HIS 1043 Fall chapters 13 & 14

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Battle of San Jacinto

(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas

Martin Van Buren.

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Mexican American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Millard Fillmore.

13th President

Franklin Pierce

14th President

Abraham Lincoln.

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Andrew Johnson.

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Annexation of Texas

1845

California gold rush

1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Republican Party.

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Thirteenth Amendment

1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery.

Assassination of Lincoln

1865; Lincoln shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth five days after Confederate surrender

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Panic of 1873.

1873 *Economic depression during Grant's second term *Over-expansive, unregulated business during the post-Civil War years, the failure of American investment banking firms, and economic downturns in Europe all contributed to the panic *Led to the retirement of greenbacks and a return to the gold standard

Pickett's Charge

3rd day of Gettysburg, Lee asked Pickett to lead troops on a mile and a half run where they were then slaughtered by the union army

CSS Alabama

A confederate raiding ship, attacked Union merchant and naval ships over the course of two years, never laid in at a Southern port. Sunk by the USS Kearsarge off the coast of France.

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

George McClellan.

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Fugitive Slave Act.

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Stephen Douglas.

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Andrew Stephens

Alexander H. Stephens was the Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War, known for his "Cornerstone Speech" advocating for slavery. After the war, he pursued reconciliation and later served in the U.S. House of Representatives until his death in 1883.

Stephen Austin.

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico

Whig Party.

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

An early and influential women's rights convention at which the push for women's suffrage first gained national prominence. *Leaders:* Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton *Accomplishment:* *Declaration of Rights and Sentiments*

Appomattox Court House

Appomattox Court House is the site where General Robert E. Lee of the Confederate Army surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union Army, effectively ending the American Civil War. The surrender took place on April 9, 1865, in the village of Appomattox Court House in Virginia. The terms of surrender were relatively lenient, and Grant allowed Confederate soldiers to return home with their horses and sidearms.

Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.

As Secretary of War, he acted as a spy for the radicals in cabinet meetings. President Johnson asked him to resign in 1867. His dismissal led to the impeachment of Johnson because Johnson had broken the Tenure of Office Law.

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Abraham Lincoln

Wilmot Proviso

Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

Transcontinental railroad,

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Credit Mobilier

Credit Mobilier refers to a scandal involving the Union Pacific Railroad and the Credit Mobilier of America construction company during the late 1860s and early 1870s in the United States.

George Meade

During the American Civil War he served as a Union general, rising from command of a brigade to the Army of the Potomac. He is best known for defeating Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.

Fort Sumter.-

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

First Battle of Bull Run

First "real" battle of the Civil War, it was expected by Union officials to be short but ended up a Confederate victory

Uncle Tom`s Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe`s novel against slavery

Republic of Texas

Independent nation that was created after Texans defeated Mexico in the Texas Revolution

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Harpers Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Jim Crow laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny was a widely held belief in the United States during the 19th century that it was both inevitable and divinely ordained for the nation to expand across the North American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

Santa Anna.

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Anaconda Plan

Northern Civil War strategy to starve the South by blockading seaports and controlling the Mississippi River. The idea was to squeeze the south into submission like a snake.

Forty-niners

People who went to California looking for Gold (They left in 1849)

Lincoln's "10 percent" plan for the South

Policy to reinstate the South, which offered: pardon and amnesty, at least 10% of the state had to do the oath, New state gov, and emancipation, although high-ranking con-fed officials did not fall into this category.

Know-Nothing Party.

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Presidential election of 1864

Presidential Election in which Lincoln and Johnson ran as a part of the Union Party, General George B. McClellan ran as a Democrat; Fremont ran on the Radical Republican platform; Lincoln won; "Don't change horses in the middle of a stream"

Lecompton constitution.

Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote.

Seward's Folly

Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase

Oregon Territory

Split between U.S. and Great Britain, the U.S. had finally achieved its goal of Manifest Destiny.

Dred Scott decision

Supreme Court ruling that declared slaves were not viewed as citizens but as property

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

Atlanta Compromise

The Atlanta Compromise refers to a speech given by Booker T. Washington at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta on September 18, 1895. In his address, Washington outlined his philosophy on race relations and economic progress for African Americans in the post-Reconstruction South. Key points of the Atlanta Compromise include:

Battle of Gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg was a pivotal engagement during the American Civil War, fought from July 1 to 3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was a decisive Union victory and is often considered a turning point in the Civil War.

Battle of the Alamo

The Battle of the Alamo was a pivotal event during the Texas Revolution, a conflict between the Texan settlers and Mexican forces seeking to control the territory. The battle took place from February 23 to March 6, 1836, in San Antonio, Texas

Bear Flag revolution in California.

The Bear Flag Revolt was a brief and localized uprising in California in 1846, which marked a significant episode in the broader context of the Mexican-American War.

Fourteenth Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868. It is one of the Reconstruction Amendments, which were enacted in the aftermath of the American Civil War to address issues related to slavery, citizenship, and equal protection under the law.

Fifteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans.

Radical Republicans

These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after.

William Tecumseh Sherman.

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

Robert Anderson

Union Major who refused to surrender Fort Sumter to the Southerners; After 34 hours of fighting he formally surrenders

Presidential election of 1852

a presidential election that pitted Abraham Lincoln (Republican) against Stephen A. Douglas (Northern Democrat), John Breckinridge (Southern Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Union Party); the main issue of the election was the debate over the expansion of slavery; Lincoln won and South Carolina seceded

Presidential election of 1860

a presidential election that pitted Abraham Lincoln (Republican) against Stephen A. Douglas (Northern Democrat), John Breckinridge (Southern Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Union Party); the main issue of the election was the debate over the expansion of slavery; Lincoln won and South Carolina seceded

Presidential election of 1856

a presidential election that pitted James Buchanan (Democrat) against John C. Fremont (Republican), and Millard Fillmore (Know-Nothing Party); James Buchanan won the election, basing his presidential campaign on the fact that Congress had the power to ban slavery

Cemetery Ridge.

a prominent geographic feature on the battlefield of Gettysburg, a pivotal engagement during the American Civil War. The ridge played a crucial role in the Union defense during the Battle of Gettysburg, which took place from July 1 to 3, 1863

Cornerstone Speech

a speech delivered by Confederate Vice President, Alexander Stephens in Savannah, Georgia on March 21, 1861. It laid out the Confederate causes for the American Civil War, and defended slavery.

CSS Virginia

a steam-powered battery design ironclad warship of the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War.

Ulysses S. Grant.

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Sherman's "March to the Sea"

during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.

Free-Soil Party.

manage to influence the political landscape. It attracted support from individuals who opposed the extension of slavery but were not necessarily abolitionists.

Carpetbaggers

northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction

Morrill Land Grant Act

of 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established.

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. wanted to acquire California. wanted to incorporate Texas into the union.

Freedmen's Bureau

primary purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau was to assist and protect newly emancipated African Americans and white refugees in the Southern states after the Civil War. It aimed to provide education, healthcare, land, and legal assistance to the freedmen and poor whites.

Antietam

significant engagement during the American Civil War. Fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, it is the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history.

USS Monitor

the first ironclad warship commissioned by the United States Navy. She is most famous for her participation in the first-ever naval battle against the ironclad CSS Virginia of the Confederate States Navy.

Confederate States of America

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

Lincoln-Stephen Douglas debates,

these debates were increasing lincolns popularity, lincoln made the argument that slavery and poor whites were not far off