HIEU 2031 Final

Decarchy

Who/What? "Ten-man rules" Narrow oligarchies composed of Spartan sympathizers, supported by Spartan garrisons, that were established by Lysander after the Peloponnesian War in a number of cities and were responsible for maintaining their cities' loyalty to Sparta during the last years of the fifth century BC and the early 390s BC When? last years of the 5th century and early 390s Where? Cities now under Spartan rule Significance? Generated resentment against the Spartans for sticking their noses in everything

Thermopylae

Who/What? 'The hot Gates' a natural bottleneck. The famous battle where Leonidas defended the point with 300 Spartans and 5000 allies. When? 480 BC Where? "The hot Gates" b/n Thessaly and Locris Significance? Gave time for the Greeks to abandon the City of Athens to the nearby island of salamis, while the Greek fleet prepared to prevent the Persian navy from attacking. Leonidas set an example for the other Greeks and helped boost morale.

Aristotle

Who/What? A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato When? 384-322 BC Where? born in the Macedonian city of Stagirus -> Athens -> Macedonia Significance? Taught Alexander. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today.

Harmost

Who/What? A Spartan military governor or commander. They are first attested in the Peloponnesian War and are found after the end of the war, often stationed in cities that had previously been members of the Athenian Empire When? during the period of Spartan hegemony after the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC Where?They were sent into their subject or conquered towns, Significance?partly to keep them in submission, and partly to abolish the democratic form of government, and establish in its stead one similar to their own; gave rise to spartan resentment

Delian League

Who/What? A confederation that formed when Athens stepped in to provide new leadership against the Persians When? formed in 478 BC Where? Delos; moved to Athens in 454 BC by Pericles Significance? Led to a growth in Athenian, as they became more of an empire (especially after its center was moved to Athens)

Cleruchy

Who/What? A form of Greek colony in which colonists retained the citizenship of the founding city. Unlike most Greek colonies, which were fully autonomous and independent of the mother city, they were part of Athenian territory. Inhabitants were chosen by the government from among poor Athenians and each were granted a kelros big enough to maintain them in Solon's third class (zeugitai), thus qualifying them for service in the hoplite infantry. When? 476/475 BC Where? Scyros Significance? The both provided an outlet for the disaffect and potentially dangerous poor, and they operated as garrisons in the empire to discourage rebellion from Athens.

Kleroterion

Who/What? A kleroterion is an ancient Greek allotment machine used to select jurors. When? 5th century Where? Athens Significance? Attempted to randomize selection of jurors

Cyrus the Great

Who/What? A member of the Achaemenid family and King of Persia and founder of the Persian Empire; he defeated the Median army (originally Persians were subject to the Medes) and united the Persians and Medians under his rule. Expanded the empire as he defeated and acquired Asia Minor, Babylonia, Assyria, Syria, and Palestine. When? Ruled from 559-530 BC Where? Persia Significance? Praised as a benevolent and talented ruler, he managed to unify the Persian empire despite the variety of languages, customs, laws, religions, and manners of waging war. His policies enhanced the prosperity of his empire and the well-being of its inhabitants.

Lade

Who/What? A naval battle that occurred during the Ionian revolt. Major defeat for the Greeks. The Samians and Lesbians fled before the battle was even over. When? 494 BC Where? It's an island near Miletus Significance? Greek morale fell, and the tyrants whom Aristagoras expelled spread pro-Persian propoganda

Euripides

Who/What? A playwright who wrote about 90 tragedies and included strong female characters and smart slaves When? 480-406 BC Where? born in Salamis Significance?he became, in the Hellenistic Age, a cornerstone of ancient literary education, along with Homer, Demosthenes and Menander.[5]

Ostracism

Who/What? A political device introduced by Cleisthenes as part of his reforms. A person receiving at least a plurality of 6,000 votes was required to go into exile for a period of 10 years. The process received its name from the pieces of broken pottery on which Athenians wrote the names of the persons they wished to exile. Although any Athenian could in theory be ostracized, in practice the individuals who actually were were primarily major political leaders. When? 486-417BC Where? Athens Significance? Practical way for politicians to remove their competition.

Theoric Fund

Who/What? A special fund established at Athens by Eubulus. In peacetime it received the fiscal surplus remaining after all annula expenditures mandated by law had been made. The purpose of the fund was to enable poor Athenians to attend public festivals, but it was also used for various other purposes including work on the dockyards and the public arsenal. In wartime, use of the surplus for military purposes was possible by vote of the Athenian assembly, but such use was unpopular When? ~350s BC Where? Athens Significance? Led to decrease in military spending, helped poor

Peace of Callias

Who/What? A treaty established between the Delian League (led by Athens) and Persia, ending the Persian Wars. This treaty was negotiated by the Athenian politician whose name appears in the term. When? 449 BC Where?After battle of Eurymedon River Significance? It gave autonomy to Ionian states in Asia Minor, prohibited the establishment of Persian satrapies on the Aegean coast, and prohibited Persian ships from the Aegean.

