group members are speaking. After several times, the mere stimulus of the member's turning, without speaking, will be enough to cue the worker to respond with a negative verbal comment

social exchange theory

behavior of individual group members Blau (1964), Homans (1961), and Thibaut and Kelley (1959) when people interact in groups, each attempts to behave in a way that will maximize rewards and minimize punishment ex: approval is valuable based on the amount of social power and the amount of social dependence in a particular interaction Guided Group Interaction and positive peer culture

Operant learning theory

behaviors of the group members/ workers consequences of their actions. Thus, if member A acts in a certain way and member B reacts positively, member A is likely to continue the behavior. Similarly, if a group worker receives negative feedback from group members about a particular behavior, the worker will be less likely to behave that way in the future: use praise to increase member-to-member communications and negative verbal comments to decrease member-to-leader communications ex: rewards for behavior that decreases caloric intake and self-imposed sanctions for behavior that increases caloric intake

Homans systens theory

elative dominance of the internal system or the external system depends on the demands of the external and the internal environment of the group external system represents a group's way of handling the adaptive problems that result from its relationship with its social and physical environment. The internal system consists of the patterns of activities, interactions, and norms occurring within the group as it attempts to function.

different ways to engage members

communication feedback "i understand" physical arrangement or environment ~Maypole—when the leader is the central figure and communication occurs from the leader to the member and from the member to the leader • Round robin—when members take turns talking • Hot seat—when there is an extended back-and-forth between the leader and one member as the other members watch (leader: task groups that are making routine decisions, when time constraints are important and there is little need for creative problem solving: psycho-educational groups, but workers should always take care not to present too much information without interaction or applied learning experiences) • Free floating—when all members take responsibility for communicating, taking into consideration their ability to contribute meaningfully to the particular topic (group-centered strive! increase social interaction, group morale, members' commitment to group goals, and innovative decision-making)

Delegate councils (community/task)

composed for the purposes of facilitating interagency communication and cooperation, studying community-wide social issues or social problems, engaging in collective social action, and governing large organizations: number of agency representatives who meet monthly to improve interagency communication A group of elected representatives from local chapters of a professional organization who meet to approve the organization's budget • A state task force to study family violence composed of members appointed from each county • A yearly meeting of representatives from family service agencies throughout the county

art of practice

critical thinking skills, evidence, practice skills, and accumulated experiences in similar situations to achieve the very best outcomes for group members

Cabinets (organizational) task

designed to provide advice and expertise about policy issues to chief executive officers or other high-level administrators. Policies, procedures, and practices: meeting of section heads in a large state health department to discuss longterm care reimbursement policies • A weekly meeting of supervisory social work staff and the director of social services in a large municipal hospital • A series of meetings of senior United Way staff to discuss potential changes in methods of allocating money among member agencies • A meeting of department heads in a county social services department

Judeo-Christian

doctrine with its emphasis on the dignity and worth of people and people's responsibility for their neighbor

Democratic values

emphasize equality and participation, including men's and women's rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Social Darwinism

emphasizes the survival of the strongest and the fittest in a long-term evolutionary process

Rewards

ex: positive reinforcers include verbal, such as praise, and nonverbal, such as a smile, a pat on the back, and similar signs of approval. Positive reinforcers also include tangible rewards, such as money and food intrinsic rewards such as feeling competent, well liked, or self-confident. members may be able to administer their own rewards. For example, members may be encouraged to praise themselves for performing a certain behavior—to take themselves out for a good meal or buy a new piece of clothing. Such self-reinforcement procedures have been shown to be effective in helping members control their own behaviors and feel better

Natural Groups

family groups, peer groups, friendship networks, street gangs, cliques, and groups created by peers within social media platforms. Come together spontaneously based on naturally occurring events, interpersonal attraction, or the mutually perceived needs of members

Contingency contract

formalize an agreement about what behaviors to reinforce, a verbal or written contingency contract can be developed VOLUNTARY and explicit What specific behaviors will be performed? • Who will perform the behaviors? • How will the behaviors be reinforced? • Who will administer the reinforcement?

