Health Final Exam Review Unit 5

Identify which of the following is not a treatment for diabetes. a. urinalysis c. healthy diet b. insulin injections d. regular exercise

A

A cancer that directly affects the proper manufacture of blood is A. leukemia. B. urinary cancer. C. lymphoma. D. nervous system cancer.

A Approximately 30,000 new cases of leukemia are diagnosed each year, and more than 20,000 people die from leukemia each year.

Which of the following actions is not an action that public health professionals take to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases? A. protecting the interests of one nation B. treating infectious diseases C. finding cures for infectious diseases D. providing resources to areas where treatment and disease prevention are limited

A In the United States, scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and at the National Institutes of Health monitor infectious diseases in other countries. Because international travel is widespread today, diseases can spread from one country to another. As a result, the effort to control infectious diseases is a global effort.

Debbie has been feeling weak and tired for several days. She has a fever and a sore throat. The nodes just behind her jaw and under her ear are swollen and painful. Debbie's best friend, who always shares her meals with Debbie, has been out sick for almost 2 weeks. Now, Debbie is worried that she might have the same illness. Which of the following viral diseases are the girls likely to have? A. mononucleosis B. hepatitis C. measles D. cold

A Mononucleosis is spread by contact with the saliva or mucus of an infected person. Debbie could have caught the disease by eating and drinking out of the same dishes as her friend. Debbie should see a doctor, get plenty of rest, and drink plenty of fluids.

Which of the following symptoms is not an indicator that a sick person needs to see a doctor immediately? A. thick, yellowish green mucus from the nose, lungs, or mouth B. a fever of 100°F C. serious difficulty breathing D. sharp and persistent pain in the abdomen or side

A fever of less than 101°F is considered low-grade and is not an emergency. Fever is frequently a response to an infection. Often, the fever keeps pathogens from functioning, reproducing, or surviving because of the higher body temperature.

Describe how a person's lifestyle can increase his/her chances of developing a lifestyle disease.

A person increases their chance of developing a lifestyle disease by choosing to do things that will increase the chance of developing such a disease.

infectious disease

Any disease that is caused by an agent that has invaded the body

Describe 2 types of fungal infection and explain how they are treated.

Athlete's foot - treat with OTC medication Yeast infection - require stronger prescription medication

Identify which disease can be spread by water. a. ringworm c. Lyme disease b. cholera d. head lice

B

Which of the following statements about cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is true? A. Stroke, high blood pressure, and diabetes are examples of CVDs. B. CVD is the leading cause of death in the United States. C. People rarely die from CVDs during their teen years, so teens do not need to worry about preventing CVDs like their parents do. D. Smoking, being overweight, or eating high fat meals decreases a person's risk of developing a CVD.

B

Which of the following diseases is known as the silent killer? A. stroke B. high blood pressure C. heart attack D. atherosclerosis

B Doctors refer to high blood pressure as the silent killer because many people do not know they have high blood pressure until they have a heart attack or stroke, which can be fatal. High blood pressure is also called hypertension.

Which of the following lists correctly matches each disease with its type of pathogen? A. ringworm: parasite, tapeworm: fungus, sinus infection: virus, malaria: bacteria, mononucleosis: protozoan B. ringworm: protozoan, tapeworm: parasite, sinus infection: fungus, malaria: bacteria, mononucleosis: virus C. ringworm: parasite, tapeworm: protozoan, sinus infection: bacteria, malaria: virus, mononucleosis: fungus D. ringworm: fungus, tapeworm: parasite, sinus infection: bacteria, malaria: protozoan, mononucleosis: virus

D

____________ can be used to help detect cancer. A. MRIs B. X rays C. Biopsies D. all of the above

D In developed countries, MRIs, X rays, and biopsies are common methods for diagnosing cancer. Blood tests and DNA tests can also be used to help detect cancer.

To Help Yourself Stay Well what should you do

Eat healthy Exercise regularly Get enough sleep Wash your hands Drink water Reduce your stress Avoid close contact with sick people Get regular check ups

Describe how vaccinations work to protect the body from illness.

Exposure to the killed or weakened pathogen causes your body to develop antibodies (WBC memory cells) that remain in the body, ready to attack and kill that specific pathogen should it ever enter the body. This would kill it before it ever had the chance to multiply and cause disease.

