GROWTH & DEVELOPMEMT CH. 6 REVIEW

According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting?

Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Men became more concerned with intimacy. Women improved family task management. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth.

According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of ______ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.

Effortful control

True or false: The United States has led the way in providing paid parental leave to care for a newborn.

False; Europe has led the way in creating a new standard of parental leave, whereas the United States currently allows workers to take only unpaid leave

Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?

cognitive processes

Select all that apply In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?

communication with others behavioral organization

Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development?

culture

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ______________ child.

difficult

The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members.

direct; indirect

Which of the following are cognitive strategies that children might use to control their emotions?

disengagement suppression

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______________ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ____________child.

easy

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an

emotion

Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predisposition toward which of the following?

emotional reactivity

According to the Blank______, development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment.

epigenetic view

Parents manage or guide infant behavior in an attempt to

help reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors.

Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are MOST LIKELY to study which of the following factors?

hormones the brain mother-infant attachment

Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar.

inhibition to

Little baby Nancy is shy around new people and is quiet, but she has no trouble self-soothing. Her temperament could be described as

introverted with high effortful control.

Select all that apply Which of the following are characteristic of an infant's pain cry?

lack of preliminary moaning breath holding

Which of the following are characteristic of an infant's pain cry?

lack of preliminary moaning breath holding

Select all that apply Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

low intensity of mood somewhat negative affect low activity level

Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of ______ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.

negative affectivity

Self-conscious emotions that involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated, such as shame, guilt, and pride, are sometimes referred to as ______ emotions.

other-conscious

Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment?

oxytocin dopamine

Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on low-income children when it comes to child care?

poor-quality child care

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

positive or negative.

Variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions is referred to as

reactivity.

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.

reciprocal

Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of

reciprocal socialization

Social ______ involves the "reading" of emotional cue in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.

referencing

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?

reflexive

A ____________ (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a __________ (reflexive/social) smile does.

reflexive; social

Self- __________ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions.

regulation

Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be inconsistent when responding to their babies.

resistant

The term __________ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.

separation

Select all that apply Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?

smiles cries

Which of the following is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences?

social relationships

Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in

temperament

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates

the concept of goodness of fit.

According to the epigenetic view, development is influenced by

the interchange between genes and the environment.

Select all that apply Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following?

the social context the characteristic of the stranger

According to research, which of the following happens between couples as they transition into parenthood?

Fathers do less than their partners anticipated.

Select all that apply Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?

Freud Bowlby Erikson

Which of the following describes reciprocal socialization?

bidirectional

Which of the following is MOST likely to influence an individual's emotions?

biological foundations, cognitive processes, and experiences

Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description. secure avoidant resistant disorganized

-> sensitive, consistant -> unavailable, rejecting, irritable -> inconsistant, unaffectionate -> neglectful, abusive

In the United States, approximately ______ of children 5 years of age and under attend more than one child-care arrangement.

15 percent

Regarding emotional regulation, which of the following statements is true?

By rocking an infant to sleep, the caregiver is helping the infant soothe their emotions.

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

Emotions

According to Rothbart and Bates, what dimension includes pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter?

Extraversion/surgency

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?

He is an insecure resistant baby.

Select all that apply Which statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Choose every correct answer.)

It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends?

One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.

Scaffolding

The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to

begin to regulate their emotions.

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

True

What type of infant cry is a variation of the basic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords?

anger cry

A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

basic