Healthcare informatics

What is data?

Raw Facts

Which of the following activities are used to build a foundation of knowledge in professional practice?

Reading research and theory articles, attending continuing education programs, consulting with expert colleagues and using clinical practice guidelines

Knowledge is the awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or arrive at a decision.

True

Processed data is information when it has meaning.

True

The Foundation of Knowledge model concepts are knowledge acquisition, knowledge processing, knowledge generation, and knowledge dissemination.

True

The knowledge used to develop and glean knowledge from valuable information is generative (having the ability to originate and produce or generate) in nature.

True

The joint AHIMA-AMIA task force identified five domains for informatics competencies for all healthcare workers. They are health information literacy, health informatics skills using the EHR, privacy and confidentiality of health information, health information and data technical security, and:

computer literacy

Wisdom is:

knowledge applied in a practical way or translated into actions, insight to exercise sound judgement in practical matters, the synthesis of our experience, insight, understanding, and knowledge; knowing when and how to apply knowledge

Wisdom and knowledge differ in that:

wisdom is the synthesis of experience, insight, and reflection

When healthcare professionals create new knowledge by changing and evolving knowledge based on experience, education, and input from others, they are:

generating knowledge

Considering principles of cognitive informatics when designing technology interfaces helps to mitigate:

human mental workload

Another name for data that has meaning is:

information

Some of the disciplines involved in cognitive science include:

psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, physics, linguistics, and biology

Data integrity can be compromised through which of the following?

Both transmission errors and human error or hackers

A neural network that models the entire nervous system would have all but which of the following?

Correlating units

Data are raw facts.

True

Which of the following makes information valuable and meaningful?

Accessible and accurate, timely and complete, reliable and relevant

Which one of the following is the component of cognitive science that uses computer modeling through artificial neural networks to try to explain human intellectual abilities?

Connectionism

Which one of the following is the study of the nature and origin of knowledge—what it means to know?

Epistemology

Accurate information means that there are less than 10% errors in the data contained within one database.

False

Computer science studies the application and usage of information and knowledge in organizations and the interface or interaction between people, organizations, and information systems (IS).

False

Information science and computational tools are of little value in enabling the processing of data, information, and knowledge in health care.

False

Knowledge and wisdom are synonymous.

False

Knowledge workers are those who work with information and generate computer programs to help with knowledge management

False

Rationalism is based on knowledge being derived from experiences or senses.

False

Relevant information is a subjective descriptor, in that a group of users must have information that is relevant or applicable to their needs at the same time.

False

Subjective information is as close to the truth as one can get.

False

The core skill set related to the use of computers, electronic health records, healthcare technologies, and knowledge generation in a discipline is known as:

Informatics competency

From which perspective does cognitive science study the mind, intelligence, and behavior?

Information processing

Health informatics is based on which of the following?

Information science, computer science, cognitive science, discipline-specific science

Applications of cognitive science to health informatics include all but which of the following?

Interoperability of systems

Which one of the following is the awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or arrive at a decision?

Knowledge

Using a clinical practice guideline as a basis for practice is an example of:

Knowledge application

Outputs of machine learning techniques may contribute which of the following?

Suggest precise, efficient, and impactful interventions, Predict the likelihood of a hospital acquired infection, Provide information to reduce length of stay

Which of the following best describes the central goal of health informatics?

To manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in the delivery of healthcare

_______ allows users to apply their intellect to accomplish their tasks while the tools housing the information disappear from conscious thought.

Transparency

Artificial intelligence is the field that deals with the conception, development, and implementation of informatics tools based on intelligent technologies. This field attempts to capture the complex processes of human thought and intelligence.

True

Characteristics of valuable, quality information include accessibility, security, timeliness, accuracy, relevancy, completeness, flexibility, reliability, objectivity, utility, transparency, verifiability, and reproducibility.

True

For information to be valuable or meaningful, it must be accessible, accurate, timely, complete, cost-effective, flexible, reliable, relevant, simple, verifiable, and secure.

True

Healthcare professionals are knowledge workers.

True

Human knowledge management is dependent on experiencing the environment and learning by acquiring,processing, generating, and disseminating knowledge.

True

Information is acquired either by actively looking for it or by having it conveyed by the environment.

True

Information science integrates features from cognitive science, communication science, computer science, library science, and the social sciences.

True

Information science is the science of information, studying the application and usage of information and knowledge in organizations and the interfacings or interaction between people, organizations, and information systems.

True

It is important to understand how people obtain, manipulate, use, share, and dispose of information.

True

Utility refers to the ability to provide the right information at the right time to the right person for the right purpose.

True

Which one of the following is knowledge applied in a practical way, translated into actions, or to use knowledge and experience to heighten common sense and insight to exercise sound judgment in practical matters?

Wisdom

_______ is sometimes thought of as the highest form of common sense, resulting from accumulated knowledge or erudition (deep, thorough learning) or enlightenment (education that results in understanding and the dissemination of knowledge).

Wisdom

The study of informatics provides healthcare professionals with:

a core skill set related to the use of computers, skills related to managing electronic health records and healthcare technologies, an understanding of how knowledge is generated in a discipline

Aristotle described intuition as knowledge obtained by:

a leap of understanding

Data are dirty when there are errors such as:

both duplicate entries and incomplete or outdated records

Understanding of clinical practice decision making using cognitive science principles promotes the development of:

clinical decision support tools

The scaffolding for the analysis and modeling of complicated, multifaceted human performance is provided by:

cognitive science

Experts in computer science strive to understand how the mind processes:

data and information

When healthcare professionals review the EHR prior to interacting with a patient, they are gathering:

data and information

Skills related to health information literacy include:

differentiating between scholarly and popular journals, locating and retrieving information from credible sources, recognizing a need for information, differentiating between scholarly and popular journals and locating and retrieving information from credible sources.

Presenting a research project at a national conference is an example of:

disseminating knowledge

The study of the nature and origin of knowledge is:

epistemology

Information is composed of knowledge that was processed using data.

false

When a healthcare professional uses information from other sources to help rethink, revise, and apply knowledge to a clinical situation, this is known as:

feedback

Health informatics competencies related to using an EHR include all of the following except:

follow security and privacy policies and procedures for the use of networks, including intranet and internet

Collecting health data in a data warehouse and mining that data for new relationships and new understanding is an example of:

generating knowledge

When healthcare professionals work with information and generate information and knowledge as a product, they can be described as:

knowledge workers

Reliable information comes from:

reliable or clean data, authoritative sources, credible sources

Thinking is best understood in terms of:

representational structures

In addition to exploring the nature of the mind, knowledge representation, language, problem solving, and decision making, cognitive science also includes:

social factors influencing the design and use of technology

Clinical decision software models the human and natural decision-making processes of professionals in an artificial program.

true

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary field that studies the mind, intelligence, and behavior from an information processing perspective.

true

Connectionism is a component of cognitive science that uses computer modeling through artificial neural networks to explain human intellectual abilities.

true

Data collected from EHRs and the aggregation of these data may provide insights into both the health of populations and global health challenges.

true

Knowledge is defined as the awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or arrive at a decision.

true

Neural networks are interconnected simple processing devices or simplified models of the brain and nervous system that consist of a considerable number of elements or units (analogs of neurons) linked together in a pattern of connections (analogs of synapses).

true

Knowledge transparency means:

using knowledge without conscious thought