Battle of Issus

Who/What? Alexander's troops routed the Persian troops of Darius III at this famous skirmish. It is noted that Darius made a major retreat before the match was even decided. When? 333 BC Where? Issus Significance?Alexander controls southern Asia Minor.

Socrates

Who/What? An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. When? 470-399 BC Where? Athens Significance? introducing the greek civilization to the practise of Dialectic, focus of Plato's Apology

Megarian Decree

Who/What? An embargo passed by the Athenian assembly in against Megarian vessels trading in the Athenian empire. When? winter of 433/2 BC Where? Athens Significance? Thucydides considered the Megarian Decree as a pretext for war, but most Athenians later saw it as the actual cause of the Peloponnesian War.

"First" Peloponnesian War

Who/What? An undeclared war between the Athenian and Spartan leagues that really consisted of a series of battles often punctuated by considerable intervals of peace. When?460-445 BC Where? Mainland Greece Significance? The middle years of the First Peloponnesian War marked the peak of Athenian power. The events of 447 and 446, however, destroyed this position, and although not all Athenians gave up their dreams of unipolar control of the Greek world, the peace treaty that ended the war laid out the framework for a bipolar Greece.

Ephialtes

Who/What? Ancient Athenian politician and an early leader of the democratic movement there. In the late 460s BC, he oversaw reforms that diminished the power of the Areopagus, a traditional bastion of conservatism, and which are considered by many modern historians to mark the beginning of the "radical democracy" for which Athens would become famous. When? 5th century Where? Athens Significance? Laid the groundwork for democracy in Athens

Iphicrates

Who/What? Athenian commander; His "Iphicratean reforms" consisted of increasing the length of their spears and swords, substituting linen cuirasses in place of heavier bronze armor, and introducing new footwear (later called iphicratids) that was easier to don and remove than previous models. When? 418-353 BC Where? Athens Significance? Enabled the Athenians to destroy an entire Spartan regiment with his peltast strategy

Conon

Who/What? Athenian general in late 5th century during the intervention of the Persians during the Peloponnesian War; defeated by Lysander several times When? 444-394 BC Where? Athens Significance? Rebuilt Athens long walls

Themistocles

Who/What? Athenian leader in years after Marathon, the man who persuaded Athens to use its windfall silver-mine profit to purchase ships and develop a navy to face the inevitable return of the Persians. He master-minded the naval battle of Salamis He was ostracized around 471 BC. Was archon in 493/2 BC. Was even honored by Spartans after the war. When? 524 - 459 BC Where? Athens Significance? Convinced Athens to use the silver to fund warships instead of distributing the wealth to Athenians. Thus this helped Athens form its naval basis which became the foundation of its power in the Greek world.

Alcibiades

Who/What? Athenian nobleman who persuaded assembly to embark on the Sicilian expedition, a well-connected man often associated with controversy, was banished from Athens many times, switched sides during the Peloponnesian War from Athens to Sparta and back to Athens, latter helped by his infusion of Persian money, murdered in Thrace When? 450 - 404 BC Where? Athens Significance? The Sicilian Expedition was Alcibiades's idea, and scholars have argued that, had that expedition been under Alcibiades's command instead of Nicias', the expedition might not have met its eventual disastrous fate

Pericles

Who/What? Athenian statesman. He was the central ruler of Athens during its golden age. He was the central patron behind many of their achievements. He was also a very skilled speaker. When? 495-429 BC Where? Athens Significance?Pericles had such a profound influence on Athenian society that Thucydides, his contemporary historian, acclaimed him as "the first citizen of Athens". Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnese War. Thuc. remarks that if Athens had listened to him they could have won the war.

Demosthenes son of Alcisthenes

Who/What? Athenian strategos who decided in 427 to build a fort at Pylos, which included Sphacteria. When? 5th century Where? Athens Significance? His decision led the Spartans to send the 420 hoplites who would become the Athenians' key bargaining tool

Hetaireiai

Who/What? Band of companions. Young men of the upper class frequently belonged to ________, or social clubs with political overtones, often of an antidemocratic nature. When? all throughout? Where? Athens Significance?The mutilation of the herms in 415 was rumered to be the work of such a ________, and the subversive activity of _________ played a part in the oligarchic revolutions of 411 and 404

2nd Battle of Mantinea

Who/What? Battle b/n sparta and thebes, thebes technically wins When?362 BC Where? Mantinea Significance? Epaminondas killed, and urges thebes to make peace, thus ending Theban hegemony

Battle of Amphipolis

Who/What? Conflict that first saw Sparta take the silver mined and then after defend them. The Spartan and Athenian generals both died in this battle. When? 422 BC Where? Amphipolis Significance? Decisive Spartan victory; The Amphipolitans began to regard Brasidas as a hero and the founder of the city.[10] After the battle, neither the Athenians or the Spartans wanted to continue the war (Cleon and Brasidas being the most hawkish members from each side), and the Peace of Nicias was signed in 421 BC

