his 101 Final

The progress of the Hundred Years' War was characterized by

English use of peasant soldiers and the longbow.

Francis I (france)

Francis II was a monarch of the House of Valois-Angoulême who was King of France from 1559 to 1560. He was also King consort of Scotland as a result of his willing marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots, from 1558 until his death in 1560.

St. Francis(of Assi)

He stresssed his followers must accept strict vows of poverty and live by working and beg for food.

Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc, nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans", is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.

Justinian

Justinian I, traditionally known as Justinian the Great and also Saint Justinian the Great in the Eastern Orthodox Church, was a Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565

Martin Luther

The Protestant Reformation began with a typical medieval question: What must I do to be saved? Him, a deeply religious man, found an answer that did not fit within the traditional teachings of the late medieval church. was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money, proposing an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517.

Peace of Lodi

The italian states signed this. It ended almost a half-century of war and inaugurated a relatively peaceful forty-year era in Italy. An alliance system (Milan, Florence, and Naples versus Venice and the papacy) was created that led to a workable balance of power within Italy. It failed, however, to establish lasting cooperation among the major powers.

Cardinal Richelieu

a French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman. He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607 and was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616

Golden Bull

issued by Emperor Charles IV. This document stated that four lay princes (the count palatine of the Rhine, the duke of Saxony, the margrave of Brandenburg, and the king of Bohemia) and three ecclesiastical rulers (the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne) would serve as electors with the legal power to elect the "king of the Romans and future emperor, to be ruler of the world and of the Christian people."It gave seven electors the power to choose the "king of the Romans."

Anne Boleyn

was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII, and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right.

Thomas More

was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther and William Tyndale. More opposed the King's separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England and the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. After refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, he was convicted of treason and beheaded. Of his execution, he was reported to have said: "I die the King's good servant, and God's first.

Battle of Crecy

was an English victory during the Edwardian phase of the Hundred Years' War. Coupled with the later battles of Poitiers (also fought during the Edwardian phase) and Agincourt, it was the first of the three major English successes during the conflict.

Petrarch

was an Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Renaissance.

John Calvin

was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. Of the second generation of Protestant reformers, one stands out as the systematic theologian and organizer of the Protestant movement. His conversion was solemn and straightforward. He was so convinced of the inner guidance of God that he became the most determined of all the Protestant reformers. On most important doctrines, he stood very close to Luther. He adhered to the doctrine of justification by faith alone to explain how humans achieved salvation. Calvin also placed much emphasis on the absolute sovereignty of God or the "power, grace, and glory of God.

Spanish Armada

, literally "Great and Most Fortunate Navy") was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

Jerome

A number of intellectuals in the early church who wrote in Latin profoundly influenced the development of Christian thought in the west. They came to be known as the Latin Fathers of the Catholic Church. They include Augustine, Jerome, Ambrose, and Gregory the Great

Peasant's war(In Germany)

All of the following are correct about the "Peasant's Crusade" except * after considerable hardship, the crusade succeeded in reaching Jerusalem was a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe from 1524 to 1525. It failed because of the intense opposition of the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers.[1] The survivors were fined and achieved few if any of their goals

Anabaptists

Although many reformers were ready to allow the state to play an important, if not dominant, role in church affairs, some people rejected this kind of magisterial reformation and favored a far more radical reform movement. Collectively called the thys, these radicals were actually members of a large variety of groups who shared some common characteristics. this was especially attractive to the peasants, weavers, miners, and artisans who had been adversely affected by the economic changes of the age.

Chaucer

Another leading vernacular author was him (c. 1340-1400), who brought a new level of sophistication to the English vernacular language in his famous Canterbury Tales.

Viking Raids

Attacks by invading Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims terrorized much of Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries, disrupting economic activity and spurring the development of fief-holding. The Vikings were the biggest problem, but they eventually formed settlements, converted to Christianity, and were assimilated. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, Viking raiders struck England in 793 and raided Lindisfarne, the monastery that held Saint Cuthbert's relics. The raiders killed the monks and captured the valuables.

Charles V (HRE)

Charles V was ruler of both the Spanish Empire from 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire from 1519,

Clovis

Clovis was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.

Pope Gregory VII

Elected pope in 1073, he was absolutely certain that he had been chosen by God to reform the church. In pursuit of those aims, he claimed that he—the pope—was God's "vicar on Earth" and that the pope's authority extended over all of Christendom and included the right to depose emperors if they disobeyed his wishes. He sought nothing less than the elimination of lay investiture (both interference by nonmembers of the clergy in elections and their participation in the installation of prelates). He claimed that popes had the right to depose kings and emperors.

