HIS380 MIDTERM

Federalist #11

TLDR: The establishment of a navy would increase the union's ability to gain access an control the trade opportunities of the west indies. - Setting the precedent of trade in the Americas and putting the Union in a commanding position. - Such naval presence will allow the states to protect trade among themselves and help promote mutual gains. - Will allow for a unified regulation of trade among the states under the federal government. - With the background of a united America, they can divert its resources in building a powerful navy.

Federalist Paper #3

TLDR: a strong, national government is better than a diverse group of local governments. - such that, treaties in a national government will be argued and executed in a singular manner, not 13+ ways, better preserving peace.

treaty of nanjing

"unequal treaty" to end Opium War in which China had to accept British terms for peace

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occured shortly after Panama's independance.

mexican revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. - Mexican Revolution - Complicated affair; civil war, class war, national war Porfirio Díaz, President of Mexico: recognized the problem of economic dependency - Tried to fend off too much US power in Mexico - Established good relations with British capital - US saw Francisco Madero as a successor for Diaz - Taft signaled to Diaz that he had no more US support - Madero was a political reformer, shied away from economic matters - Victoriano Huerta overthrew Madero in a coup and became the next President - Henry Lane Wilson, US Ambassador to Mexico: played a part in the coup; supported Huerta - President Woodrow Wilson relied on waitful watching to see the situation in Mexico - Wilson didn't recognize the Huerta regime, didn't want him to butcher the Mexican people - Huerta partnered with Germany, got guns from them - Now the Monroe Doctrine was called into play - Wilson ordered a blockade against import of German guns into Mexico - Wilson dispatched the navy to occupy Veracruz

veterans of future wars

(VFW) Princeton University students began to agitate in 1936 for a bonus to be paid to this while the prospective frontliners were still alive - Students at Princeton established the organizations and demanded bonuses like the veterans of WWI were promised - Believed that a war in Europe was inevitable and they will get drafted and die, so they would like their pensions first - Took the nation by storm, wrote manifestos

Murder of Cornstalk

- 1775: Came in truce, was detained as an enemy combatant. - Fort Randolph's commander had been convinced that the Shawnees had been in alliance with the British, but in killing Cornstalk, he ironically created this.

open door notes

messages sent by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, asking the countries not to interfere with U.S. trading rights in China

From Seward to Mahan

- Moving capital from DC - Mexico City, closer to Asia. - Seward's 1868 reaty with china: enabling cheap labor (immigration to us), caused backlash, directly ties to exclusion acts of 1880s

generation of 1898

A group of poets, novelists, and philosophers that were active in Spain during the Spanish-American War. They are important because they helped reestablish Spain to a position of literary and intellectual prominence.

dumbarton oaks

In a meeting near Washington, D.C., held from August 21 to October 7, 1944, U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. and China met to draft the constitution of the United Nations.

The Case for an American Empire

- America was an empire anyway, and in an only increasingly threatened epoch where the US stood in an almost unrivaled position, it had both the capacity and need to ... in a far more assertive fashion. - Attractiveness of empire as a strategy to effectively combat new security threats in the international system. - strategy of empire to combat new security threats in the international system. - arguing that 9/11 happened because of the lack of US empire, the reason for all attacks. - asserting intensified military dominance. - considered the terrorist attack of 9/11 the direct consequence of US positivity in world affairs during decade following Cold War. - criticizing American foreign policy for not sufficiently being belligerent, calling for absolute domination - away from the idea that US power can be justified by the idea that it represents the global good. - peace and civilized order and stability can only be sustained by the imposition of massive and extensive state power. - HOWEVER, the US differs from empires of the past because it is liberal and humanitarian.

Asa Whitney & Manifest Destiny

- Asa Whitney: Original Planner of Manifest Destiny, saw the perks of overseas expansion after making much of his fortune in Chinese trading, where he actually came up with the idea of a railroad. - It was through trade that Asa Whitney felt that - JQA as an apostle of Manifest Destiny - 1840s as the height of manifest destiny; lobbied for proponent of a transcontinental railroad (new york merchant who made a fortune trading with china), us as an internal empire. - Manifest Destiny reimagined a world and placed the united states as the center of all; had a lot of imaginative worlds (distances from SF to china, ...) - *MD as a mental project: ideology of thinking about the world with us at the center; continental expansion linking to globalized projects, then to commercialized supremacy. - At least throughout the 19th, even many of the expeditions abroad taken by the united states show how manifest destiny was involved: at the center of the world. - from the louisiana purchase, which may have started the imperialism craze, to Jefferson's "Empire of Liberty," where Thomas Jefferson even craved adding Canada to the nation, including caitlin fitz's article, where post-1815, american foreign policy began to emphasize expansion, including Jefferson's want of Cuba (to which he said he looked upon it favorably as an addition to the country. - This led to the United States signing commercial agreements with latin american countries on liberal trade terms. - however, throughout the 1830s, ... [come back to this.]

neoliberalism in chile

- Attacked by a crowd, disliked by the people - Saw another Cuba happening in Chile - Salvador Allende received most of the vote but not the majority, went to the government - CIA monitored Chile and its politics - US Government assigned the CIA to overthrow Salvador Allende and make the economy "scream" - Plan A- bribing legislators, undermining the Constitution, instilling a former President - Plan B- military coup or assassination of Salvador Allende - Good Neighbor Policy is dead by this point - Allende provoked national corporations like Pepsi and Anaconda - Nixon kept funding the Chilean military - 9/11/73- Military coup - Allende was killed - General Augusto Pinochet became president - Wanted to open the door of Chile

Louisiana Purchase: Part of a Grand Strategy

- Haitian Revolution deserves credit for the US Louisiana Purchase. - Despite Jefferson's support of the French (lucky he failed to help Napoleon quell revolution), Haiti decimated French forces and Napoleon decided to sell Louisiana, where Jefferson ended up as a beneficiary.

The Declaration of Independence: a. The People b. Independence and Disobedience c. "The Candid World": Declaration as foreign relations

- Informing the British they were no longer sovereign, no longer welcomed in the U.S. - Independent colonies within the British Empire to independent states, not a document of nation building. - Word American / nation is never mentioned - Insubordination, the act of rebellion - rejection of authority and refusal of submission. - What drove the American REvolution: desire of colonists to have autonomous states of their own. - Document's intended audience is the "candid world," the unbiased world, those willing to listen, those willing to negotiate relations. - Therefore, this document is not addressed to Britain, but aims to address cordial relations - critical of Britain. - Used by Henry Clay when referring to Latin American Independence: soon after the conclusion of the war of independece, the united sttes began to show a considerable and healthy interest in the Spanish Colonies in S. America, where similar movements were in progress. - "Whenever I think of Spanish America, the image irresistably forces itself upon my mind, of an elder brother, whose education has been neglected, whose person has been abused and maltreated. also quotes the preamble to the declaration of independence to in showing solidarity.

Andrew Jackson's diplomacy in Asia

- Jackson has done the most to set up and expand trade in Asia; commercial link overseas is the link to commercial expansion that Jackson hopes to embody. - Expansion of the navy 1. The "Friendship," Malay piracy and the attack on Quallah Battoo (Kuala Batu), West Sumatra, 1831 - Took cash and opium woth $8k. - John Downes: USS Potomac to east indies to ensure safety to future trading ships. - Disguised as trading ship and attacked Malays at Quallah Battoo. 2. Edmund Roberts's embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochinchina, Siam, and Muscat. - Hosts as ignorant, savages, filthy, etc. - Signed treaties in Siam and Muscat to open consul?