Trena got a paper cut while cleaning out her desk. The area around the paper cut turned red and felt sore. Later, a yellowish substance oozed from the cut. The redness and the yellowish substance indicate that the infection is being fought by A. physical barriers. B. the inflammatory response. C. the immune system. D. the lymphatic system.

B During the inflammatory response, localized pain, redness, and swelling form where pathogens have broken through physical barriers. More blood flows to these areas, which brings white blood cells to attack the invading pathogens. When the white blood cells die or are injured, they collect as pus at the site of the infection.

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the sequence in which a flu-like virus spreads through the air? A. An infected person sneezes into a tissue. A healthy person picks up the tissue and pathogen-infected mucus from the tissue passes onto the healthy person's hands. B. Pathogens from an infected person are present in mucus, the infected person sneezes, mucous droplets are spread in the air, and a healthy person breathes in a mucous droplet. C. Pathogens from an infected person are present in saliva, the infected person drinks from a cup, and a healthy person drinks from the same cup. D. A mosquito bites an infected person. The pathogens move from the infected person into the mosquito. The mosquito bites a healthy person, and the pathogens move into the healty person's bloodstream.

B These pathogens pass person to person through the air

If you had symptoms of diabetes and went to the doctor, you would probably get one or more of which of the following tests? A. DNA test or physical exam B. urinalysis, glucose-tolerance test, or insulin test C. biopsy, X-ray, or MRI D. EKG, ultrasound, or angiography

B These tests analyze your insulin and blood glucose levels to determine if you have diabetes.

. A laboratory report includes the following description of a pathogen: This is a tiny, disease-causing particle that is made up of genetic material and a protein coat. The genetic material causes the pathogen to replicate once the pathogen is inside the body. However, outside of the body, the pathogen is dormant. Once the pathogen has replicated, it takes over other body cells and forces those cells to turn out more and more copies of the pathogen. The report is describing a ____________ infection. A. bacterial B. viral C. fungal D. parasitic

B Viruses survive and replicate only inside living cells. After escaping from these cells, viruses seek out new cells to attack.

Identify the 5 types of pathogens that cause infectious disease

Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoans, parasites

Compare a benign tumor to a malignant tumor

Benign tumor is an abnormal, but usually harmless cell mass. Malignant tumor is a mass of cells that invades and destroys healthy tissue; also more prone to spread.

Identify 3 ways to purify water before using it.

Boiling the water Using water purification tablets Using a filtering system

Identify one method used to prevent tetanus. a. antibiotics c. series of vaccinations b. skin test d. muscle spasm

C

Identify the form of cancer that has the highest death rate. a. pancreas c. lung b. liver d. colon

C

During the immune response, certain white blood cells produce A. mucus. B. lymph. C. antibodies. D. pathogens.

C White blood cells produce antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that bind to pathogens and alert other white blood cells to destroy the pathogens.

Describe how bacteria develop antibiotic resistance

Improper use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance. If a person does not completely finish his dose, some of the bacteria may survive. Since they have been exposed, but not killed by that antibiotic, they may develop some resistance to that antibiotic (kind of like they had a vaccine against that antibiotic). Taking antibiotics for viral infections also lead to resistance, as again bacteria may be exposed to antibiotic and develop immunity to it.

Parasites

Live off of and get their energy and nutrients by feeding on other living things e.g. of parasites: head lice, tapeworm, certain roundworms

appropriate placement of hands for doing the Heimlich maneuver

Make a fist placing the thumb side toward the stomach. Line the fist up with the lower rib and above the navel. Grip the fist with the other hand

Fungi

Organism that absorbs and uses nutrients of living or dead organisms e.g. of diseases: athlete's foot, ringworm,

Protozoans

Single-celled microscopic organisms Larger and more complex than bacteria Responsible for some of the leading causes of death in parts of the world e.g. of disease: malaria, amebic dysentery

Bacteria

Single-celled organisms Capable of causing disease Many types are harmless and reside normally in our bodies E.g. of diseases caused by bacteria: tuberculosis, tetanus, salmonella, sinus infection

Name 2 physical barriers that your body has to guard against pathogens.