Support group

foster mutual aid, to help members cope with stressful life events, and to revitalize and enhance members' coping abilities so they can effectively adapt to and cope with future stressful life events : children meeting at school to discuss the effects of divorce on their lives, recently discharged psychiatric patients discussing their adjustment to community living, A group of people diagnosed with cancer, and their families, discussing the effects of the disease and how to cope with it, single parents sharing the difficulties of raising children alone

Social action groups (community/ task)

grassroots empower members to engage in collective action and planned change efforts to alter some aspect of their social or physical environment: citizens' group advocating increased police protection on behalf of the elderly population in a neighborhood • A group of social workers lobbying for increased funding for social services • A tenants' group seeking support for a playground area in their housing complex • A group of community leaders working to increase the access of African Americans to a mental health agency

needed for group function

group dynamics: (1) communication and interaction patterns; (2) the cohesion of the group and its attraction for its members; (3) social controls, such as norms, roles, and status; and (4) the group's culture. Communication and interaction patterns are basic to the formation of all groups. Through communication and interaction, properties of the group as a whole develop, and the work of the group is accomplished

Task group

group in which the overriding purpose is to accomplish a goal that is neither intrinsically nor immediately linked to the needs of the members of the group: accomplish a goal that will affect a broader constituency, not just the members, Roles

Psychodynamic theory

group members act out in the group unresolved conf licts from early life experiences describes the group leader as the all-powerful father figure who reigns supreme over group members. Group members identify with the group leader as the "ego ideal"transference reactions to the group leader and to each other because of their early life experiences. Thus, the interactions that occur in the group ref lect personality structures and defense mechanisms insight for communication and change

Teams (clients needs) task

group of staff members with varied backgrounds who work collaboratively, and, on a regular basis, develop and implement care plans for a designated group of clients: professionals working with stroke victims and their family members in a rehabilitation hospital • A group of professionals who deliver home-based hospice care Professional and paraprofessional helpers trained in crisis intervention sponsored by a county mental health agency • A group of professionals and aides who work with patients in a psychiatric hospital

Treatment group

group whose major purpose is to meet members' socio-emotional needs: needs for mutual aid, support, education, therapy, growth, and socialization 1) support, (2) education, (3) growth, (4) therapy, (5) socialization, and (6) self-help

Groupworkers

group workers relied on program to spur members to action. camping, singing, group discussion, games, and arts and crafts were used for recreation, socialization, education, support, and rehabilitation: used for enjoyment as well as to solve problems members rather than clients, strength-focused, mutual understanding, shared-power

Parson's systems theory

groups are social systems with several interdependent members attempting to maintain order and a stable equilibrium while they function as a unified whole.

Bales' systems theory

groups must solve two general types of problems to maintain themselves. These include (1) instrumental problems, such as the group reaching its goals, (giving and receiving information early in group meetings, giving and asking for opinions in the middle stage, and giving and asking for suggestions in later stages) and (2) socio-emotional problems that include interpersonal difficulties, problems of coordination, and member satisfaction tension and antagonism dynamic equilibrium: Groups tend to vacillate between adaptation to the outside environment and attention to internal integration. , group members dealt with problems of communication, evaluation, control, decision-making, tension reduction, and integration

role play

having group members act out a situation with each other's help. The two primary purposes of role playing are to assess members' skill in responding to an interpersonal situation and to help members improve particular responses. Responses can be improved through feedback, rehearsal of a new response, or coaching improve response to stressful situations ex: couples trying to improve their relationships, the worker might ask each couple to role play an argument they had during the past week.

The Puritan ethic

that emphasizes men's and women's responsibility for themselves and the central role of work in a moral life

Educational groups

help members learn new information and skills. used in a variety of settings, including treatment agencies, schools, nursing homes, correctional institutions, and hospitals: adolescent sexuality group sponsored by a family planning agency • A wellness-in-the-workplace group designed by a social worker directing an employee assistance program • A group for prospective foster parents sponsored by a child welfare agency • A group sponsored by a community planning agency to help board members become more effective

corrective emotional experiences

help members reconstruct unresolved childhood conflicts through interpersonal group therapy or here and now experiences of group interaction Through direct, mutual interpersonal communications, members build interpersonal skills, adaptive capacities, and ego strength,

Constructivist and narrative theories

how group members create and maintain their realities through life stories (language) and subjective experiences (affects self-esteem and self-concept). Empowerment understanding their own life stories, take on new ways of being and behaving. humans attach unique meanings to life experiences based on their social experiences and dialogue with the world around them. Avoid attempts to universalize experiences, emphasizing instead the unique stories and socially constructed realities of members

Storming stage

ifferences & confusion arise over goals and struggles. Struggles erupt over approaches, direction & control. Team members react towards leadership. Team members don't know who to discuss issues openly. Communication is an issue. Members are in an independent stance. Involve everyone, when making decisions. Include ideas & opinions others have. Clarify purpose & develop a common approach to meeting project goals. The leader raises difficult issues & coaches the team through struggle. learning how to work together and accomplish the one thing they have in common, the assignment. Members can either make it or break it at this point of the assignment. This is where everyone's opinions and ideas start to show. The group can fall apart if not following the tasks. Behaviors can occur in several members and if one does not guide them in the right direction all the hard work they've been putting can give them negative results

Covert

implicit norm might be for members of a parenting group to avoid any talk of infertility or miscarriage. The implicit norm is that these topics are not discussed in this group