How the US got the Louisiana Territory

- Jefferson believed he would get Louisiana piece by piece from a weak Spain. - Spain traded Louisiana to France (ruled by Napoleon then) - wanted to rule the new territory - Jefferson talked tough to France - US had no choice but to marry iself to British and take Louisiana by Force. - Napoleon did not seem bothered by this, put a tax on the Americans, Jefferson escalated calls to war and attempts to purchase New Orleans port and Florida; Jefferson asked Madison to ally itself with British navy if France refused to sell. - When Monroe arrived in London, Napoleon's plans had fallen apart (slave revolt in Santo Domingo), resulting in the Louisiana Purchase.

Lenin Decree on Peace

- Local populations should be allowed to choose their own governments, ideally through a socialist revolution, with the liberation of colonies of utmost importance. - Wilson: National sovereignty applying solely to the people of Europe working within their national systems. - Bolshevism as an ideological threat to Wilsonianism, paradoxical nature of employed forms of SD vs. intended content. - October Revolution in Russia: Lenin made a decree on peace, exposed the allies' treaties with each other, exposed their dirty secrets - Trotsky called for an abolition of secret diplomacy. - Lenin believed revolution was needed to end the war and stop imperialism.

last utopia and human rights

- People begin to mobilize on the question of human rights - Last Utopia - Human rights could be a useful political weapon - Anti-colonial sentiment of the previous time that targeted the powerful countries - Human rights could target weak countries - Let powerful countries off of the hook - Pinochet was the new dictator, human rights violations against him - Becoming individualized, not the collective security of - Eleanor Roosevelt's idea - Individuals were accused of human rights violations, not countries - The Trial of Henry Kissinger- accused of war crimes - The Idealist- No trial of other government officials (Dulles)

mikhail gorbachev un general assembly speech

- Reagan and Gorbachev- Let's Talk, the Summit - Gorbachev feels that Reagan's troubles in Nicaragua allow him to pull out of Afghanistan - US limited its damage in Central America through covert operations - The US was the only superpower still standing in the 1990s - Gorbachev UN speech- what's next - Buch addresses Congress - Pivot to unipolarity, coined by Krauthammer - Krauthammer called for a US lead future, not the UN - Neoconservatives sought a return to militarized foreign relations

Barbary Coast War

- Thomas Jefferson sent the U.S. Navy and Marines to defeat Pirates in Libya. This showed that the U.S. could protect its trading ships far away from home. - Signified major expansion of executive power: why Empire for Liberty makes sense. - *Jeffersonian Liberty: asking the state to exercise power in the world, power of empire to offer freedom to pursue economic opportunties.

Krauthammer Unipolar Moment

- Unipolar world as highly conducive to American interests. - Collapse of the Soviet Union and rising danger of global terrorism created conditions in which their longstanding ideals seemed both achievable and urgent. - Pivot to unipolarity, coined by Krauthammer - Krauthammer called for a US lead future, not the UN - Neoconservatives sought a return to militarized foreign relations - US emerged from the Cold War as, by far, the most powerful country on the planet. - US dominance of the post-Cold War world would not last because, other powers would soon begin to balance against America. - Collapse of the soviet union produced the greatest change in world power relationships since WWII. - With Moscow's head long fall from superpower status, bipolar structure that hd shaped the security politics of the major powers for nearly half a century vanished, with the us emerging as the sole surviving superpower. - unipolar moment: constraints that arise from security competition between great powers were gone. - the weapon state: anti-western, doubting their legitimacy. sovereignty is not respected? 22222

"The New Empire"

- civil war to northern led second industrial revolution, then to new markets, then to building a navy.

Sources of Soviet conduct

- reworking of long telegram into an article. - Instrumental in setting the image of the Soviet Union, which remained deeply influential through to the end of the Cold War. - Us and allies laid out a plan to defeat soviet communism by containing its expansion until collapse. - although constituting its foreign policy and intentions in radically different terms, the US shared the Soviet Union's interventionalist stance in that it believed in the eventual downfall of the opponent's political and economic system and the rise of a global order based on its own model. - Communist party leadership in the Soviet Union needed both to spread Communism aggressively and to punish satellite states that deviated from Soviet norms to legitimate dictatorship at home. - more effective instruments of policy are likely to remain the non-military ones. - US needs to expand and depend on its non-military instruments of power, such as intelligence, public diplomacy, cooperation with allies, international legal instruments, and economic assistance and sanctions. - Totalitarian communism as the last remaining "other" which has to be overcome, subdued / colonized, and finally remade into a society like us - extension of the identity of enlightenment. - that military coercion and economic penalties of arms racing will finally force the Soviet Union to reform into a more western-style society. - Using propaganda to maintain the illusion of external threats, unable to break from party threats. - wanting to fill "every nook and cranny available to it in the basin of world power" - not prepared to attempt an immediate overthrow of the west - being implicit in their ideology that capitalism would inevitably fall. - essentially, containment would prove its success in the long term because the soviet economy was rudimentary and the government leadership lacked procedures for orderly succession. - unwavering containment. - america's greatest asset to be its liberal foundation. containment aimed to preserve us sovereignty with minimum erosion of its libera foundation.

the seward doctrine

- seward's global reconstruction. making america the center of the world.

Isolationist myth of us history

- traditional route to explaining spanish american war - 1898: us had no strategy or desire or means to global power; happened to stumble upon a colonial empire that it never sought; isolationist myth. - Deus ex Machina in the isolationist myth. - What incident provoked spanish american war: uss main sinks in Havana Harbor (blame the maine on spain)

Seminole War (1817-1818)

-Small Band of Seminoles refused to vacate their homes as Jacksonian supporters tried to push them out. Americans burned and destroyed their town, starting the Seminole War. - John Calhoun called Jackson to lead campaign on the seminoles to adopt necessary measures to terminate the conflict; approves of Jackson to go across borders into Spanish Americas; called up the Tennessee militia to march south. - Jackson --> Monroe: All the Floridas will be seizedd; possession of floridas is desirable, and in 60 days it would be accomplished. - Seminoles retreat into swamps, Jackson couldn't get them; instead, he pivots and fights the Spanish; seizes Pensacola, plowing through Spanish forces and calling it Americas. - Monroe and Calhoun ordered Jackson to only go into Florida for seminole and still bow to Spanish powers. - resulted in the Adams-Onis Treaty.

monroe doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. - in the time of the civil war: Pro-slavery claimed the US was violating the Monroe Doctrine - Nicaragua was a strategic pin on the world map - US and British capital are working together in Nicaragua to build a canal across Central America - Transcontinental railroad had not yet been build, desperate to speed up trade - Treaty established US trading rights across the isthmus - Britain wanted to get involved so the US couldn't have a monopoly

William Seward's global reconstruction

1. "The Seward Doctrine" - pivoting out of hemispheric expansion and wanted to capture asian markets - "Political supremacy follows commercial ascendancy"; "The Empire of the Seas ... alone is a real empire" - Scouting out caribbeans and potential places for trade. - 1868: potential to grab cuba, spanish on the brink of collapse again lol. - Wanted access to pacific markets (Japan) - indispensable of a role for the us in global affairs - was in the pacificv that the final showdown would come between the uk and the us, for the scepter of commercial supremacy, therefore having the power to shape the destinies of the world. - Also wanted open Japan to trade, push for new exploration, open the gates to Asian immigration, promoting construction of telegraph and rail links to the Pacific and Beyond. - Purchase of Alaska: Anticipated the direction of US foreign policy - Between the era of Manifest Destiny and the Second Industrial Revolution - Different empire building strategies; Seward is the link - Seward focused on commercial expansion: wanted to pivot out of hemispheric focus to global markets - Seward's doctrine: Engaging world markets "Political supremacy follows commercial ascendancy" "The empire of the seas...alone is real empire" 2. "The Dominican Republic / Santo Domingo - Acquiring dominican republic as adhering to monroe doctrine and for national protection. 3. "Seward's folly": Alaska - global strategy for renewed empire. anticipating us foreign policy for the next generation. - link between manifest destiny and second industrial revolution. - Sumner frames Alaska as a national landscape whose value could be to the benefit of all us citizens. -HOWEVER, inadvertently restrictive based on race, class, and gender.