Skin Mucous membranes (cilia and mucus trap pathogens)

virus

Smaller than bacteria; the smallest pathogens Made of genetic material and a protein coat; this genetic material contains instructions for making more viruses. When it invades a person, it takes control of body cells and forces them to make more viruses Needs a living cell to survive and replicate (multiply itself) e.g of diseases: flu, measles, AIDS, SARS

State things you can do to help yourself when you are sick

Stay home Get plenty of rest Drink lots of fluids (water and juices) Throw away used tissues Wash your hands frequently

Compare the meaning of systolic pressure and diastolic pressure readings.

Systolic is the maximum blood pressure and occurs when heart is contracting (higher number of BP reading) Diastolic is the lower blood pressure and occurs between beats, when the heart muscle is relaxes (lower number of the BP reading)

Name 3 ways to treat body lice.

Take hot bath or shower, using plenty of soap. Wash clothes and bedding. If still have them, may need to get medicated shampoo, lotion, or cream.

immune system.

The body s last and most complicated line of defense against infection

Identify why anyone can become infected with an infectious disease.

There are so many different pathogens in so many places, it is impossible to avoid them all.

benefit of the health screening

it helps to catch a problem earlier, when there is a better chance of successful treatment.

BP is considered high if

it is over 140/90

diabetic coma

loss of consciousness that happens when there is too much blood sugar (glucose) and a buildup of toxic substances in the blood.

high blood pressure

makes the heart work harder in order to pump blood out into the blood vessels and also puts more strain on the blood vessel walls

Identify the most widespread disease caused by protozoa

malaria

electrocardiogram (EKG)

measures the electrical activity of the heart; can detect CVD / damage to heart and any irregular heartbeat.

when applying pressure when attempting to control bleeding, do NOT

remove bandage or cloths being pressed against, as this can dislodge clots and start bleeding again

salmonellosis treatment and prevention and transmission

salmonellosis - a bacterial infection of the digestive system, usually spread by eating contaminated food; (this is a bacteria that lives in the intestines of people, animals and birds) Symptoms: headache, cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting Transmission: eating food from an infected animal or food contaminated by an infected person Prevention: thorough cooking of animal food products, hand washing, refrigeration Treatment: OTC meds to help deal with the symptoms; sometimes requires antibiotics

Name risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes.

sedentary lifestyle (does not get much exercise) overweight poor diet smoking, use of tobacco products stress

State common carcinogens.

tobacco products certain viruses (HPV) UV rays and radioactivity chemicals (many of these chemicals found in tobacco smoke) abestos

angioplasty

tube with a balloon at the tip is inserted and guided up to coronary artery that is narrowed/blocked. When the tube reaches the diseased portion, the balloon is inflated to open up this narrowed area. A stent (metal cage) may be left after opening this area to help keep the area open.

Define the term chemotherapy

use of drugs to destroy cancer cells.

artificial pacemaker

a small, battery-powered device that stimulates the heart to contract

Define vaccine

a substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens or genetic material that is introduced into a body, causing that body to develop antibodies against that pathogen, thus causing the person to develop immunity to disease caused by that pathogen. While we have vaccines for some viruses (like measles and mumps) there is no vaccine for the cold. (Too many cold causing viruses have been identified to be able to create a vaccine that will deal with all viruses that can cause a cold.)

Classify each of the following as either a detection method a. EKG - c. angiography - b. angioplasty d. heart transplant -

a. EKG - detection c. angiography - detection b. angioplasty - treatment d. heart transplant - treatment

Classify the following as bacterial or viral diseases. a. strep throat - c. measles - b. tuberculosis- d. mononucleosis-

a. strep throat - bacterial c. measles - viral b. tuberculosis- bacterial d. mononucleosis- viral

Classify each of the following risk factors as controllable or uncontrollable a. age c. diet b. smoking d. genes

a. uncontrollable b. controllable c. controllable d. uncontrollable

Summarize how each of the following can increase your risk of developing a lifestyle disease. a. age c. ethnicity b. gender d. heredity

age - chances of developing a lifestyle disease increase as you age gender - certain diseases are more common among one gender; eg - incidence of heart disease is lower in women, esp. earlier in life ethnicity - can influence chance of developing lifestyle disease; eg - African Americans have a higher risk of developing high blood pressure heredity - genes can influence chances of developing a lifestyle disease; eg - genes may influence your chances of developing cancer

pathogen

an agent that causes disease

risk factor

anything that increases the likelihood of injury, disease or other health problems

Describe methods that doctors use to detect cancer.