The Sacred Band

Who/What? Elite Theban infantry formed about 378 BC. They consisted of 150 pairs of lovers. It played a major role in the Spartan defeat at Leuctra in 371 BC and later Theban military campaigns until it was totally destroyed at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC When? 378 - 338 BC Where? Thebes Significance? Acted as a sort of Theban "special forces" and helped Thebes overthrow the Spartan hegemony and lead to their own

Proskynesis

Who/What? Greek name for the Persian ritual greeting that social inferiors offered to their superiors and all Persians offered to the Persian king. In its simplest form it involved merely blowing a kiss. To the Persian king, however, it required full protration before the ruler. Although Persians did not believe that their king was divine, Greeks and Macedonians considered the performance of _________ to be appropriate only to deities and resented attempts to make them perform it. When? Where? Persia Significance?

Empedocles

Who/What? Greek who stated that all matter was composed of 4 elements: earth, air, fire, & water When? 490-430 BC Where? Agrigentum, a Greek city in Sicily Significance?Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the originator of the cosmogenic theory of the four Classical elements

Aeschylus

Who/What? He was a Greek dramatist, the earliest of the city's great tragic poets. As the predecessor of Sophocles and Euripides, he is the founder of Greek tragedy. Also fought at both Marathon and Salamis, and maybe even Platea When? 525-456 BC Where? Born in the city of Eleusis, near Athens Significance? First of the three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays can still be read or performed, the others being Sophocles and Euripides. He is often described as the father of tragedy:[2][3] Our knowledge of the genre begins with his work[4] and our understanding of earlier tragedies is largely based on inferences from his surviving plays.

Nicias

Who/What? He was an Athenin general who wanted peace. Thats why the Peace treaty was named after him. He was chosen to lead the Sicilian campaigne. Did not want to attack Sicily but did anyway. he was executed at Syracuse When? 470-413 BC Where? Athens Significance? Led to the signing of the Peace Treaty

Liturgy

Who/What? Indirect system of taxation whereby the rich were required to spend their own money in the service of the state. The most expensive was the trierarchy, which required a man to maintain a trireme for a year and to pay for the training of the crew. When? 5th century? Where? Athens Significance? They included financing the training of a chorus for dramatic performances or financing a delegation to a religious festival in another state.

Xerses

Who/What? King of Persia and son of Darius, wanted to avenge his father and teach Greece a lesson. When? 519-465 BC Where? Persia Significance? Launched a new invasion of Greece, this time with 180,000 troops and thousands of warship and supply vessels. Generally united Greece against him.

Darius I

Who/What? King of Persia who expanded his empire to extend from the Mediterranean to the Indus River. He reorganized and strengthened the Persian Empire by reforming the army and the government. Invaded Greece but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon. Sought revenge on Athens and Eretria for burning of Sardis. Had a system of spies to discourage rebellion. When? 521-486BC Where? Persia Significance? He created an administrative and financial structure that remained unchanged for 150 years.

Leonidas

Who/What? King of Sparta and hero of the battle of Thermopylae where he was killed by the Persians When? 540-480 BC Where? Born in Sparta, Thermopylae Significance? He symbolize the bravery and the courage of the whole Greece. His decision to stay and fight with his 300 soldiers against the thousands soldiers of Persia showed both Sparta and Greece's power and grit.

Archidamus

Who/What? King of Sparta. During the Archidamian War (432-421), he led four invasions of the Peloponnesians into Attica. He died before this war ended. During these invasions, the Peloponnesians were able to do significant damage to the Athenian crops, but were unable to make the Athenians submit because of the markets available to the Athenians. When? 469-427 BC Where? Sparta Significance? His death, along with that of Pericles in 429 led to instigation of new strategies to try to break the stalemate of the war

Peltast

Who/What? Lightly armed greek soldiers who carried light throwing spears and small, round shields. They functioned as skirmishers and could be deployed either alone or in concert with hoplites. Although they were utilized during the Peloponnesian War, they increased dramatically in importance in the 4th century. The Athenian commander Iphicrates owed his successes to his well-trained ____________. When? 4th century Where? Significance? Dramatically changed warfare, made hoplite warfare ineffective (thus Sparta's long-standing military prowess was challenged)

Pericles' Citizenship Law

Who/What? Limited citizenship to those born of an Athenian father AND an Athenian mother When? 451 BC Where? Athens Significance? Enhanced the status of Athenian mothers and made Athenian citizenship a more exclusive category

Athenian Tribute Lists

Who/What? Lists the one-sixtieth of each contribution to the Delian League that was dedicated to the goddess Athena Polias. From the lists, it is possible to determine the overall contribution in a given year by multiplying it by 6. When? Started in 545 BC Where? Athens Significance? In a way made all of the members of the Delian League subject to Athens as they gave either ships of money in return for protection. Led to an increase in power for Athens

Demagogue

Who/What? Literally, a "leader of the people." This was the term some Athenians used to categorize the politicians who arose in Athens after Pericles' death. Usually it had negative connotations and suggest a man interested only in his own well-being, unlike a true statesman, who cared for the welfare of the state. When? 5th Century? Where? Athens Significance?T hey exploit a fundamental weakness in democracy: because ultimate power is held by the people, nothing stops the people from giving that power to someone who appeals to the lowest common denominator of a large segment of the population.