From the Farewell Address:

1. "no-entangling foreign alliances" - Don't interweave destiny with Europe; don't entangle peace and prosperity in European ambitions. - Keeping out of foreign affairs - as a temporary measure (context-specific), not a principle of eternal isolation (FOR NOW). 2. Empire of Liberty / Empire for Liberty - Thomas Jeffferson wrote a letter to James Madison, describes an empire for liberty. - Constitution as opening up an extensive empire for the US(?) -**Jefferson believed in expansion - doesn't need to buy time, but can expand through space

Opium War Diplomacy

1. British-Chinese Treaty of Nanjing, 1842 - Britain forced China to open up five ports, demands extraterritoriality/immunity for merchants, locked in low tariffs, giving trading perks as a favored union. - Americans maneuvered to get in on the deal. 2. Caleb Cushing and the US-Chinese Treaty of Wanghia, 1844 - presence of us - helped the americans gain same perks as britain.

Lewis & Clark Expedition: Part of a Global Strategy

1. Consuls in Java, île de France (today's Mauritius), île de Bourbon (today's Réunion). - Secret Message to Congress. - Emphasizing commercial opportunity: getting to the Pacific Coast, not about getting the continent for setttlement. - Territorial expansion in the service of commercial expansion. - Looking for consuls, = access and communication. - Louisiana as a means to new trade opportunities: waterway to get to the Pacific.

William Seward, wartime Secretary of State

1. Despatch no. 10:

"The great struggle" in Spanish America

1. Henry Clay & his hemispheric system of republican trade 2. John Quincy Adams and his Fourth of July 1821 speech. - answers henry clay by warning of us interference abroad - "Fundamental maxims of her policy would insensibly change from liberty to force. She might become the dictatress of the world. She would no longer be the ruler of her own spirit. Driver of US anti-imperialists.

The Federalist (1787-1788)

1. James Madison, political theorist of republican expansion 2. Alexander Hamilton, realist critic of Painite idealism. - Hamilton saw himself as a realist, foolish that perpetual peace between states could be possible (shot directly at Paine). Issues talked about in the Federalist:

US-Mexican War

1. Joel Poinsett & Colonel Anthony Butler - Poinsett sent to purchase texas and failed. - butler: jackson's friend; horrible track record, jackson recalled him. - Texans having difficulties with mexicans, us settlers are crossing into texan borders... 2. "Mr. Monroe's message" & James Polk - Polk push US into War - got congress to declare war on mexico. mexican american war.

Hemispheric Containment: The Monroe Doctrine

1. John Quincy Adams' intervention against George Canning - proposes joint statement recognizing south america independence - didn't want to curb american expansion. 2. The Doctrine's two principles: noncolonization & nonintervention. - russia has no claims of north US, American colonies are not future subjects of colonization for european powers. - nonintervention: "Hearts are with you, interests are not." - "minding our own damn business": widespread fear that american economy had stopped growing and had fallen into stagnation. - the end of [literal] westward expansion that had generated economic growth, businessmen and politicians jumping to conclusion that economic recovery and future prosperity depended on funding new overseas frontiers. - The US would oppose overtures by European powers against former and new independent colonies of Spain and Portugal in the Western Hemisphere. - British Foreign Minister George Canning had proposal that Britain and the United States act together to prevent the resurgence of Bourbon power in the region - Monroe, abiding by the counsel of his Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams... - The US would recognize existing European colonies and not meddle in the internal concerns of European states. Two primary claims: a. Announces that the Americas are no longer open to European colonization; b. connects the interests of the US to the sovereignty of the other American republics. - Addresses the rising influence of new republics in Spanish America and the threat of intervention there by the European "Holy Alliance." - It's Anti-Imperial Context: Just-completed independence movements in Latin America had unified the American hemisphere into a continent of revolt and Democratic experimentation. - The Monroe Doctrine came as many of the old colonies of the Spanish Empire, i.e., Mexico and Peru, declared their independence from Spain in the early 1820s. - This signaled the beginning of the end of Spanish influence in the new World, the US seizing opportunity to fill the power vacuum resulting from it. - This essentially established the right of the US to the domain of the Western Hemisphere as its sovereign sphere of influence free from European interference. - Ostensibly implied the right of sovereignty of the newly independent republics in Central and South America, highlighting Budding imperial ambitions of America. - Hands off treatment of the western hemisphere, Monroe regarding the entire continent as one unified whole when it comes to foreign policy, infiltration of anyone to the nations of the Americas will be taken as a threat to the national security of the US. - Non-intervention framework of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823. Objectives: a. Freeing the newly independent colonies of Latin america from European intervention b. Avoiding situations which could make the New World a battleground for the old World Powers (Holy alliance?) A Two Way Street: a. The US would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies, NOR b. No meddling in the internal concerns of European countries. serving to separate New world and Old world conflicts. - Americas no longer open to European colonization. - Interests of the US, sovereignty of the other American republics. - Rising influence of new S. American republics. *America as a continent of democratic expansion. - The New World should not be subject to colonization by the European countries. - the US also taking the opportunity to fill the power vacuum - makes the connection of the revolutionary democracy, from PHL to L America. - Allied powers of the US, clarifies that the US remains neutral on existing European colonies in the Americas, but is opposed to "interpositions" that would create new colonies among the newly independent Spanish American republics. *Nicaragua and the Monroe Doctrine, 1849.

Haitain Revolution

1. Toussaint L'Ouverture's diplomatic maneuvers. - Independence allowed them to find allies. - encirclement of European powers. Box out other powers and carve out autonomy from France. 1804 - Haiti declared independence. 2. Revolution & Counter-revolution. - Before the US was the enemy of the Haitain Revolution, they were friends of the Revolution. - Slavery turned US foreign policy on its head- race caused Jefferson to turn his beleifs upside down. - Jefferson helped Napoleon to kill the Haitian Revolution: America was not neutral, but was counter-revolutionary. - Jefferson: "nothing would be easier than to furnish your army and reduce Toussaint to starvation." War viewed as commercial opportunity; counter-revolution as a chance to trade.

chesapeake incident

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

The 2nd Industrial Revolution

A wave of late 19th century industrialization that was characterized by an increased use of steel, chemical processes, electric power, and railroads. This period also witnessed the spread of industrialization from Great Britain to western Europe and the United States. 1. Andrew Carnegie - steel operation: gilded age economic growth and foreign policy blended together. - new markets to deal with hyper production 2. Burlingame-Seward Treaty of 1868 & immigration - Article V: china and us cordially recognize that man can change his home allegiance from one country to another. - unrestricted migration as an inherent alienable right of man (work on factories, canals, etc.) - not only cheap labor for home, but also opened up chinese markets for us products. nativist backlash. 3. Quest for markets

Cuban war for independence

1895, Cuba revolted against Spain, citing years of misrule; Cubans torched their sugar cane fields in hopes that such destruction would either make Spain leave or America interfere (the American tariff of 1894 had raised prices on it anyway); America supported Cuba, and the situation worsened when Spanish General Valeriano "Butcher" Weyler came to Cuba to crush the revolt 1. General Valeriano Weyler - insurrectos, gathering peasants into concentration camps, making spanish empire much less popular (reconcentrados) - new markets necessary - Decisive push for war 2. The generation of 1898 3. The sinking of the USS Maine, Feb. 15, 1898 - thought about buying cuba for three times what polk offered. * McKinley intervened not only against spanish misrule, but also a politically independnent Cuba that might assert economic independence from the us. 4. Teller Amendment, April 20, 1898 - Made it law that the US couldn't annex Cuba - Didn't want US intervention to look like a land-grab Henry Moore Teller - Previously favored US annexations, now supported Cuban independence - Champion of the US domestic sugar industry - Theodore Roosevelt supported the Teller Amendment - [in relation to the open door policy and expansion throughout the pacific,] Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, and more islands came into play - Teller Amendment said US wouldn't annex Cuba, but US took other islands instead - After McKinley seized the Philippines, the anti-imperialists mobilize against the policy

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war -8 points; self-determination, collective security, and human rights. - The Atomic Bomb: Truman became President after FDR's death - Order bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Challenged the 6th point in the Atlantic Charter - 8 point statement of war aims - Propaganda for the fight against facism - FDR and Churchill didn't want to own up to their words - FDR called it a beautiful idea - Churchill said it wasn't universal - First major declaration of human rights in the 20th century - Multilateralism - Postwar intensification and globalization of the long historical process of expanded citizenship rights has multiple explanations, difficult to disentangle. - war has fought and won against powers engaged in horrifying human rights violation and a genocidal Holocaust ... so that in opposition the leaders of racist America and imperialist Britain committed themselves to human rights rhetoric in the Atlantic Charter. - "English Press began to debate the need for an 'economic bill of rights,' to defeat Hitlerism in the world forever by establishing minimum standards of housing, food, education, and medical care, along with free speech, free press and free worship." - internationalization of these domestic principles in the universal declaration was "natural" and "organic," pointing towards what borgwardt calls "a new deal for the new world." - Late 19th and early 20th centuries as an exceptionalily politicized and nationalized moment in European past. - instead: early 20th century as the age of ideology: of mass polities, utopian state planning, and interventions and welfare states, all justified in the name of improving the nation's collective health. - The Atlantic Charter provided the basic blueprint for the development of the modern international human rights regime in the aftermath of the war. - Modern conceptions of human rights evolved only after WWII, exemplified by the highly individual, yet universal form in Roosevelt's four freedoms, freedoms that apply to everyone in the world. - The idea that the great powers have special responsibilities for the maintenance of international order, and hence special rights, was formalized in the UN charter via the permanent members of the SEcurity Council. - The idea that privileges brought special responsibilities wa clearly expressed by both great and lesser powers during the debates that produced the UN Charter.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security. - Eleanor Roosevelt- chairman of the council - Virginia Gildersleeve- only female delegate - Globalizing the New Deal - USSR criticized the Declaration for not abolishing the death penalty - Started with 51 members, now 193 - For more than 60 years, a unified normative global narrative / framework relevant for health has been encapsulated in this document. Not only the right to life and to health, but also to rights related to the major social and political determinants of health, including the right to participate in political life. The rights extend to all human beings irrespective of race, color, sex, language, religion, political, or other opinion, national / social origin, property, birth or other status. - Articulated in order to prevent a situation ever again occurring in which a state designated groups of people as sub-human and aimed to obliterate them. - places moral obligation on signatory states to respect greater rights. - Baseline universal respect and value for all human persons. - Affirming the dignity, equality, and freedom from tyranny, fear and torture of all people. Article 2: notion of equality, stating that all individuals are equal regardless of any ascriptive or acquired characteristics. Article 3: Terrorism, massacres, and genocides deprive people of their liberties, lives, and personal security, unity and are cruel, inhuman, and degrading. Article 7: the poor are largely ignored by governments. Article 13: right to travel - situating travel and tourism as part of our human rights. Naturalizing the heterosexual, two-parent family, considerably more egalitarian about rights between the sexes than were laws and practices in virtually every country in the world at the time. Article 19: - Integration of national media and communication policies into processes of post-colonial development, capitalist expansion, or socialist construction. Article 25: Economic rights: entitlement s to the material resources needed for survival and subsistence. - Interesting how in high-income countries, considerable resources are directed towards the problem of obesity and overnutrition, while many people in these countries do not have sufficient nutritious food to eat. Second generation rights: concern equality, essentially social, economic, and cultural in nature. Citizens having equal conditions and treatment, right to work and be employed, therefore having the ability to support a family.

on thermonuclear war

Also known as Nuclear warfare, is a military conflict or political strategy in which nuclear weaponry is used to inflict damage on the enemy. - Critiqued Dulles's strategy of mass retaliation [ talk about this] - RAND Companies - On Thermonuclear War - Problem of human choice, nobody wants press the button - Doomsday Machine- retaliation had to be pre-planned - Believed there would be World Wars 3 to 8 - how could states use weapons of mass destruction as instruments of policy given the role of any nuclear exchange? mutual nuclear deterrence, with the ussr. - asking question ssuch as "will the survivors envy the dead?" "can society bear the economic burdens cause dby the increased sickness, malformations, and deaths?

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963. - President of Vietnam, Viet Cong- Soviet-backed militia in South Vietnam

burlingame treaty

An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S. missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.

Federalist #10

An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable. - As long as people hold differing opinions, and have differing amounts of wealth and own different amounts of property, they will continue to make alliances with people most similar to them, potentially working against the public interest and infringe upon the rights of others. - TLDR: how to eliminate the negative effects of a faction. - defines factions: diversity of opinions in political life, disputing over fundamental issues, even though he understands that creating a society that is homogenous in opinions and interests is impractical. - therefore, different classes prove to making decisions in their own interest rather than for the public good. - a voice of the people pronounced by a body of representatives is more comfortable to the interest of the community, common peoples decisions are affected by their self-interest.

bretton woods

An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). - IMF and the World Bank: US hosted allied nations to discuss international economic order - Dean Acheson, US secretary of state - Established economic multilateralism - Moment of transfer of global power from Britain to the US - Princeton Inn Conference, 1954- another conference to keep Vietnam away from Soviet influence - Walt Whitman Rostow- wanted to take the Marshall Plan and globalize it - Plug countries like Vietnam into economic systems developed at Bretton Woods - Called for massive infusion of aid to underdeveloped countries - Nixon wanted to end the Bretton Woods system" repurpose the institutions for higher achieving goals- Nixon Shock - Took the US value off of gold

Thomas Paine, Common Sense

Anti-monarchical; republican. Free trading: idealistic internationalism.

essex decision

British: american vessels not sailing to american ports will be seized

Mayan Revolt (initiated in 1847)