biopsy x-rays MRI blood and DNA tests self-exams (done regularly by person between medical check ups) also very important

Describe how cancer cells differ from normal body cells.

cancer cells divide more rapidly than normal and do not die at expected life expectancy; are more disorderly and spread and invade other areas, destroying healthy normal cells

amebic dysentery

caused by protozoa, it is an inflammation of the intestines

white blood cell

cell in the blood whose primary job is to defend the body against disease

controllable risk factors

choices and habits you have control over. You can choose to avoid these risk factors, which will reduce the chance of developing diseases they can lead to.

heart attack

damage and loss of function of an area of heart muscle that occurs when sudden reduction or shut off of blood flow to that area of the muscle. Major symptoms are crushing chest pain and shortness of breath

heredity

determines your genetic makeup.

List controllable risk factors for lifestyle diseases.

diet body weight levels of physical activity level of sun exposure smoking and alcohol use

cancer

disease cause by uncontrolled cell growth.

heart transplant

diseased heart is replaced with different heart (from organ donation or artificial heart)

diabetes

disorder in which cells are unable to obtain glucose from the blood; results in high blood glucose levels

Identify one part of your lifestyle that you can change to decrease your chance of developing cancer.

do not smoke, protect your skin from UV rays (sun/tanning beds), eat veggies, cut the fat, stay active, maintain a healthy weight, regular medical checkups. A diet high in fiber can help prevent cancer.

Describe how chemotherapy works to treat cancer

drug that goes through one's system and kills rapidly dividing cells (which is a characteristic of malignant (cancer) cells)

Identify when a person may develop gestational diabetes.

during pregnancy

angiography

dye injected into coronary arteries and viewed with fluoroscopy to see any narrowing or blockage of these arteries.

Uncontrollable risk factors

factors that you have NO control over, but may lead to disease. A good example of an uncontrollable risk factor is heredity

symptoms of salmonellosis

food poisoning caused by bacteria found in raw eggs, or raw or undercooked poultry (chicken, turkey), and meat Headache, cramps, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting

Blood pressure

force that blood exerts against the inside walls of a blood vessel

leukemia

form of cancer that affects the tissues that produce blood

Name 4 types of cardiovascular disease.

high blood pressure atherosclerosis stroke heart attack

insulin

hormone that causes cells to remove glucose from the bloodstream

List symptoms that help a person detect type 1 and type 2 diabetes

increased thirst frequent urination fatigue weight loss

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

Meningitis

inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

atherosclerosis

inside walls of arteries build up with fatty deposits, called plaque), which causes narrowing of vessel and decreased blood flow through it

Identify which of the following is NOT a part of the body's immune system. a. antibodies c. lymph nodes b. white blood cells d. heart

D

Define inflammation

reaction to injury or infection that is characterized by warmth, pain, redness, and swelling.

Compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 ONLY

(5-10% of diabetes) develops when immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. Once cells are destroyed, body is unable to make insulin. It is thought that both genetic factors and viruses may cause this to happen. Treatment is diet and regular insulin injections.

Type 2

(most common form of diabetes) develops when the pancreas makes insulin but the body's cells fail to respond to it. This also results in buildup of glucose in the blood, preventing body cells from using the glucose as a source of fuel. Treatment is adopting healthy lifestyle habits (good diet, exercise, do not smoke, attain and maintain healthy weight).

Identify which of the following actions would help reduce your chances of developing cancer. a. not smoking c. eating fruits b. wearing sunscreen d. all of the above

D

Which of the following statements about diabetes is false? A. Physical activity is good for a person with diabetes because the activity helps the body use more of the glucose in the blood. B. The best way to prevent diabetes is to exercise regularly, eat a healthy diet, and avoid tobacco products. C. African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans are at greater risk of developing certain forms of diabetes. D. Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes can be prevented.

D Regular exercise, a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding tobacco can help a person avoid type 2 diabetes and control type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented, but insulin shots and a healthy lifestyle can help a person who has the disease lead a normal life.

Which of the following statements about preventing infectious diseases is false? A. You can reduce the likelihood of getting a disease from an animal or insect by wearing insect repellant and avoiding contact with wild animals or animals that act strangely. B. Public vaccination programs have helped prevent the spread of diseases such as measles and small pox. C. Washing your hands regularly can slow the spread of diseases that are transmitted by sick people, animals, and food. D. Sharing food and drink with family members is safer than sharing those items with friends because families tend to have the same immunities to diseases.