Staff development group (clients needs) task

improve services to clients by developing, updating, and refreshing workers' skills: group of professionals who attend a series of seminars about pharmacology offered by a regional psychiatric center • An in-service development seminar on codependency for the staff of an alcoholism treatment agency • Group supervision offered by an experienced social worker for social workers who work in school districts in which there are no supervisors • A program director who conducts a weekly supervisory group for paraprofessionals who work in a community outreach program for isolated elderly people

Social group roots

individual change focus of early group therapists and the educational and social change foci of group workers with educational, recreational, club, and settlement house setting Grace Coyle's: social action, change, and justice Today is community center for settlement tradition 1940s and 1950s, group workers began to use groups more frequently to provide therapy and remediation in mental health settings. Therapy groups were insight-oriented, relying less on program activities and more on diagnosis and treatment of members' problems WWII: Freudian psychoanalysis and groups therapy 1960s, the popularity of group services declined except in the area of community organization

Ethical practices in group

informed consent, (2) leader competence and training, and (3) the appropriate conduct of group meetings.

Narrative therapy

journaling, letter writing, mutual aid, visualization, cognitive imagery, and mindfulness mediation. When these are done in groups, members help empower each other and reframe each other's life stories particularly working on the way members used strengths and resiliency to go on survivors of incest, sexual abuse, and other types of adverse childhood and adult experiences leading to trauma. They also work well with identity issues and prejudice faced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered members, those with low self-esteem and denigrated self-concepts, and those with mental and physical disabilities

Socialization groups

learn social skills and socially accepted behavior patterns so they can function effectively in the community. use program activities, such as games, role plays, or outings, to help members accomplish individual goals: Catholic Youth Organization (CYO) activity group • A social club for outpatients of a psychiatric center • A monthly Vietnam veterans evening social at a rural Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) post • A Parents Without Partners group that includes picnics, dances, and other social activities

social learning theory

learning takes place through observation and vicarious reinforcement or punishment. For example, when a group member is praised for a certain behavior, that group member and other group members reproduce the behavior later, hoping to receive similar praise. When a group member who performs a certain behavior is ignored or punished by social sanctions, other group members learn not to behave in that manner

learning theory

learning theory is on the behavior of individuals rather than on the behavior of groups clear and specific goal setting, contracting, the influence of the environment on the group and its members, step-by-step treatment planning, measurable treatment outcomes, and evaluation can be traced, at least in part least focus on group dynamics 3 types! COS

Treatment conferences (clients needs) task

meet for the purpose of developing, monitoring, and coordinating treatment plans for a particular client or client system. Members consider the client's situation and decide on a plan for working with the client: interdisciplinary group of professionals planning the discharge of a patient in a mental health facility • A group of child-care workers, social workers, nurses, and a psychiatrist determining a treatment plan for a child in residential treatment • A parole board considering testimony regarding the release of a prisoner from a correctional facility • A group of community mental health professionals considering treatment methods for a young man experiencing severe depression

Overt

norms are those that can be clearly articulated by the leader and the members Ex: group leader who states that the group will begin and end on time, and then follows through on that "rule" each week, has articulated an explicit group norm in an overt fashion

Cohesion

part of field theory totality of forces acting on individual members to keep them in the group. agreement on goals and norms, shared understanding, and similar demographic backgrounds of members, as well as to productivity, satisfaction, and cooperative interaction patterns The cohesiveness of the group encourages members to reveal intimate details about their personal lives and to describe and act out their conf licts in a safe, supportive environment

Committee (organizational) task

people who are appointed or elected to the group. Their task is to accomplish a charge or mandate that is delegated from a higher authority, such as a sponsoring organization or an administrator: group of young people responsible for recommending activities for the local community center • A group of employees assigned the task of studying and recommending changes in the agency's personnel policy A group of social workers considering ways to improve service delivery to pregnant teenagers • A group of staff members developing recommendations for an employeeassistance program

Rehearsing

practicing a new behavior or response based on the feedback received after a role play

Action research (lewin)

process cyclical, so that participants engage in an iterative process of trying out new ways of doing things in community settings, collecting data about the effects, and then going back and making changes in programming based on the data collected address their concerns and needs

Therapy groups

rehabilitation members change their behavior, cope with and ameliorate personal problems, or rehabilitate themselves after physical, psychological, or social trauma: psychotherapy group for outpatients at a community mental health center • A group, sponsored by a voluntary health association, for people who want to stop smoking • A first-offenders group in a juvenile diversion program sponsored by a probation department • A hospital-sponsored group for people addicted to drugs