Caste War of Yucatán (Mayas controlled about half of Yucatán by 1848) - Begun with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Adams died but manifest destiny continues; Polk was disliked by Adams. - Polk started the war against Mexico, claimed that blood had been spilled on US soil (to which abraham lincoln pointed on a map and asked where exactly..) - Claimed the US-Mexico border started more South than previously believed - Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the war and saw US receive half of Mexico - Two months after the treaty, Polk called on Congress for intervention in the Yucatan province; Mayan indians were revolting against local powers, and Polk wanted to get involved - "Savage indians are exterminating the white race" - Manifest destiny transformed how people in the US organized their mental maps - People now became 'races', explosion of race talk; Rise of the talk of nations - Polk spoke the language of 19th century nationalism: If the US didn't intervene, aid will be obtained from a European power - Warning of European intervention but meaningless; Called intervention our established policy - Called it Monroe's doctrine; Anti-colonial imperialism - another american manifest destiny consequence. - caused issues because if the area of the yucatan was added into the unite dstates, John C. Calhoun challenged Polk's call for intervention - Yucatan abolished slavery and its inclusion in the union would strengthen free states - Calhoun was there was the Monroe doctrine was signed, Polk was not; John Quincy Adams was the mastermind behind the Monroe Doctrine Calhoun claimed it was Canning's idea Claimed Polk was following British ideas Calhoun argued that the US should put itself first, not intervene in other's affairs Calhoun distinguished Yucatan from Cuba Yucatan was free, Cuba was slave Polk's project of expansion pivoted from the West to the South Territorial expansion is not going to tie together North and South An agent of division Manifest destiny hit a wall at Yucatan Didn't end there but stopped paying out Divisions brought by slavery were too severe *Polk used the monroe doctrine as justification to go into the us mexican war: - Ulysses S. Grant: Acquiring the Dominican Republic is adherence to the Monroe Doctrine - Monroe Doctrine: No more colonization and no more intervention - Grant believed the Monroe Doctrine was meaningful in what it didn't say - Trying to reclaim a US privilege to territorial expansion - First to take the unspoken positive US privilege

empire of liberty

Established through the Northwest Ordinance, this phrase refers to the practice of admitting a territory's population as equal members of the American political system, rather than ruling over the West as a colonial power.

seminole war

For seven years the Seminole Indians, joined by runaway black slaves, waged a bitter guerrilla war that took the lives of some fifteen hundred. Their spirit was broken in 1837, when the American field commander treacherously seized their leader, Osceola, under the flag of truce. The war dragged on for 5 more years, but the Seminole were defeated.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region. reversed big stick policy. - wa williams: fdr's good neighbor policy was announced in the rhetoric of america's mission to defend and extend democracy, context defined by the immediate and specific needs of american businessmen. - good neighbor policy --> world war ii --> economic expansion of american economic system.

Good neighbor policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy. - Neighbor should respect himself and therefore respects the rights of others - Permission to deficit spend, permission to nationbuild Roosevelt Corollary was over, no more fear of gunboats. Lazaro Cardenas - Nationalized the Mexican oil Oil companies waged economic warfare on Cardenas Made it hard for him to find investors and trade internationally FDR believed Cardenas was trying to spread democracy Stuck with Good Neighborism; struck out intervention and reached an agreement with Cardenas - The Good Neighbor Policy: opposed US armed intervention in inter-American Affairs. - Shift away from Dollar Diplomacy - controlling economic system of latin american countries. - Be comfortable with active spending for social well being. - Putting policy into practice, gunboats NOT in harbors, therefore not going to influence as much as one might think. - Producing what it's meant to represent - failure of dollar diplomacy. - "resetting" latin american relations. - altruism endeavor, underlying motives.

valeriano weyler

General sent by Spain to stop Cuban revolt, referred to as the "Butcher" because of harsh tactics "concentration camps, shooting civilian, ect.)

british rule of 1756

trade closed in peacetime couldn't be reopened during war; violated by America's "broken voyage", in which American shippers would unload sugar from French West Indies in U.S. ports, then reexport it as an American produce

milton friedman

He was a famous American economist. He strongly promoted the idea of free trade and condemned government regulation and socialism. - Shock program/treatment - Emphasized complete free trade - Kissinger's role in the coup came out - Friedman defended Pinochet, saying if Allende remained president, the Chileans would suffer - Political freedoms relied on economic freedoms - Allende's democratic path to socialism would lead to totalitarianism instead - Neoliberalism- described the shift in economic plans at the time - Human wellbeing can best be achieved by liberating the individual economically

roosevelt corollary to the monroe doctrine

Latin American nations were in deep financial trouble and could not pay their debts to European creditors. Roosevelt declared the U.S. would intervene and occupy the ports of those countries that were delinquent in paying their debts and manage the collection of customs taxes until European debts were satisfied. U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine. - Dominican Republic: 2nd industrial revolution, sugar, debt, & Ulises Heureaux's counter-revolutionary state - Dominican Republic was deep in debt, but sugar exports were booming Reasons for debt: Sugar; Sugar Revolution, monocrop; Wall Street privatized sugar, threw peasants self-sustaining farming off of their land - Heureaux suspended law and beat down the revolution, spent 8 million dollars per year on military budget, while revenue was 2 million - Citizens were responsible for public debt while private investors profit off of the land Ulises Heureaux: - President of Dominican Republic - Imposed an anti-pig grazing law, starting a revolution - Dominican National Bank printed more money, inflation followed - Assassinated in 1899, country fell into shambles. * German purchased debt from Spain, became the primary stakeholder in the Dominican Republic - US thought that since the Dominican Republic can't pay off the debt, it will be colonized by Germany - This violates the Monroe Doctrine - Roosevelt Corollary: US will protect offended parties in the Western Hemisphere - Policing Latin America - Switch from Europe to Latin America: keep your books in order or the marines will come - Franklin D. Roosevelt - Good Neighbor Policy: Neighbor should respect himself and therefore respects the rights of others - Permission to deficit spend, permission to nationbuild - Roosevelt Corollary was over, no more fear of gunboats

emilio aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. US-Philippines War - rudyard kipling and white mans burden: - Filipino forces were led by Emilio Aguinaldo - Three year long war in the Philippines - US army put Filipinos in concentration camps so the insurgents couldn't hide among them - Kramer: Aguinaldo helped in seeking recognition for themselves to the US and Spain, launched legal and historical evidence and arguments for the sovereignty of the Philippines, as well as the iimpossible claim of the legitimate transfer of power from spain to the united states. - Under Aguinaldo, there were many who were suspicious of American capacities to recongize them in light of theories such as "the white man's burden." "Prior ot the outbreak of the war, one of the chief Filipino suspicions of Americans had been their reputation for racial oppression. mad at aguinaldo for allowing such an "alliance" with the us after hearing that he knew what the americans thought of the filipino race. - Racializing Guerilla Warfare: "hoped that in these new settings, tropical disease, impassable roads, and unfamiliar conditions would weaken the American advance, while geographic knowledge and village-level support would sustain guerilla ambushes and surprise attacks against isolated American patrols. - the "civilized" warfare against the west. - "guerilla warfare" as "savage warfare": "in their effort to depict filipino combat as "savage," the war's defenders made much of what they considered Filipino "race war" against whites. ... Race war took place only when nonwhites resisted white domination, in violation of the natural order.

sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990. - Nicaragua: Revolution in 1979, toppling the oppressing Somoza dictatorship, people took power - The Sandinistas took power - Feared another Cuba happening in Nicaragua - Reagan wanted to topple the Sandinistas - Reagan ordered the CIA to create a Contra army - Kirkpatrick argued that support of dictatorships were justified if they were committed to a free society/economic sphere - Similar argument for Pinochet II. Iran-Contra Affair - Sandinistas promised to hold fair elections in 1984 - They held them and they won - Reagan couldn't believe it - Oliver North created a plan - Arms embargo on Iran, fears that USSR would sell them arms - Went to Israel to sell arms to Iran if they released the US hostages - Took money for Israel and sent it to the Contra army in Nicaragua

The Treaty at Pittsburgh, 1775

Middle ground in action & middle ground's end. - Peace council at Fort Pitt, Treaty of Pittsburgh (1775) - Speeches from Indians and Colonists - Slow, painstaking labor of middle ground diplomacy British had better alliances with Indians The British and Indian groups had a shared interest in maintaining trade The Colonists had terrible relations because they were interested in taking land in Indian country Tried to have Indians remain neutral Produced a peace treaty Produced enough peace long enough allowed them to do what promised Clark couldn't have settled if not for the peace treaty Wasn't successful as a peace treaty, didn't create lasting peace Morgan is in charge at Fort Pitt, upset that the treaty wasn't being upheld by the settler colonists Massacre came in September of 1777, turned Indians against Americans

Operation TPAJAX

Mohammed Mosddeq, nationalization of Iranian oil fields - Operation TPAJAX- overthrow the Iranian President after he nationalized oil - Mosaddeq got tipped off, people fled the streets and protested the coup - The Shah fled to Rome - Mosaddeq was defeated, the Shah gained power - Anglo-Iranian Oil Company lost its monopoly in Iran, later becomes BP

Indian Country

Nationhood & International Relations Diplomacy & Gift Exchange

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History" 1. New Markets and a New Navy - to protect harbors. - Creation of the modern navy: need ships to protect harbors - Wanted to build four modern warships, asked Carnegie who refused - Grand strategist of the emerging economy was Alfred Thayer Mahan - US needs a strong navy to have commercial ascendancy - Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History - Traced how sea power shaped global history - Wanted to persuade the US of the importance of sea power - Inspired Theodore Roosevelt ... how? --> using the navy as a military and diplomatic force, striving tirelessly to make the us navy comparable to that of great britain. - as assistant secretary of the navy, he was inspired by mahan, declared war on spain after the sinking of the uss maine. - Emphasizes the centrality of recognizing the seas as "a great highway" upon which state wealth depends upon. - seapower's output, in this sense, is the safe conveyance of trade across the ocenas for one's own economic benefit, while also denying the same for an enemy in times of war. - Mahan wanted naval bases in Cuba Guantanamo Bay

Creek War of 1813-14

On August 30, 1813, a strong force of Creeks attacked and destroyed Fort Mims, an American post on the Alabama River, north of Mobile. Floyd's and Milton's activities ensured supplies that aided in Jackson's successful battle at Horseshoe Bend, which in turn culminated in the defeat of the hostile Creeks on March 27, 1814. - A war within the war of 1812 - Jackson leading forces in Creek War - he turned against the creeks who fought on his side, and demanded they negotiate terms on behalf of their people. 1. Treaty of Fort Jackson, 1814: - Turned over 23 million acres from the creek - Creeks in Spanish America rejected this because they didn't even sign the treaty. - June 1819: President Madison explicitly told Jackson to give the land back, but Jackson refused to do so.

walt rostow

One of the most influential modernization theorists, charted the route from traditional society to 'the age of high mass consumption', The Stages of Economic Growth - self-sustaining growth that takes place in specific stages. an industrialized, consumer-oriented society. - history of economic growth is often written as if nations and industries either seized the opportunity to intensify their specialization in many factures and grew rapidly or failed to seize such an opportunity. I. Traditional Society: limited production structure and technology. - Indelible mark on development thinking by promising that an aid financed increased in investment would launch ... - advocating for mass bombing in the north, back to stone age. a limiting factor. - Economic modernization in turn supported in the non-socialist Third world by massive infusions of foreign and a discreet foreign investnment, and by intellectual and political support for the Third World governments that inverted heavily in private and public sector industrialization. - An earlier stage, low-income ocuntry was on the same trajectory of economic growth as higher income countries. tech advances helped them to advance faster than underdeveloped nations. II. Preconditions for Take-Off: Society gets ready for transformation by exploring new production techniques and engages in industrial production. III. The Take-Off - Rapid and continuous growth in agriculture and industry. IV. The Drive to Maturity: Development of modern technologyl.

caleb cushing

Opens up commerce in China and negotiated Treaty of Wanghia, first formal agreement between China and US, and granted US trading rights, also states that Americans will be tried in American courts, not chinese (extraterritoriality)

League of Nations Covenant

Part of Versailles Treaty. Great step forward from international anarchy of 1914. U.S. Never Joined - Senate Wouldn't Ratify Despite Best Efforts of Woodrow Wilson. Germany did not join until 1926. Russia joined in 1934. League would only be as powerful as powers would allow it to be . Started operations in 1920 at HQ in Geneva, Switzerland. - Obligation by the US to protect the territorial integrity of a member of the League against external aggression, obligates the US to defend by force of arms any such aggression against that state. - In effect, this would compel the US to send troops abroad in obedience to the treaty on all such occasions and be ... believe the cause of attacking state to be just / unjust. - All members are under an automatic obligation to protect the Covenant, if necessary by military means against aggression. - Every member judges for itself whether the Article has arisen at all. - Treaty Pledge as a Law? - League of Nations member could not assist a fellow member in combatting internal secessionists, but also meant that no country should provide assistance to such rebels. - ESSENTIALLY INCOMPATIBLE WITH NEUTRALITY. - If any League of Nation member was defeated while undertaking an aggressive war, the covenant did not protect that defeated member against the consequence of a loss of territory. - *Washington's farewell address and jefferson's warning against entangling alliances is completely ignored here.

national security act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council. - Established governmental security agencies - Constituted the National Security State - Cabinet position- Secretary of Defense - National Security Council- rival to the State Department - Headed by the National Security Advisor - Joint Chiefs of Staff - Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