Johannes Gutenberg

German who introduced printing to Europe

Boniface VIII

He died in 1305 after his captivity at the hands of Philip IV of France. The struggle between the papacy and the monarchies began during the pontificate of him. He asserted his position in a series of papal bulls or letters, the most important of which was Unam Sanctam (OO-nam SAHNK-tahm), issued in 1302. It was the strongest statement ever made by a pope on the supremacy of the spiritual authority over the temporal authority. He organized the first Roman Catholic "jubilee" year to take place in Rome and declared that both spiritual and temporal power were under the pope's jurisdiction, and that kings were subordinate to the power of the Roman pontiff.

Henry VIII

He was the first ever English King of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France

"Bloody Mary" Tudor (england)

Her executions of Protestants led to the posthumous sobriquet "Bloody Mary"

Fuedalism

In the conduct of the Hundred Years' War, a sure sign of feudalism's decline was the decisive role of peasant foot soldiers rather than mounted knights. the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Christian Humanism

It failed because of the intense opposition of the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers.[1] The survivors were fined and achieved few if any of their goals

Magna Charter

It limited the power of the English king. After the dismal defeat of King John at the hands of the French king, some of the English barons rebelled against their king. At Runnymede in 1215, King John agreed to seal it, the "great charter" of liberties regulating the relationship between the king and his vassals. It was, above all, a feudal document but was used in later years to strengthen the concept of limited monarchy

The Great Schism

It was marked by the creation and feuding of multiple popes. The crisis in the late medieval church when there were first two and then three popes; ended by the Council of Constance (1414-1418). One overall result was to badly damaged the faith of many Christian believers.

Machiavelli

No one gave better expression to the Renaissance preoccupation with political power than him. he made numerous diplomatic missions, including trips to France and Germany, and saw the workings of statecraft at first hand. His political activity occurred during the period of tribulation and devastation for Italy that followed the French invasion in 1494. In The Prince, he gave concrete expression to the Renaissance preoccupation with political power.

Christine de Pizan

One of the extraordinary vernacular writers of the age was Christine de Pizan. Christine de Pizan is best known, however, for her French prose works written in defense of women. In The Book of the City of Ladies, written in 1404, she denounced the many male writers who had argued that women needed to be controlled by men because women by their very nature were prone to evil, unable to learn, and easily swayed. Christine refutes these antifeminist attacks. Women, she argues, are not evil by nature, and they could learn as well as men if they were permitted to attend the same schools:

Troubadour poetry

Perhaps the most popular vernacular literature of the twelfth century was this, chiefly the product of nobles and knights. This poetry focused on themes of courtly love, the love of a knight for a lady, generally a married noble lady, who inspires him to become a braver knight and a better poet. A good example is found in the laments of Jaufré Rudel, a crusading noble who cherished a dream lady from afar whom he said he would always love but feared he would never meet

Phillip II (spain)

Philip II of Spain, called "the Prudent", was King of Spain, King of Portugal, King of Naples and Sicily, and during his marriage to Queen Mary I jure uxoris King of England and Ireland. He was also Duke of Milan.

Ignatuius Loyola

Saint Ignatius of Loyola was a Spanish priest and theologian, who founded the religious order called the Society of Jesus and became its first Superior General.

St. Patrick

Saint Patrick was a fifth-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Known as the "Apostle of Ireland", he is the primary patron saint of Ireland, along with saints Brigit of Kildare and Columba.

Elizabeth (england)

Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

Bocaccio

The Black Death was the most terrifying natural calamity of the Middle Ages and affected wide areas of Europe, North Africa, and Asia. People were often baffled by the plague, especially by its causes, and gave widely different explanations. The first selection is taken from the preface to the Decameron by the fourteenth-century Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio. The other selections are from contemporary treatises that offered widely different explanations for the great plague.The development of an Italian vernacular literature was mostly the result of the efforts of three writers in the fourteenth century: Dante, Petrarch (PEE-trark or PET-trark), and Boccaccio. Their use of the Tuscan dialect common in Florence and its surrounding countryside ensured that it would prevail as the basis of the modern Italian language. The decameron was his most famous work.

Thomas Aquinas

The most famous attempt to reconcile Aristotle and the doctrines of Christianity was that of him. studied theology at Cologne and Paris and taught at both Naples and Paris, and it was at the latter that he worked on his famous Summa Theologica (A Summa of Theology—a summa was a compendium of knowledge that attempted to bring together all the received learning of the preceding centuries on a given subject into a single whole). The book raised questions concerning theology and solved them by the dialectical method.

Desiderius Erasmus

The most influential of all the Christian humanists. He formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism. He was the most influential of the northern Renaissance humanists. He sought to restore Christianity to the early simplicity found in the teachings of Jesus.

Kramer and Sprenger

They were the authors of The Malleus Maleficarum

Petrine Doctrine

This is a supremacy is a Catholic belief that Jesus Christ gave the apostle Peter authority on Earth to lead his church and that this supreme spiritual authority is passed on to the pope. Under certain circumstances, the pope, as Peter's successor, is considered infallible

True

True or False? After the Black Death, money payments were increasingly substituted for military service in the lord-vassal relationship.

False

True or False? In her influential work, Book of the City of Ladies, Christine de Pizan agreed with church theologians that women were inferior to men.

True

True or False? One of the causes of the Hundred Years' War was a dispute over the right of succession to the French throne after the death of the last Capetian king in 1328.

lollards

Wyclif condemned pilgrimages, the veneration of saints, and a whole series of rituals and rites that had developed in the medieval church. Wyclif attracted a number of followers who came to be known as Lollards.

monasticism

a movement that began in early Christianity whose purpose was to create communities of men and women who practiced a communal life dedicated to God as a moral example to the world around them.

Louis the Pious (france)

also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813.

Charlemagne

also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was King of the Franks. He united a large part of Europe during the early Middle Ages and laid the foundations for modern France, Germany and the Low Countries.

manor

an agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants who performed labor services and paid various rents and fees to the lord in exchange for protection and sustenance.

civic humanism

an intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance that saw Cicero, who was both an intellectual and a statesman, as the ideal and held that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state.

Irish monasticism

became well known for its ascetic practices. It emphasized careful examination of conscience to determine if one had committed a sin against God. To facilitate this examination, penitentials were developed that listed possible sins with appropriate penances. Penance usually meant fasting—taking only bread and water—for a number of days each week.

Council of Contance

ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church. The chief accomplishment was the end of the Great Schism by forcing the resignation or deposing all existing popes and paving the way for election of only one new pope.

St. Dominic

founder of the new Dominican order of preachers, was an intellectual who created a new order of learned prelates to fight heresy within the church.

popolo grasso

he rapid expansion of Florence's economy made possible the development of a wealthy merchant-industrialist class known as this. Literally means "fat people". Florence was ruled throughout most of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries by this.

Interdict

in the Catholic Church, a censure by which a region or country is deprived of receiving the sacraments. The action of the medieval church that closed churches in a region or a country and that forbade the clergy from administering the sacraments to the populace was this.

St. Benedict

is a Christian saint, who is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Catholic Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion and Old Catholic Churches. He is a patron saint of Europe

Muhammad

is the central figure of Islam and widely regarded as its founder by non-Muslims.He is known as the "Holy Prophet" to Muslims, almost all of whom consider him to be the last prophet sent by God to mankind to restore Islam, believed by Muslims to be the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings, practices, and the Quran, formed the basis of Islamic religious belief.

Reconquista

is the period of history of the Iberian Peninsula spanning approximately 770 years between the Islamic conquest of Hispania in 710 and the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

murder of French Protestants, or Huguenots, that began in Paris on Aug. 24, 1572. It was preceded, on Aug. 22, by an attempt, ordered by Catherine de' Medici, on the life of the Huguenot leader Admiral Coligny.

Jacquerie

n 1358, a peasant revolt, known as this, broke out in northern France. The destruction of normal order by the Black Death and the subsequent economic dislocation were important factors in causing the revolt, but the ravages created by the Hundred Years' War also affected the French peasantry

Pope Urban II

promised remissions of sins for joining the crusades to recapture the Holy Land.

Peace of Augsburg

recognized the equality of Catholicism and Lutheranism and let each German prince choose his realm's religion. emporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation. Each prince was to determine whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his lands

Schmalkaldic war

refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire, commanded by Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.

Edict of Nantes

signed probably on 30 April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

Renaissance

the "rebirth" of Classical culture that occurred in Italy between c. 1350 and c. 1550; also, the earlier revivals of Classical culture that occurred under Charlemagne and in the twelfth century.

Huguenots

the French Calvinists were called

Edward I (england)

the Hammer of the Scots

Black death

the outbreak of plague (mostly bubonic) in the mid-fourteenth century that killed from 25 to 50 percent of Europe's population. The persecutions against Jews during this time was reached their worst excesses in German cities.

Scholasticism

the philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools, which emphasized rigorous analysis of contradictory authorities; often used to try to reconcile faith and reason. The main purpose was he reconciliation of faith with reason

pluralism

the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously; a problem of the late medieval church.

Albrecht van Wallenstein

was a Bohemian military leader and politician who offered his services, and an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men, during the Thirty Years' War, to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II

Cathars

was a Christian dualist or Gnostic revival movement that thrived in some areas of Southern Europe, particularly northern Italy and southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries. They claimed that the church was an evil and materialistic institution that had nothing to do with God.

Charles Martel

was a Frankish statesman and military leader who as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. By the eighth century, the Merovingian dynasty was losing its control of the Frankish lands. , the Carolingian mayor of the palace of Austrasia, became the virtual ruler of these territories. At the beginning of the eighth century, the most important political development in the Frankish kingdom was the rise of him, who served as mayor of the palace of Austrasia beginning in 714. He led troops that defeated the Muslims near Poitiers (pwah-TYAY) in 732 and by the time of his death in 741 had become virtual ruler of the three Merovingian kingdoms. Though he was not king, his dynamic efforts put his family on the verge of creating a new dynasty that would establish an even more powerful Frankish state

Ulrich Zwingli

was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland.

Dante Alighieri

was a major Italian poet of the Late Middle Ages and he came from an old Florentine noble family that had fallen on hard times. came from an old Florentine noble family that had fallen on hard times. His masterpiece in the Italian vernacular was the Divine Comedy, written between 1313 and 1321. Cast in a typical medieval framework, the Divine Comedy is basically the story of the soul's progression to salvation, a fundamental medieval preoccupation. The lengthy poem was divided into three major sections corresponding to the realms of the afterworld: hell, purgatory, and heaven or paradise.

defenestration of prague

was central to the start of the Thirty Years' War in 1618. Some members of the Bohemian aristocracy rebelled following the 1617 election of Ferdinand (Duke of Styria and a Catholic) as King of Bohemia to succeed the aging Emperor Matthias.

Investiture controversy

was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. Lay investiture refers to when secular lords took a decisive role in choosing prelates for church offices.

St. Augustine

was the most prominent of the Latin Fathers. His work provides one of the best examples of how Christian theologians used pagan culture in the service of Christianity. ugustine's two most famous works are the Confessions and The City of God. Written in 397, the Confessions was a self-portrait not of his worldly activities but of the "history of a heart," an account of his own personal and spiritual experiences, written to help others with their search. He describes how he struggled throughout his early life to find God until in his thirty-second year he experienced a miraculous conversion

Avignon papacy

was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in today's France) rather than in Rome. The situation arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown.

Guild System

were & are associations of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. It did all of these BUT * discourage the use of apprenticeships for training new workers.

Hugh Capet

Hugh Capet was the first King of the Franks of the House of Capet from his election in 987 until his death. He succeeded the last Carolingian king, Louis V.

Phillip IV ( france)

Philip IV, called the Fair or the Iron King, was King of France from 1285 until his death. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also Philip I, King of Navarre from 1284 to 1305.

fief

a landed estate granted to a vassal in exchange for military services.

The city of God

is a book of Christian philosophy written in Latin by Augustine of Hippo in the early 5th century AD

Indulgence

is a remission, after death, of all or part of the punishment for sin

vernacular

the everyday language of a region, as distinguished from a language used for special purposes. For example, in medieval Paris, French was the vernacular, but Latin was used for academic writing and for classes at the University of Paris.

Code of Chivalry

the ideal of civilized behavior that emerged among the nobility in the eleventh and twelfth centuries under the influence of the church; a code of ethics that knights were expected to uphold.

Mysticism

the immediate experience of oneness with God.

John Wyclif

was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, Biblical translator, reformer, and seminary professor at Oxford. He was an influential dissident within the Roman Catholic priesthood during the 14th century.

William the conqueror

was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. A descendant of Rollo, he was Duke of Normandy from 1035 onward.

flagellants

were groups that physically punished themselves to win the forgiveness of God a person who subjects themselves or others to flogging, either as a religious discipline or for sexual gratification. .Some resorted to extreme asceticism to cleanse themselves of sin and gain God's forgiveness