Acropolis

Who/What? Literally, the upper city, the citadel of a city or town. The most famous is the one of Athens, the religious center of the city, which was magnificently adorned with temples in the fifth century; A fortified area located at the top of a hill that served as a place to escape in case of attack and sometimes as a religious center When? 5th century Where? Athens Significance? Religious and social center for Athens. Also its placement on high grounds made it great from a military standpoint

Mycale

Who/What? Location of Battle of Mycale - Greek fleet defeat Persians When? 479 BC Where? Region in south of Asia Minor containing city of Miletus Significance? Ionian Greeks leave Persian side

Hetaira

Who/What? Meaning female companion, this term was normally used for courtesans. Usually came from the metic class. Some functioned as entrenched mistresses or even common-law wives, but others less fortunate were essentially prostitutes. When? 5th century? Where? Athens Significance? They were generally more cultivated than citizen women; they were trained (usually by older hetairai) to be entertaining and interesting rather than to be thrifty managers of households.Since Pericles' citizenship laws of 451-450 made it impossible for a man to marry them and still have his children enjoy citizenship rights, many Athenian men chose to have long-term associations with them simultaneous with their legal marriages to Athenian women.

Salamis

Who/What? Naval battle where the Greek forces defeated the Persians, shortly after the battle at Thermopylae When? 480 BC Where? Island off the coast of mainland Greece. Significance? Defeat of the Persian fleet meant the Persian army could not continue its conquest. When the Persians lost most of their fleet at Salamis, Xerxes was forced to retreat with most of his army. While he still left a large force to continue the war, it was and admission of defeat.

Artemisium

Who/What? Naval conflict between Greeks and Persians that occurred simultaneously with the battle of Thermopylae When? 480 BC Where? Off the coast of Euboea Significance? Neither side won or loss, but proved to the Greeks that they could stand up against the Persian navy

Hyperbolus

Who/What? Ostracized after earning the combined wrath of rivals Nicias and Alcibiades When? died in 411 BC Where? Athens Significance? Last ostracism

Darius III

Who/What? Persian king who often fought Alexander When? 380-330 BC Where? PErsia Significance?last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia

Metic

Who/What? Resident alien in a Greek state. Although they lacked citizenship, metics mingled comfortably in Athenian society and were often called on for help in wartime. The women known as hetairai were generally metics, though most ____ women were probably housewives. When? 5th and 4th century? Where? Athens Significance? Acted as merchants?

Ionian Revolt

Who/What? Revolt against the Persian empire, instigated by Aristagoras and Ionians that are angry about rising taxes, and Persian use of puppet tyrants. Received help from Athens and Eretria, but still fail. When? 499BC Where? Aeolis, Doris, Cyprus and Caria. (Ionia) Significance? Mainland Greeks come to identify with Ionians who they see as unjustly enslaved. Greeks start putting an emphasis on freedom. Burning of Sardis made Persia spiteful and helped spurn the Persian Wars.

Samian Revolt

Who/What? Samos rebelled from Athens, which threatened the very continuation of the Athenian Aegean empire. Athens confiscates Samian navy, huge tribute each year and take captives When? 440 BC Where? Samos Significance? Challenged Athens rule, and led up to the Pelop. War

Tissaphernes

Who/What? Satrap of Sardis, one of the two who determined Persian policy towards Greece, courted by Alcibiades on one hand and the Spartans on the other When? 445-395 BC Where? Sardis Significance? formed an alliance with Sparta, and by the next year he had regained most of Ionia. Fearing that a complete victory of Sparta over Athens in the Peloponnesian War would endanger Persian interests, he supplied only limited assistance to his ally. As a result, when the Persian king Darius in 407 decided to support Sparta fully

Marathon

Who/What? Site of the famous battle fought between the armies of Persia and the outnumbered Athenians. Athens was victorious and a messenger was sent to run the 26 miles back to the city with the news. Miltiades stepped in and played a key role in saving Athens. A monument was erected honoring those who died in battle, and men who had fought were greatly honored and respected. Battle was an attempt to teach Athens a lesson after Sardis. When? 490 BC Where? Marathon; East Attica Significance? The battle turned back a Persian attempt to subdue Athens, but brought on a later Persian expedition to subdue all of peninsular Greece. The success encouraged enough of the Greek cities to believe that they could resist Persia, which they successfully did ten years later.

Mardonius

Who/What? Son-in-law of Darius; sent by him as head of a large force to Greece where he conquered Thrace, Thasos, and Macedonia - successfully restored Persian prestige in northern Greece; forced to turn back when his fleet was wrecked off Mount Athos on the Chalcidic peninsula. Led the Persian army when Xerxes fled and was killed at Plataea When? 492 and 479 BC Where? From Persia, battled in northern Greece and Plataea Significance? When he is killed at Plataea his army is broken up.