John Hay/Open Door Notes

THESIS: american foreign policy, in the 20th century, has been based on the open door, not only in the Far east, but in all of the world. With the disappointment of the frontier, American prosperity and democracy demanded overseas expansion to dispose of the surplus, to guarantee sources of raw materials, and to extend the area of democracy. conto In 1899, this Secretary of State asked major European countries to assure America's trading rights in China by opening the ports in their spheres of influence. - The Open Door Policy: Imperialists wanted to dismember and partition China, use its markets - Hay worried the US missed out on opportunities in China; didn't think the Latin American markets were enough, China was the key market - First Note: Hay demanded the imperial powers respect equal trade opportunities; trade doors remain open. This flipped the balance of power in East Asia - Second Note: preventing other nations - US became the dominant power shaping the vision; Hay played the dominant powers against each other - Scramble for Africa was violent, powers wanted to avoid that - Hay's idea worked because it had precedent Opium War: treaties gave US trade power - Territorial expansion works hand-in-hand with commercial expansion - it's obvious that this is also an extension of manifest destiny - the americans wanted to protect their own interests within the spheres of influence held by the other european powers. not fighting for political, but commercial power. - set in motion the preferred strategy of economic expansion, which was in pursuit of the open door: starting from mckinley, most policies were determined by a desire to keep doors open, by open door imperialism designed to create an informal empire. - it was through this that americans saw no contradiction between promoting their trade and improving the wordly stimulating economic activity. - expansionist policies and the persistence of expansionism. the open door policy can be considered an explanation for the overseas commercial expansion and ideological offensive of an industrialized america, faced with the spectre of surplus production. "opposing revolution with more determination." - wa williams: open door expansionism became, in essence, an aggressive crusade to propagate american values across the world. - American access to domination of global markets, rusk and alfred thayer mahan and others. - williams concludes that america's open door policy of wanting to maintain an informal empire was a brilliant, strategic stroke that ld to the gradual extension of american economic and political power throughout the world. - as a departure from traditional, military imperialism, open door preemptively recognized that wars of colonial conquest represent the failure of policy and negotiation. - SO, through the beginning of john jay's open door notes / open door negotiation, it was at this moment that the us became what it is now: an expansionist, imperialist power. Up until the Civil War, this expansion was primarily territorial-seizure from European powers, Mexico, and the Indians land in N. America. - the open door notes and policy allowed for john jay to prioritize america's interest: american foreign policy resisted revolutions and other rearrangements UNLESS they conformed to the American blueprint and sought to freeze American supremacy by throttling revoluions considered to be a barricade on american hegemony. - "extending the american system throughout the world without the embarassment and inefficiency of traditional colonialism." - "Imperialism of the Open Door": "non-colonial imperial" policy first explicitly formulated in 1899 (in the so-called open-door notes, concerning the opening up of the chinese market to us capital) - indeed, such an extension of the American system as a corollary of the expansion of American capital can be seen as the overarching goal of america's open door imperialism as both an ideology and a practice.

seward's folly

Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase

Federalist #64

TLDR: Making treaties with 2/3 approval of the Senate. - Implementing checks and balances, senate as decrease knowledge in foreign affairs as compared to the President. - Better to trust these responsibilities to the senate, as they are voted less frequently than members of the house.

clayton-bulwer treaty

Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. Later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, which gave the United States control of the Panama Canal. - Zachary Taylor, a whig, sent Clayton to sign a treaty with Britain to share the Canal - Work together and get it done, leap ahead of the rest - Democrats saw it as a violation of the Monroe Doctrine - Under Roosevelt Corollary lecture: In gaining access to Chinese markets, government officials such as John Hay realized the importance of the Panama Canal. - Increased access to Suez Canal (then under British control), increasing imperialistic ambitions and opening the floodgates for imperialism. - Saw that Britain was struggling imperially, Hay thought to grab the opportunity to re-negotiate with Britain. - Clayton-Bulwer Treaty: shared control between US and Britain of the Panama Canal - Senate refused to ratify the treaty, the US also needed sole right to militarize the canal - Roosevelt wanted to have the canal under US rule - Roosevelt betrayed Hay, Hay offered his resignation but stayed -

treaty of fort jackson

Signed late in 1814, ended the Creek War and forced the Creek to give up millions of acres of their land.

san juan hill

Site of the most famous battle of the Spanish-American war, where Theodore Roosevelt successfully leads the Rough Riders in a charge against the Spanish trenches

open door policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

scramble for africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

"Le pays d'en haut": the Upper Country

The geographical middle ground - Upper midwest, Great Lakes region - The Upper country: a land of refugees, Indians feeling from colonialism (Spanish, French, Iroquois domination) - Diverse landscape of political overlapping zones of rights that people have to use territory. Finding middle ground: exchange, diplomacy, acculturation * British interests lay in healthy trade with Indian politics. - Place of cultural syncretism, a place of exchange (exchange of trust, gifts --> central ground of diplomacy). - Different people attach different values between gifts -- i.e. Wampum belt: signifies promises; refusing the belt is like rejecting what they are saying.

long telegram

The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war. - The Long Telegram- madness to hope that the Soviet Union would join the IMF - Blamed the Soviet Union for the growing tensions - Fit Truman's perspective that the US had become powerful enough that it didn't need to rely on diplomacy; could use military

Fourteen Points **

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations. - 14 Points were a response to Lenin's decree of peace Alternative to revolutions - 14th Point was an attempt to make a multilateral organization, where as dollar diplomacy was unilateral. - Entire nations became embroiled in WWI by virtue of secret treaties and alliances concluded by monarchs. Public alliances as likely to yield peaceful resolutions. - Although Wilson did address the question of national independence in his Fourteen Points, it was nothing approaching a universal right. This immediate right, he thought, should be granted only in respect of the European territories of the defeated powers. - In denouncing colonialism and imperialism, the U.S. was in reality advocating for its own economic concerns through discourses of peace, stability, and justice. - He lists recommendations for how to achieve a lasting peace at the end of hostilities emphasizing the need for reforms, arms revolution, and fair territorial disputes and colonial claims. - Lasting peace could only be achieved by overcoming balance of power and secret diplomacy. - Arguing for developing new diplomatic and legal order around international organizations based on practices of collective security and open diplomacy. - Rising and competing ideologies of communism and Fascism were beginning to unsettle Europe a new and challenged Wilson's liberal vision of trade, peace, and security among nations. - The "Wilsonian Vision": Emphasis placed on peaceful resolution of problems through negotiation and use of international institutions and legal forums. - Manela, "The Wilsonian Moment": Hopeful period when colonized and oppressed peoples looked to Wilson and the US as champions of self-determination and national independence. - Language of liberty and self-determination used by the Americans to describe the ideological struggle of the war impacted colonial peoples perception of their rightful place in the world of free-nation states. - Manela argues that Wilson's ideas of self-determination were primarily limited to the West and former German and Ottoman territories, failing to include colonized areas in Asia. - Military force only justified as a lost resort and only if it is used to advance a moral agenda, i.e., promotion of human rights. 14 Points were a response to Lenin's decree of peace - Abolition of secret treaties, decrease in armaments, adjustment in colonial claims in the interests of both native peoples and colonists, and freedom of the seas. - Also made the proposals that would ensure world peace for the future: proposed removal of economic barriers between nations; promise of self-determinism for national minorities. - Last point of the 14 Points overarching goal was to create an international environment in which self-governing institutions could thrive in a variety of contexts.

strategic hamlet program

This Southern Vietnamese policy was intended to combat the growing popularity and presence of an anti-government group in the South's countryside. - Removed peasants from their home and put them in strategic hamlets to get them away from the Viet Cong - Peasants didn't like the idea and revolted, Viet Cong became more powerful - Rostow didn't understand, began to blame the 'backward thinking' of the peasants - Began to think modernizing South Vietnam wasn't inevitable, needed to get the North into compliance - Began thinking about bombing Vietnam - Rostow wanted to take the Marshall Plan and globalize it - Plug countries like Vietnam into economic systems developed at Bretton Woods - Called for massive infusion of aid to underdeveloped countries

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory?

To raise money, cut his losses in America, and increase America's power as a British rival - *Jefferson also sought to expand North and South (Canada, Cuba/South America),

rough riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

The Carter Doctrine

Warning that any attempt by outside forces to gain control of the Persian Gulf would be met with military force from the US; created because Soviets were in Afghanistan and too close to Persian Gulf oil - Made human rights policy in the US - Latin America was the center of his policy - Denied 22 loans to Latin American dictators on the grounds of human rights - Energy was the crucial question - By his presidency, more than half of US oil came from elsewhere - Problem of dependency - Increased oil problems caused economic turmoil - Cardigan Speech (Report to the Nation on Energy), February 1977: Fireside chat - Turned the temperature down in the White House - Live thriftly- whip out your cardigans and start a fire - Wanted to stimulate conservation III. Iranian Revolution of 1979 - Shah's rival- Khomeini led a revolution - Shah is akin to Diam (Vietnam) - Mass consumption development promoter - Shah fled the country, Khomeini took control - Drafted an Islamic Democratic Constitution - Incorporates republican principles (Machiavelli and Paine) - Hybrid of republicanism and theocracy - Carter switched to becoming a hard-liner (cold-warrior) - similar to big stick policy.

elements of sea power

emphaszies the centrality of recognizing the seas as 'a great highway" upon which state wealth depends - seapower's output in this sense, is the safe conveyance of trade across the oceans for one's own economic benefit, while also denying the same for an enemy in times of war. - The indices of powerful seafaring nations guided Japan in a different direction from that of the US or even Great Britain.

Federalist #70 (1788)

Written by - Hamilton (Federalist) Argues for a strong executive leader, as provided for by the Constitution, as opposed to the weak executive under the Articles of Confederation. "energy in he executive is the leading character in the definition of good government." - TLDR: Easier to point blame at one person rather than finding fault in members of a group.

Us War Sentiment

a. The Yellow Press - Newspapers wanted to sell copies, claimed Spain sunk the USS Maine b. The generation of 1898 - Elites, wanted to fight in a war like their fathers - Roosevelt calls for a war to cleanse the US - Called Mckinley incompetent - "Moral backbone of a chocolate eclair" c. Sinking of the USS Maine, Feb 15 1898 - Exploded, 256 crew died. Why did McKinley send the Maine to Havana Harbor? - 1890 relaxed tariffs on sugar; 1894, 40% tariff on sugar, cuban economt tanks.

Adams-Onis Treaty

an 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the United States - Gave up Texas, delineated transcontinental boundary. Why did the Spanish empire fold its tents so early in 1818 ? a. couldn't spare troops in florida; couldn't contest seminoles, couldn't contest jackson. b. Jackson failed to get the seminoles out of florida. - foundation of Monroe Doctrine and of American hemispheric doctrine. - Transcontinental treaty foreshadowed monroe doctrine because territorial expansion as a global strategy for trade; they traded texas for pacific ports, opening up paths to asian markets.

No Entangling Alliances

both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were opposed to forming any permanent alliances with other countries or becoming involved in other countries' internal issues - originally came from Jefferson's inaugural question, the phrase of entangling alliances. from lecture: ironic that jefferson was the one who carried out washington's plan, when washington himself didn't even want jefferson in office. - Following this: Jefferson's embargo

Jefferson's Embargo

no trade with any foreign country in order to avoid war/ protect merchant ships; embargo is strongly opposed and eventually repealed 1. Jefferson's "Peaceable Coercion" (Embargo Act of 1807). - 1807: Reverse Boycott. Prohibited Americans from all oceanic trade with foreign nations - meant to help European countries to see the value of US trade. - Why tis didn't work: Jefferson thought Napoleon would be pleased by this embargo because it hit the British the hardest: was hoping Napoleon would reward him with the Florida. - Napoleon played with Jefferson, started to grab American ships left and right. French fleets seized ships like they were British ships. 2. The Fifth Embargo Act, January 1809. - Sharply curtailed Americans' rights to trade freely as the means to demonstrate it.

psywar

psychological warfare - eliminating communist influence worldwide. - resembles global containment, this strategy rests on ideological preferences rather than an overriding concern for military security. - Not just the containment of Soviet / Communist Power, but the elimination of marxism as a significant political force. - Advocates of Rollback: Soviet Empire vulnerable to subversion, propaganda, and other forms of "political warfare." - Rollback and global containment rest on the assumption that the Soviet Union is highly expansionist, ruthless totalitarian power driven to relentless expansion by ideological convictions / domestic political requirements. - deterring soviet expansion / reversing soviet gains requires superior military powers and unquestionable us resolve. - exploiting soviet vulnerabilities - kept the ussr of balance and retard its economic develoment - by increasing its problems the west effectively decreased the attractiveness of the soviet system in the rest of the world. - Appeasement: supporting the eventual freedom of the nations of both eastern european and the soviet union. - using political, psychological, and military means to initiate the political offensive , forcing soviets on the defensive, challenging not only .. but the nature of their system within the soviet empire. An ideological and propaganda offensive against Soviet rule; assisting dissident and resistance groups within the Soviet Empire; using U.S. economic and technological strength to put strains on the vulnerable Soviet economy; utilizing psycho-political warfare to encourage fear and divisions among the Soviet elite; using trade and other economic weapons to further weaken the Soviet economy; and forcing the Soviets onto the geopolitical defensive.

Sinking of the USS Maine

sunk by Spain off of the coast of Cuba; led to eventual declaration of war against Spain (Spanish-American War) after tensions regarding the independence of Cuba arose.

The Carrying Trade

the business of transporting goods across the Atlantic or to and from the Caribbean - Most lucrative business in the US; doubled US exports. A major economic boost for the country. - Because of the War, US was becoming a maritime trading partner; US transformed into a leading export shipper. - US benefitting from carrying another country's trade. - [Context: British and French at war.] Usually, countries do their own carry: mercantilism, trading monopolies. - Navies seizing enemy goals. Therefore, under the American flag, they went to the French colonial ports and would unload goods to France - the British could not seize those goods.

The Carrying Trade

the business of transporting goods across the Atlantic or to and from the Caribbean 1. The Chesapeake incident, June 22, 1807 - British HMS Leopard overtook the Chesapeake; commander surrendered. - The British captured four soldiers, judged to be British deserters and impressed them to be part of the British forces. 2. The British Rule of 1756 - Trade prohibited during peace must be prohibited during war - The US got away with this, on a technicality: brought goods to the US first, got a receipt and neutralized the goods and then brought goods to France/British/Spanish. 3. The Essex decision, 1805. - British pushing back on US cut corners: British judge Sir Williams Scott ruled that the break in the voyage had to be in good faith --> ruled the American re-export trade to be illegal. - British warships started hanging outside of American harbors, blockading the coastline. To Napoleonic Europe. BUT: - The British Navy is too powerful, BUT: Navy required manpower; service on the vessels was very grueling - a lot of deserters gravitated towards the carrying trade in the US, deserted. Therefore, more British impressment and turned US sentiment against the British.

Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778)

• Who: Between the Delawares and the US • When: 1778 • Where: Ohio River Valley • What: The first written Indian treaty with the new United States government. Chief White eyes led the Delawares in agreeing to this treaty that stated they had a defensive alliance together. Delawares thought they were agreeing to simply stay out of things but the US thought they were going to fight for them against the British. This treaty also includes for the possibility for Indians sided with the US to form a state, with the Delawares heading it, and send representatives to Congress. • Why: This treaty demonstrates the power that the Delawares had in the region. However, the treaty did not last long because later that year militiamen ended up murdering White Eyes. This caused the Delawares to turn to the side of the British and join the war instead of merely trying to stay out of it. This ultimately led to the American retaliation in 1782 of the Gnadenhutten massacre of Moravian Delawares who were actually pacifists.