Casework

relied on insight developed from psychodynamic approaches and on the provision of concrete resources: problem solving and rehabilitation treated worthy clients by providing them with resources

contingency management

rewards or punishments that are contingent on the performance of a behavior are modified to increase or decrease the probability that a behavior will be performed in the future conformity to expected behavior patterns results in rewards, and deviation results in sanctions. sanction. Social disapproval or denial of a tangible reward can then be used to try to distinguish an unwanted behavior. For example, a member of an inpatient group for people suffering from severe and persistent mental disorders may lose the privilege to go to a "movie night" with other residents because he did not follow group rules about confidentiality anger and resent the members of a children's group decided together that those who came late to group meetings would clean up after snacks were served. : group as a whole decides but somex's members impose their own punishments, sometimes referred to as response costs

Roles

shared expectations about the functions of individuals in the group, define behavior in relation to a specific function or task that the group member is expected to perform, continue to emerge and evolve as the work of the group changes over time division of labor and appropriate use of power. limits members' freedom to deviate from the expected behavior

Norms

shared expectations and beliefs about appropriate ways to act in a social situation, such as a group. stabilize and regulate behavior in groups. guidelines for acceptable behavior, increase predictability, stability, and security are difficult to change How develops? members observe one another's behavior in the group and vicariously as members express their views and opinions during the course of group interaction. As members express preferences, share views, and behave in certain ways, norms become clarified How to change it? (Lewin) (1) be disequilibrium or unfreezing caused by a crisis or other tension-producing situation. During this period, group members reexamine the current group norm dysfunctional norms lead to a crisis. (2) members return to equilibrium with new norms replacing previous ones.(freezing) (3)refreezing, the new equilibrium is stabilized. New norms become the recognized and accepted rules by which the group functions

primary group

small, informal group—such as a family or a friendship group

Formed Groups

therapy groups, educational groups, committees, social action groups, and teams. Come together through some outside inf luence or intervention: sponsorship

models of group work practice

treatment: (1) social goals, (2) remedial, and (3) reciprocal models

Systems Theory

understand the group as a system of interacting elements. It is probably the most widely used and broadly applied theory of group functioning: four major functional tasks for systems such as a group: (1) integration—ensuring that members of groups fit together; (2) adaptation— ensuring that groups change to cope with the demands of their environment; (3) pattern maintenance—ensuring that groups define and sustain their basic purposes, identities, and procedures; and (4) goal attainment—ensuring that groups pursue and accomplish their tasks

Coaching

use of verbal and physical instructions to help members reproduce a particular response. For example, members of a group for the mentally intellectual might practice expressing their feelings during interpersonal interaction

group culture

values, beliefs, customs, and traditions held in common by group members 3 levels: symbols and rituals display the culture of the group, culture is displayed in the way members interact with one another, beliefs, ideologies, and values held in common by members. Multicultural differences within the group can have an important impact on the development of group culture and the social integration of all members experiences of group survival, social hierarchy, inclusiveness, and ethnic identification can powerfully inf luence the beliefs, ideologies. held by racially and ethnically diverse members Group culture emerges more quickly in groups with a homogeneous membership. When members share common life experiences and similar sets of values, their unique perspectives blend more quickly into a group culture ex: such as the Urban League or Centro Civico, and groups that represent a particular point of view, such as the National Organization for Women (NOW), are more likely to share similar life experiences and similar values than are groups with more diverse memberships.

Field theory

views the group as a gestalt (evolving entity of opposing forces that act to hold members in the group and to move the group along in its quest for goal achievement). According to Lewin (1947), groups are constantly changing to cope with their social situation, although there are times in which a "quasi-stationary equilibrium" exists for all groups. individuals will not change their own behavior unless they see their behavior and their attitudes as others see them

model

worker or a member demonstrating behaviors in a particular situation so that others in the group can observe what to do and how to do it. For example, the worker in an assertion training group might demonstrate how to respond to a spouse who has become quite angry. In another group, the worker might model caring and concern by going over to a group member who has begun to cry and placing an arm around the member's shoulder

supervision

workers to become aware of their own values

Task/ treatment Four Key Values

• Respect and dignity • Solidarity and mutual aid • Empowerment— enable them to use their abilities to help themselves • Understanding, respect, and camaraderie among people from diverse backgrounds

Ethical Principles

• Screening procedures lead to the selection of members whose needs and goals can be met by the group • Workers help members develop and pursue therapeutic goals • Workers discuss whether the proceedings of the group are confidential and make provisions so that they are kept confidential • Members are protected from physical threats, intimidation, the imposition of worker and member values, and other forms of coercion and peer pressure that are not therapeutic • Members are treated fairly and equitably • Workers avoid exploiting members for their own gain • Appropriate referrals are made when the needs of a particular member cannot be met in the group • The worker engages in ongoing assessment, evaluation,