Pausanias

Who/What? Spartan commander whose despotic tendencies ticked off the rest of the Greeks. Known for victory at Platea When? 5th century Where? Sparta Significance?Athens was brought in instead to lead the fleet

Eurymedon River

Who/What? The Battle of the Eurymedon was a double battle, taking place both on water and land, between the Delian League of Athens and her Allies, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes When? 467 BC Where? Mouth of the Eurymedon River Significance?The problem was that the victory was so decisive that encouraged defections from the League.

Battle of Notium

Who/What? The Spartans under Lysander defeat a segment of the Athenian fleet. When?406 BC Where? Near Ephesus and Notium Significance?This victory resulted in the downfall of Alcibiades, and established Lysander as a commander who could defeat the Athenians at sea.

The 30

Who/What? The Thirty Tyrants were a pro-Spartan oligarchy installed in Athens. Upon Lysander's request When? After Athens' defeat in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE (lasted for 13 months) Where? Athens Significance? Killed 5% of the Athenian population, the confiscation of citizen's property, and the exile of other democratic supporters.They became known as the "Thirty Tyrants" because of their cruel and oppressive tactics. The two leading members were Critias and Theramenes

Medize

Who/What? The act of submission by Greek poleis to the Persian king. It meant allowing the Persians into a polis peacefully and being sympathetic to this occupation. An example of a medizing Greek polis was Thebes. Thucydides offered a passage describing the medizing Boeotians and how Plataea refused to succumb to the Persian forces. When? Pre-/During Persian War; 5th century (and post) Where? Aegina, Thessaly, Argos, Thebes, and other Boeotians Significance? Was a source of contempt for much of Greece. Being accused as a medizer was the same as being called a traitor. Pausanias, the Lacedaemonian hegemon of the Hellenic League in the Battle of Plataea, was accused of medism by other member states, an accusation which allowed Athens to seize control of the league.

The King's Peace

Who/What? The agreement that ended the Corinthian War. A key role was played by Artaxerxes II of Persia,"King Artaxerxes thinks it just that the cities in Asia, and the islands of Clazomenae and Cyprus, shall belong to him. Further, that all other Greek cities, small and great, shall be autonomous; except Lemnos, Imbros and Scyros, which shall belong to Athens, as aforetime. If any refuse to accept this peace I shall make war upon them, along with those who are of the same purpose, both by land and sea, with both ships and money." When? 387/6 BC Where? persia? Significance? Establishes Sparta as keepers as peace and really puts a leash on Athens

Corinthian League

Who/What? The alliance organized to implement the Common Peace established by Philip II in 338 BC. They included the principal cities except Sparta and guaranteed its members freedom, autonomy, collective action against states who broke the peace, and protection against proposals to cancel debts and liberate slaves. When? 338 BC Where? Greece Significance? Provided the framework for Macedonian domination of Greece.

Demaratus

Who/What? The exiled king of Sparta, ousted by Cleomenes, who left his country for Persia and offered to fight for Darius and then Xerxes in the Persian War. When? 6th/5th century BC Where? Sparta then Persia Significance? Gives Xerxes an inside look into the Greeks, and warns them of Spartans

Jason of Pherae

Who/What? The joint ruler of Pherae in Thessaly the early 4th century. Through military reform and the help of a mercenary general, he extended his control throughout Thessaly. He was assassinated in 370 while preparing to take over the Pythian games at Delphi. When? early 4th century, Assasinated in 370 BC Where? Pherae in Thessaly Significance? His rise to power and the subsequent chaos shows that Thessaly didn't have sufficient constitutional structures to prevent a single individual taking over or to maintain unification

Cimon (Son of Miltiades)

Who/What? The leader of the Delian League. He lead aggressive attacks on Persia, and made friendly relations with Sparta. Thasos then rebelled the League, and then the people wanted to break away with Sparta. Cimon was exiled, and then Athens made an alliance with Sparta's enemy, causing them to break ties. When? 510-450 BC Where? Athens Significance? He had convinced Athens to go to Sparta's aid, but after being turned away the humiliation led Athens to ostracize Cimon in 461 BC and participate in a lot more anti-Sparta movements/activities (which in turn would lead up to the Pelop. War)

Trireme

Who/What? The modern term for the standard form of Greek warship in the Classical period. Propelled by three banks of oars and attaining speeds of 9 knots, t it used its bronze ram to disable enemy ships. Athenian oarsmen were the best at this maneuver, and Athenian fleets dominated naval warfare during the fifth century. It was manned by 180 rowers and 20 soldiers When? Classical period Where? Athens Significance? Led to more military participation (could be poor and be a rower) which led Athenian institutions to an increasingly democratic nature

Dokimasia

Who/What? The scrutiny Athenian citizens had to undergo before assuming a position in the government. When? 5th century? Where? Athens. Significance? Political enemies often used this procedure as a means of keeping a man out of public office.

Laurium

Who/What? The silver mine in Attica that provided much wealth for Athens. When?483/2 BC Where? Town in southeastern part of Attica Significance? Led to the funding of triremes, which then became the basis of Athens' naval power

Theramenes

Who/What? Theramenes was a central figure in four major episodes of Athenian history. He appeared on the scene in 411 BC as one of the leaders of an oligarchic coup, but, as his views and those of the coup's other leaders diverged, he began to oppose their dictates and took the lead in replacing the narrow oligarchy they had imposed with a more broadly based one. had also served as a general When? Died in 404 BC Where? Athens Significance? Thought the 30 were too radical

Lamachus

Who/What? Third member of Sicilian campaign with Alcibiades and Nicias. Professional general. he died early in the expedition. When? 5th century Where? Athens Significance?The Acharnians and subsequently honoured his memory in The Frogs

Satrap

Who/What? Title of the governors of the principal territorial subdivisions of the Persian empire. During the Peloponnesian War, the coastal _______ Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus enjoyed considerable independence from the king and entered freely into negotiations with the warring state When? 539-331 BC Where? Persia Significance? Allowed some freedom from king in local subdivisions

Aristagoras

Who/What? Tyrant of Miletus. He goes to the Persians for help capturing some islands called the Cyclades (hoping to add land to his domain). He is defeated at the Naxos, and he then trades sides and helps the Greeks defeat the Persians. After his defeat he takes advantage of the restless Ionians and tries to recoup his failings by uniting them in revolt (thus the instigator of the Ionian revolt). Resigned his tyranny and took a constitutional office instead and set about overthrowing tyrants in Greek cities in Asia Minor. Tries to gain support from Sparta (fail - too far for them) and Athens (them and Eretrians give aide). When? 6th and 5th century BC Where? Miletus Significance? Spurs the Ionian Revolt

Long Walls

Who/What? Walls built around Athens to connect walls surrounding a city to walls at sea When? Built mid-5th century, destroyed in 403 BC by Sparta, and rebuilt during Corinthian War Where? Athens Significance? Defensive structure in Athens that would allow city to get supplies during war

Plato

Who/What? Was a disciple of Socrate; greek philosopher and mathematician When?430-347 BC Where? Athens Significance? founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science

Klepsydra

Who/What? Water-clock used in People's Court When? 5th century Where? Athens Significance? Timed litigants speeches'

Corinthian War

Who/What? When Persia offered financial support to Athens, Thebes and other Greek city states to oppose the Spartan Power. When? 394-386 BC Where?Mainland Greece Significance? Peace of Antalcidas dictated by Persia

Pnyx

Who/What? Where the Athenian assembly met on a hill (Only free male citizens could vote, not women, slaves or foreigners) When? Began as early as 507 BC Where? Hill in central Athens Significance? One of the earliest and most important sites in the creation of democracy.

Battle of Cnidus

Who/What? a battle between Sparta and the joined Persian and Athenian fleet When? 394 BC Where? Off the coast of Cnidus, in the Aegean Sea Significance?An Athenian admiral, Conon, who with the King of Cyprus, Evagoras, wanted to build a navy to defeat the Spartan navy, which would be good for the Persians. Spartans lose at sea in this battle. Athens comes back to being an important naval power

Battle of Mantinea

Who/What? largest land battle within Greece during the Peloponnesian war; When? 418 BC Where? Mantinea Significance? the Spartan victory saved it from the brink of defeat and shattered the Athenian alliance.

Cleon

Who/What? leader of Athens who succeeded Pericles, regarded as a demagogue and a "hawk" who wanted Athens to be more aggressive. He died in battle but not before some controversial decisions such as threatening Mytilene When? 5th century, died in 422 BC Where? Athens Significance? had proposed the genocide of Mytilene. He was the first prominent representative of the commercial class in Athenian politics, although he was an aristocrat himself.

Herm

Who/What? stone sculpture, usually placed outdoors, serving as a boundary marker, signpost, milestone, or memorial. A herm has a bearded man's head, but no or stunted arms, yet the square slab often holds an erect phallus. When? 6th century BC Where? Athens Significance? Mutilation of the herms - one night before the expedition a group of people goes around and smashes them scares people (they're apotropaic...they turn away evil...so they're scared b/c they think there are people in the city that want oligarch/pro-spartan shit)

Hegemon

Who/What? the domination of one state or group over its allies When? 5th century? Where? Sparta, Thebes Significance? Because of Greek ideal of autonomy, when hegemonies were established, others rallied to knock them down

Diodotus

Who/What? was an opponent to the proposal of Cleon, stopped Cleon's decision in 427 BC to kill all adult Mytilenean males and to enslave their women and children after the defeat of Mytilene When? 5th century Where?Athens Significance? Represented the moderate faction of Athens

Hippocrates

Who/What?"Founder of Medicine" During the Golden Age in Greece he was a scientist that believed all diseases came from natural causes. When? 460-370 BC Where? Born in Kos Significance?He also had high ideals for physicians & an oath was made that is still used today.

Oresteia

Who/What?A Three play series based on the family of Agamemnon, the Mycenaean king who commanded the Greeks at in the Trojan War-written by Aeschylus, depicting a powerful family (the house of Atreus) torn apart by betrayal, murder and revenge When? Athens Where? originally performed at the Dionysia festival in Athens in 458 BC Significance? advocates the importance of the male role in society over that of the female?

Aristophanes

Who/What?A playwright who wrote comedies including "the clouds and the birds". He was also know for his sharp wit When? 446-386 BC Where? Athens Significance?These, together with fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and they are used to define the genre (He si the Father of Comedy)

2nd Athenian Confederacy

Who/What?A voluntary organization led by Athens, which many Greek states joined, some at the inception in 377 and others later. When?378-355 BC Where? Athens Significance? Though member states sent delegates to a common deliberative body known as the synedrion and hence had far greater say in policy decisions that the helpless allies of the Delian League, disaffection nonetheless developed and the alliance began to disintegrate in the late 370s. It suffered substantial defections in the 350s and was finally dissolved when the Corinthian League was established in 338 BC

Thrasybulus

Who/What?An Athenian democratic believer who was left out of the 30. He sets up base at Phyle, and gain more and more people to launch a night attack on a harbor of Athens When?440-388 BC Where? Athens Significance?Defeated the Thirty Tyrants and brought democracy back to post-war Athens

Cleophon

Who/What?Athenian Statesman known for rejecting peace offerings from Spartans; staunch democrat When? died in 404 BC Where? Athens Significance?Cleophon was made the object of satire by the comic poet Plato in an eponymous play (now lost), and by Aristophanes, a famous Greek playwright in The Frogs.

Peace of Philocrates

Who/What?Athens and Macedon are at odds with each other. Humiliating terms for Athenians. When? 346 BC Where? b/n Athens and Macedonia Significance? Philip's preeminence in Central and Northern Greece recognized.

Battle of Chaeronea

Who/What?Battle near Thebes where the Macedonians defeated the Greeks from the various Greek city-states When? 338 BC Where? Cheronea, Boeotia Significance? made them join an alliance against Persia

Battle of Aegospotami

Who/What?Complete destruction of Athenian navy by Lysander the Spartan fleet When?405 BC Where? Aegospotami, Hellespont, present-day Turkey Significance? A year later Athens surrendered to sparta, ending the Pelop War

Battle of Cyzicus

Who/What?Crushing Athenian Naval victory against sparta When? 410 BC Where? Near Cyzicus, Hellespont, modern-day Turkey Significance? Restored Athens' economic functions and some morale

Sophocles

Who/What?Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex When? 494-406 BC Where? Athens Significance? is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived.

Pindar

Who/What?Lyric poet, best preserved work, wrote odes to victorious Olympians When? 522-443 BC Where? Thebes Significance? Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, his work is the best preserved.His poetry illustrates the beliefs and values of Archaic Greece at the dawn of the classical period.

Egyptian Expedition

Who/What?Pericles persuaded the Athenians to send ships to Egypt which had rebelled against King Artaxerxes. The campaign dragged on for years, ending in a wretched debacle in 454 after an eighteen month siege in which Artaxerxes' general Megabazus drained the channels around the island, leaving the ships high and dry, and marched across on foot to capture the Athenian sailors. When? 454 BC Where? island of Prosopitis in the Nile Significance?This loss caused great loss in morale as well as loss in life.

The Social War

Who/What?Provoked by Athens' increasingly dominating stance over its Second Athenian Empire, Chios, Rhodes, and Cos overthrew their democratic governments and broke away from the league, assisted by Byzantion. When? 357-355 BC Where?Aegean Sea, Asia Minor Significance?Confederate allies independent;

Battle of Arginusae

Who/What?Pyrrhic Athenian naval victory where 75 Pelop ships were caught, but storm which saw the stranding of 25 ships' crews in the water and the subsequent execution of the Athenian commanders for failure to fulfill their duty When? 406 BC Where? Arginusae islands Significance? and the subsequent execution of the Athenian commanders for failure to fulfill their duty (6 out of 8)

Critias

Who/What?Sophist who believed that the gods were created to keep men from doing what they wanted to do When? 460-403 BC Where? Athens Significance? Noted in his day for his tragedies, elegies and prose works.

Battle of Leuctra

Who/What?Sparta goes to stop expansion of Thebes. Thebes wins which establishes it as the dominant power in Greece. Expels all harmosts and supports Arcadian League When?371 BC Where? Leuctra Significance? Destroyed Spartan Hegemony and rise of Thebes

Gylippus

Who/What?Spartan general that led his force to victory in the Sicilian expedition When? 5th century BC Where? Sparta Significance?More daring than Nicias, the Athenian commander he faced, he was able to gain an upper hand by driving the Athenians from key strategic locations and essentially break the siege. When Athens sent Demosthenes with reinforcements, he too was defeated by Gylippus, which ultimately led to the downfall of the Athenian campaign in Syracuse.

Brasidas

Who/What?Spartan warhawk in the Peloponnesian war When? Died in 422 BC Where? Sparta Significance? His death paved the way for the peace of Nicias

Eubulus

Who/What?Statesman of ancient Athens. Generally considered a member of the "peace party" in opposition to Demosthenes. Attempted to stop Philip by forming a Common Peace to unite Greece against Philip in 348. Attempts failed, and he went along with the peace negotiated in 346. When?405-335 BC Where? Athens Significance?Eubulus and his supporters argued for peace. But from 344 BC on, Eubulus' influence was waning, and by 342 BC, Demosthenes' party was in control. After the Battle of Chaeronea no more is heard of Eubulus.

Autonomia

Who/What?The concept of self rule for Greek poleis or independence for Greek individual When? Throughout Where? Greece Significance? What makes Greeks Greek, but also hinders them from uniting (which keeps them from repelling outside invaders)

The 5000

Who/What?The council of 400 put forward the 5000 citizens but they didn't actually do anything. However they did end up taking over later following the Theramenes incident. Still an oligarchy but more liberal, still no payments for the states. . When? 411 BC Where? Athens Significance? Voted to bring back Alcibiades

Sophist

Who/What?The itinerant intellectuals who taught and gave speeches during the latter part of the fifth century BC. Some were primarily teachers of oratory, while others engaged in thoughtful speculation about society that challenged entrenched conventions. Sophists were drawn to the climate of Athens, where response to them was mixed. When? Late 5th century BC Where? Athens Significance?Plato made the discrediting of the ________ an important part of his dialogues, accusing them of substituting showy rhetorical displays for real wisdom such as Socrates possessed.

Thirty Years' Peace

Who/What?The peace treaty made with Sparta. Five terms: neither state was to interfere with the allies of the other, neutrals were free to join either side, disagreements were to be settled by arbitration, no allies were permitted to switch sides, and each hegemon (alliance leader) was free to use force to resolve conflicts within its own alliance. When? 445 BC Where? b/n Athens and Sparta Significance? Established a bipolar Greece

Dikasteria

Who/What?The popular courts. Consisted of 500 jurors chosen by lot. There were no police in Athens so people used these courts to prosecute criminals. When? 5th century? Where? Athens Significance?These courts were frequently used to embarrass or punish one's enemies.

Epaminondas

Who/What?Theban general/statesman won at lectura with new army formation against sparta, trasformed thebes When?418-362 BC Where? Thebes Significance? Showed Sparta could be beaten, urged Thebes to make peace

Third Sacred War

Who/What?This is the war that brought Philip of Macedon into central greece. When?356-346 BC Where? Phocis, Locris, Doris, Boeotia, Thessaly Significance? Ended with the Peace of Philocrates

Aristophanes' Peace

Who/What?a play written by Aristophanes right before the declaration of peace between Athens and Sparta - the main character asks the gods why they are letting Greek destroy itself with war and they respond it is because Peace has been locked up and the Gods have been alienated by the squabblin When? 421 BC Where? Athens Significance? The play is notable for its joyous anticipation of peace and for its celebration of a return to an idyllic life in the countryside

The 400

Who/What?aristocratic factions who replaced council of 500 and assassinated democrats; When?411 BC Where? Athens Significance? short-lived oligarchy that dissolved in 4 months and were replaced by the 5000

Philip II of Macedon

Who/What?king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great When? 392-336 Where? Macedonia Significance? Laid groundwork for alexander in establishing strong Macedonia (fortified its borders and started expanding into Greece)

Alexander the Great

Who/What?son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world When? 336-323 BC Where? Macedonia Significance? Spread Greek culture and language

Peace of Nicias

Who/What?the spartans and Athenians agreed to return lands and punish their former allies for rebelling in this agreement. (was supposed to be a 50 year peace) When? 421 BC Where? Sparta/Athens Significance? Gave all power to Sparta and Athens, made everyone else subject to them in a way so they had no say. Ended first half of Pelop War

Aristophanes' Acharnians

Who/What?the third play — and the earliest of the eleven surviving plays — by the Athenian playwright Aristophanes When? 425 BC Where? Athens Significance? Ridicules Pericles

Demosthenes

Who/What?was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. When? 384-322 BC Where? Athens Significance? tried to warn the Greeks of the threat Philip and his army posed

Eromenos

Who/What? "Beloved" younger, subordinate partner in a Greek homosexual relationship When? throughout greek history Where? Greece Significance? He was generally looked upon more harshly and was taught how to assimilate in male society by the erastês, or the older man in the homosexual relationship.

Erastes

Who/What? "Lover" The term for the active partner in a homosexual relationship. When?thoughtout? Where? all of Greece? Significance? Ideally the _______ was supposed to be not only the sexual partner, but also the social mentor of his partner, tutoring him in the customs of male society and introducing him into it