D Sharing personal items, food, and drinks with anyone increases the likelihood of spreading an infectious disease.

Which of the following is not a common set of symptoms for a form of diabetes? A. frequent urination, increased thirst, weight loss, and fatigue B. blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow-healing sores C. abdominal pain, nausea, and absence of menstruation in females D. nausea and vomiting, exhaustion, food cravings, and absence of menstruation in females

D These are symptoms of pregnancy. Gestational diabetes occurs occasionally in a pregnant woman who is near the end of her pregnancy term. The symptoms of gestational diabetes are similar to those of type 2 diabetes, but milder

risks of heart disease

High-fat diet, being overweight, smoking, and lack of exercise increase the risk of heart disease.

Describe how lifestyle contributes to cardiovascular disease

High-fat diet, being overweight, smoking, and lack of exercise increase the risk of heart disease. All these factors contribute to narrowing or occluding blood vessels and making the heart work harder. Having diabetes also increases the risk of developing CVD

Describe the role of insulin in the body.

Insulin is a hormone that helps push glucose in the blood into the cells, where it can be used by cells. Insulin is released into the blood when blood glucose levels are high.

Describe the symptoms of hepatitis.

Jaundice [yellow coloring of skin and sclera (whites of eyes)] Fever Darkening of urine color

risks of type 2 diabetes.

Lack of exercise, unhealthy diet, and using tobacco increase the risk of type 2 diabetes

Discuss 2 actions you can take today to help reduce your chances of developing a lifestyle disease.

Practicing healthy lifestyle habits (good diet, regular exercise, avoid tobacco products) will reduce your chances of developing a lifestyle disease, even if there are uncontrollable risk factors present.

Treating head lice (parasitic infection)

Prevent by not sharing things used in hair (combs, brushes) or not sharing clothes. Lice may also be spread if you share a locker and coats are touching each other. You can store your coat away from the other coat or put it in a bag. Medicated shampoo is used to kill lice once a person is infested with them. Comb through hair with fine-toothed comb to get rid of nits (eggs) Also may try mayonnaise or olive oil in hair (thought to smother lice); massage into hair and leave it in for a while. Do not use medicated shampoo near eyes - if needed, use Vaseline on eyebrows and eyelashes Wash all bedding, recently used towels and clothes in hot soapy water, dry with heat

Differentiate between environmentally spread disease and diseases that are spread from person to person (communicable disease).

When spread from person to person, the pathogen leaves 1 person and finds another to infect. This spread can be by direct or indirect contact. E.g. of indirect contact would be tiny drops of saliva or mucus sent into the air by a cough or sneeze. Another person could breathe in one of these droplets, or they could touch something a droplet falls on. Also kissing, using same drinking glass, eating the same food can share pathogens from person to person. STDs are usually spread through direct contact. Environmentally spread: pathogens reside in something in the environment, that the person then exposes themself to. E.g. pathogens in the water that a person ingests or tetanus in the soil that a person is exposed to (with a break in the skin) Note: pathogens are present on most objects in the environment.

State how antibiotics work to treat bacterial disease.

Work by preventing the growth and division of bacterial cells. Note: antibiotics can NOT help against viruses, so should not be used to treat cold, flu, or other viral diseases.

immunity.

Your body's ability to destroy pathogens that it has previously encountered

antibiotic resistance

a condition in which bacteria can no longer be killed by a particular antibiotic

lifestyle disease

a disease caused partly by unhealthy behaviors and partly by other factors - so they are related to the choices you make and/or habits you have.

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

a disease or disorder that results from progressive damage to the heart and blood vessels

communicable disease

a disease that is usually passed from one person to another

stroke

occurs when blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted; not getting adequate blood supply causes brain cells to die. Blood flow can be interrupted from 2 reasons: 1) clot blocks portion of cranial blood vessel or 2) tear or hole in a blood vessel allows blood to escape and leak out rather than reach area it is intended to get to

the signs of shock

pale, bluish skin color that is cold to the touch, vomiting, dull sunken eyes, and may include unusual thirst

heat stroke

serious risk when sweat glands no longer producing sweat

treatments for cancer include

surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation