HIST 1301-Final Review
C&C Ch 6 Despite the high casualty rates, Civil War soldiers continued to re-enlist once their service requirements had expired. What factors encouraged these men to continue fighting?
- Their honor, pride, and the brotherhood created pushed CW soldiers to continue to fight - Soldiers connected therefore they felt guilty if they were to leave
C&C Ch5 As Civil War soldiers became more religious, many of them had to confront the reality that one of the ten commandments states, "Though shall not kill." How did soldiers deal with this ideological conundrum?
- They had to beleive it was a jsut death for a justified war - Each side believed God was on their side and were doing duty by killing the enemy - It was also self defense - soldiers made distinctions between combat and murder
Henry Clay
- United States politician - responsible for the Missouri Compromise of 1820 between free and slave states - would later help in another compromise called ______
Sam Houston
- United States politician and military leader - fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States -1793-1863 - got his position due to his friendship with President Jackson
C&C Ch 5 What impact did the Civil War have on solider's religious devotion and what are the general differences between optimistic and pessimistic Christian Fatalism?
- Wars intensify religious convictions - both optimistic and pessimistic Christian fatalism helped soldiers overcome fear and strengthened will to fight - pessimists were resigned to their fate; god willed their survival - optimists believed it to be God calling them home
Assassination of Lincoln
- While sitting in his box at Ford's Theatre watching "Our American Cousin", President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. - Booth hoped to encourage south to continue war
Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800
- a secret treaty made in 1800 between French and Spanish. - In this treaty, France regained title to Louisiana in exchange for Tuscany which had trade routes, Catholicism, and more populated than Louisiana. - Napoleon hoped that this territory would be the heart of a great French empire in America. - Spanish required that the French would not sell Louisiana territory later on to the US. the land was a buffer between the Spanish and US if war was to break out.
Antonio L. de Santa Anna
- a war general - on and off president of Mexican Republic - reversed Law of April, 6 1830 after negotiations with SFA - he shifts Mexico from federalist to centalist in 1834. - dismantled federalist reforms, constitution of 1836, attacked federalist resistance
C&C Ch9 What role did Slavery play in union soldier's motivations to join the civi war?
- abolishing slavery was North's main goal - They saw slavery as cruel and inhumane - not a humanity movement but in response to personal observations/experiences. - it divided some form those who did not agree with freeing blacks.
William Loyd Garrison
- abolition movement leader - went to prison for anti-slavery comments - almost lynched in 1835 in Boston - in 1854, he publicly burned the US constitution resulting in an public outcry.
Moses Austin
- born in 1763 in Philadelphia - persuaded the Spanish Governor of Texas to give him a land grant in which to settle 300 families. - permission in 1821 - after he died, his son, SFA, would take over his plan.
David G. Burnet
- born in New Jersey - father of Dr. William Burnet - moved to SFA's colony in TX - applied for empresario but failed - illegally sold his land to Galveston Bay TX Land Company - refused Catholicism - he was kicked out but returned while TX was at war. - he helped negotiate treaty with Santa Anna
C&C Ch12 Aside from the dangers of battle, what other factors caused physical and psychological damages for Civil War soldiers?
- combat stress= loss of courage/will to fight - loss of sleep, poor food/no food, bad water, lack of shelter, exposure to extreme weather, insects, dust, and more - combat exhaustion = dreamy, listless look; without hope - PTSD
Fredonian Rebellion
- conflict around Nacogdoches that confirmed Mexican fears that Texans were trying to take over the government
C&C Ch8 How did the revolution of 1776 influence soldiers during the Civil War and how did each side of the conflict use the revolution as a motivator?
- each side believed they were custodians of the legacy of 1776 - each side interpreted 1776 heritage in opposite ways - Confederates fought for liberty and independence from a tyrannical government - union fought to preserve the nation
The Republican Party
- established in 1854 - GOP = grand old party - consisted of anti-slavery whigs, free soil party, and american party (know-nothing party).
Haden Edwards
- former US senator form Kentucky - empresario/colony leader - rigged election in favor of SIL -
Stephen F. Austin
- known as the Father of Texas - son of Moses Austin - led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 297 families from the United States (old 300) - most successful empresario
Law of April 6, 1830
- law passed in 1830 in response to the provisions suggested by Manuel Mier y Teran. - approved by Mexican Centralist President, Anastacio Bustamante - It voided unfilled empresario contracts, limited US immigrans, and abolished slavery loopholes
Texas Independence
- occurred in March 1836 - texas declaration of independence was signed by 59 people 2 texans 56 Americans 1 from Yucatan
Pioneers/Filibusters
- people who are new or foreign to a territory that engage in rebellious activity for their gain. - had tenacity and were optimistic - ex. the Founding Fathers were filibusters but were successful, sam houston, aaron burr, and james long.
C&C Ch11 What role did vengeance/revenge play in the Civil War?
- revenge/vengeance is seen morein motivation of confederate soliders; especially Texans - southerners demanded an eye for an eye because of destruction of southern property - no fraternization or truces took place - residents of union border states displayed most of revenge/vengeance
John Ross
- son of a Scottish father and Cherokee mother - grew up isolated from other natives; begged his family to let him wear native clothes - became a lawyer and would become Cherokee chief. - he thought the Cherokee's should stay on there land and he did multiple things in hopes to accomplish this. - he won in a Supreme Court Case against Georgia; not enforced by President Jackson. - Last resort was to create a petition however it was not seen in time by congress due to a duel between two congressmen.
C&C Ch 8 According to this chapter, what did Southerners fight for and what contradictions are exposed in their logic?
- south fought for liberty and independence form tyrannical government - slavery contradict liberty (country worthless without slavery)
Session conventions: SC
- southerners feared anti-slavery government appointments, racial mixing, social equality if Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860. - Lincoln was elected in Nov. 1860 and at the SC convention it was unanimously voted to secede in Dec 1860 before Lincoln was in office. - Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, louisiana, and TX all followed 3 wks later
Empresario System
- system where Americans are brought in to become citizens of mexico in Texas and are given a pat of land for living and abiding by the rules of mexico - Spanish Subjects in Louisiana moved starting in 1805 - people must become catholic, no slavery, and be loyal to king/church, mexican citizen, and spanish is their official language - Moses Austin was granted permission to relocate Louisiana families in 1821; after his death, SFA takes over. - empresario = property manager while Mexico is landlord.
Tejanos and Colonization
- tejanos broadly refers to a Texan Mexican American. - Mexico was wanting to populate TX with the perfect ratio of Mexicans, Americans, and Europeans, however much more Americans came because Americans were use to conflict with Natives, traveling, and other hardships that pushed Mexicans and Europeans from coming.
Louisiana Purchase
- territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million -827,000 sq miles - no clear boundaries; different maps showed different boundaries - included about 15% of Texas including the pan handle. - sold by Napolean to the US
C&C Ch9 Why were African American males, from the North and South, willing to fight in the Civil War?
- they fought for their own freedom - they fought to prove manhood - they fought for equality and rights
C&C Ch3 After "seeing the elephant," soldiers continued to fight. What motivated them to do so and what feelings did they experience after the fighting ended?
- they looked forward to peace but did not want to be anywhere else. - all the money in the world could not persuade them to fight again but still said if ordered to they would.
C&C Ch4 What problems did the Civil War armies have with discipline and how did they try to fix those issues?
- when men did not see the battle front, or were waiting to "see the elephant," they would grow bored standing watch over countless shifts. - training was minimal, most officers did not know drills or tactics - It was an army of independent citizens. who did not take kindly to authority or discipline. - began using time between battles to work on drills to keep minds off chaos and instill a sense of cohesion and order.
Manifest Destiny
- white Americans belief that God had purposed the west for them. "In God We Trust" - this term was coined in 1840s by John L. Sullivan long after the western expansion. - democratic ideals and institutions were believed to follow - liberties of non-white groups diminished
Adams-Onis Treaty
-1819 -Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory - created the 1st hard border in US history; between US and Spanish.
Solomon Northrup
-he published "Twelve Years a Slave" in 1853 - it recounted his harrowing ordeal - a free black, he had been kidnapped in NY and sold in the New Orleans slave market - served various masters for 12 years before he could get word to friends to bring legal proof of his status
Cotton Gin/King Cotton
-invented 1793 -rapid growth from 1792-1860 13,000 bales to 4.8 million bales -labor intensive work--required more hands=slavery -"Cotton is King" in 1850 -3/4 world supply of cotton -1/2 of us exports
C&C Ch3 What does the phrase "see the elephant" mean and how did manliness and honor influence the sentiments expressed Civil War soldiers?
-to "see the elephant" means to see battle; any awesome or exciting experience - most soldiers were wanting a fight. - if a solider was to not see battle their reputation, or honor, would be tarnished and as a result depleting their manliness in that they were now seen as cowards.
Pro-Slavery Arguments
1. Slavery is a necessary part of life 2. Slavery allowed the development of high white plantation culture 3. Slaves were treated better than factory workers 4. Southern economy was dependent on the slave labor
California Gold Rush
1848 gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. News of the discovery soon spread, resulting in some 300,000 men, women, and children coming to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. These early gold-seekers, called "forty-niners," traveled to California by sailing boat and in covered wagons across the continent, often facing substantial hardships on the trip. San Francisco grew from a small settlement to a boomtown, and roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California. A system of laws and a government were created, leading to the admission of California as a state in 1850
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected
Zachary Taylor
(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.
Missouri Compromise
- "Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. - It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state - all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states except missouri
C&C Ch1 according to McPherson, not all of the men who enlisted during the Civil War demonstrated bravery. What did other Civil War soldiers think about these skulkers, sneaks, beats, stragglers, and coffee-coolers and who criticized these soldiers the most?
- 1/2 of the men were actual fighters the other half seemed to melt away when lead started flying. - some deserted while other were really sick. - they were seen as miserable excuses of men who shirked their duty. - This problem was felt by both sides. - confederate soldiers consisted of truly devoted men but most were weak. the south believed their should be no sloth or complainer. -
John Brown
- 1800-1859 - anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. - May or may not have been mentally unstable. - Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. - Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. - Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.
Lewis and Clark
- 1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by President Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. - Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition traveled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. - It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast. - showed the US interest in extending territory from "sea to shining sea" in future due to Lewis and Clark exploration ending on west coast.
Mexico's Independence War
- 1810-1821 - involved mexico, royalist, and Spanish empire - it was an armed conflict that arose from the culmination of a political and social process - it ended the rule of Spain in 1821 in New Spain - results: treaty of Cordoba first Mexican empire is established singing declaration of independence of Mexican empire
Frederick Douglass
- 1817-1895 - African American abolitionist and writer - he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. - He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.
Indian Removal Act
- 1830 - Signed by President Andrew Jackson - the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma; includes Cherokee people's land. - many died or became sick due to the trip to Oklahoma taking place in the winter.
Fugitive Slave Act
- 1850 - a part of the compromise of 1850 - compromise with southerners which allowed slave catchers into the North and forced north to help. - refusal = punishment - caused widespread fear in African Americans. - White northerners saw it as a violation of their rights and religious beliefs
Joaquin Murieta
- 1853; example of Mexican Bandit stereotype (Mexican robin hood) - He began this as revenge for his murdered wife
Kansas/Nebraska Act
- 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states - gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. - introduced possibility of slavery expansion again -
Bleeding Kansas
- 1856 - a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state. - significance -violence for political ideals, fragmentation of North and South, and mini civil war
Dred Scott vs. Sanford
- 1857 - Determined that people of African descent, imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendents, wether or not they were slaves, could never be citizens of the United States. - the United States Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories - slaves could not bring a case to court - that slaves could not be taken from their owners without due process. - led to slavery everywhere and more tension between North and South - Superseded by 13th and 14th Amendments.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
- 1858 -Senate Debate - Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery - Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories - Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate
Denmark Vesey Rebellion
- 1882 - Charleston, SC - gathered weapons for revolt but slave informed on them - over 100 arrests and several leaders killed
Manuel Mier y Teran
- A Spanish general sent to Texas to inspect the area in 1827 after the Fredonian Rebellion - He was asked to check borders and condition of north - Problems noticed were: little assimilation, high Anglo population, and high number of poor Mexicans - He recommended presidios, make TX a state, and cut Anglo population - his report led to the Law of April 6, 1830
Haitian Revolution
- A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness - the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. - French was defeated and pulled out therefore Haiti became an independent nation.
War of 1812
- A war between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France; free Canada from Britain. - 1812-1814 - set up Andrew Jackson for 1829 election - resulted in natives losing land, British empire giving up on American colonies - 1st declared war in US
Elijah Lovejoy
- Abolition movement leader and editor. - The printing press he used was attacked four time and he was killed by a proslavery mob defending it. - His death was an example of violence against abolitionists.
Compromise of 1850
- Agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories - written by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas - California admitted as free state, territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, federal assumption of Texas debt, slave trade abolished in DC, and new fugitive slave law - dismantled missouri compromise of 1820
Frederick Jackson Turner
- American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. - The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. - 1893 thesis - pioneer
Battle of San Jacinto
- April 21, 1836 - Final battle of the Texas Revolution - Santa Anna split forced to catch up with Sam Houston, however 1/2 of mexican troops never showed. - resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army, , capture of Santa Anna, and independence for Texas
Gabriel Prosser Rebellion
- Aug 1800 -Richmond, VA - plan - attack arsenal, capture powder house, and attack city - storm came in delaying/ruining plans - 35 participants killed
Nat Turner Rebellion
- Aug 1831 - Southhampton County, VA - started with a small group - group grew with each farm raid - met with armed resistance at one raid allowing the militia time to arrive - Turner and others were killed - bloodiest insurrection.
C&C Ch6 According to the chapter "A Band of Brothers," what did soldires fear the most during the Civil War and why?
- CW soldiers feared being known as cowardly - they did now want to shame their families - They would rather die than alter their family name
C&C Ch7 In terms of political ideologies as motivators for fighting, how were Civil War soldiers different than other war's soldiers? Provide examples that explain this difference.
- CW soldiers were intensely aware of issues because it would shape the nation. - They kept themselves knowledgeable about events by reading newspapers while other soldiers only wanted to fight.
Centralists and Federalists
- Centralist favored a strong government to keep together. it was supported by military leaders, catholic church leaders, and business community. - Federalist supported state rights; the opposite of US Federalist. They argued that local rule needed in order to prevent oppressive government. It was supported by local elites, members of lower clergy, and junior military officers.
Major Ridge and John Ridge
- Cherokee father and son - Major Ridge always fought for the safety and land rights of his people. - he believed in assimilation in hopes for peace with Americans. - He even sent his son to school so that his son could come back to help Cherokee nation. - John Ridge married white woman, Sarah. Protesters are present at his wedding. - they believed that Cherokee should leave for Oklahoma territory. - they sold the Cherokee land, going against the blood laws. - Major Ridge was stabbed and killed while John Ridge was beat to death as his wife and mother watched.
Tejas Y Coahuila
- Coahulia and Texas - a state that was a part of the newly estblished United Mexican States under its 1824 constitution
Battle of the Alamo
- February 24- March 6, 1836 - During Texas's revolution against Mexico, Fort Alamo was attacked by the Mexican Army and 187 members of the Texas garrison were killed - Santa Anna was victorious - Santa Anna burned the bodies dooming them to purgatory since cremation had not been approved by Church yet. - "Remember the Alamo" was the garrison's battle cry in its fight for independence
Battle of Gonzales
- First battle of the Texas Revolution - October 1835. - Citizens of Gonzales would not give up a cannon that was given to them by the Mex. - A militia flew a flag that said "Come and Take It". - battle breaks out and Mexicans retreat. blamed it on texans
Emancipation Proclamation
- Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 - southerners have until jan 1, 1863 to surrender - will free slaves in rebel states on Jan 1, caused anxiety in south, and antagonized loyal south
C&C Ch10 How important was home support for Civil War soldiers?
- It kept CW soldiers morale up; without home support soldiers would have given up. - in moments of despair, a letter from home would renew the soldiers dedication or patriotism. - spirits would be low wihtout home support - soldiers begged for stories that had any familiarity of home. - some letters had a bad impact
All of Mexico - John C. Calhoun
- John C. Calhoun (1782-1850) was a prominent US stateman and spokesman for the slave-plantation system of the South. He would serve as US secretary of war, vice president, and secretary of state. - he opposed Mexican-American war; he felt that American victory would result in territorial concessions that would place union in jeopardy. - he believed American government to be of white man. -
The Election of 1844
- Polk (Dem) defeats Clay (Whig) and Birney (Liberty - anti-slavery) - Polk won because he was in favor of expansion; he supported the annexation of TX. - therefore, manifest destiny played a huge part in this election and ultimately decided the president -
"54-40 or Fight!"
- Polk used this as a campaign slogan - implying that the he would declare war if Britain did not give the United States all the Oregon territory up to its northern boundary. - it basically states reanexation of TX and reoccupation of oregon which drew attention to his stance on TX annexation and orgeon boundry question
Spot Resolutions
- Proposed by Abraham Lincoln in the spring of 1846. - After news from president James K. Polk that 16 American service men had been killed or wounded on the Mexican border in American territory, Abraham Lincoln, then a congressman from Illinois, proposed these resolutions to find out exactly on what spot the American soldier's blood had been shed. - In Polk's report to congress the President stated that the American soldiers fell on American soil, but they actually fell on disputed territory that Mexico had historical claims to. - To find out were the soldiers fell was important because congress was near to declaring war on Mexico.
C&C Ch2 Define rage militaire, duty, and honor and explain how masculinity shaped each of these war motivators.
- Rage militaire- a patriotic furor; the eruption of public opinion on military decisions and choosing sides. seen in public protests, rallies, and debates. - duty- it was a binding a moral obligation; one had a duty to defend the flag which they lived under it protection. - honor- ones public reputation and image in the eye of his peers. ruins one honor is to suffer shame. - masculinity shaped each of these war motivators as all seemed to connect to a man's pride. His pride of not seeming cowardly or bringing shame to the family name.
Election of 1860
- Republican = Abraham Lincoln - Democrat = Stephan A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge. Constitutional Union - John Bell. - Issues were slavery in the territories (Lincoln opposed adding any new slave states). - democratic voters were divided leading to Lincoln having a advantage and winning. - left southerners dissatisfied because they thought election was rigged as some ballots did not have his name because many did not think he would even win.
Stephen A. Douglas
- Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln and two other democrat candidates in the election of 1860. - Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act in 1854 and the Freeport Doctrine
Treaty of Velasco
- Texans captured Santa Anna in battle of san jacinto and forced him to sign this recognizing the Republic of Texas. - public provisions cease fire, will not fight TX again, Mex. troops move below rio grande - private provisions recognize TX independence, establish rio grande as TX southern border - It was political suicide for all Mexican who signed because it was seen as selling your country.
Desired TX Immigrants
- The Mexican government wanted 3 equal parts form the 3 following regions to move to TX; US, Mexico, and Europe - favored US - Mexicans did not want to move because of native raids, commanche territory, mexican political center, mountain range (sierra modra), and de leon colony. - Europeans did not want to move there because of distance, other colonization opportunities, and life was now okay in England. (Industrial Revolution) - Americans wanted to move because of pioneer tradition, war against natives, and cheap/free land
The Old 300
- The name given to SFA's first 300 settlers in his new colony - they were from US South so they clashed with Mexico over slavery issues.
James W. Fannin
A young Texan officer (and West Point dropout) that the Council chose to lead the Matamoros expedition; lead his troops eastward to recruit
Mary Austin Holly
Cousin of Stephen F. Austin. Wrote letters, diary entries, and books that prompted people to move to Texas.
C&C Ch1 What factors encouraged James M. McPherson to write the book For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War?
In spring 1976, McPherson took many students to the site of the Gettysburg battle. When there students asked about the motivations and reasons why men chose to fight in Civil War. McPherson felt unprepared to answer without completing more research. While visiting other historical sites with his cousin later that year it hit him, when a hawk flew over head being the only visible source of light, how familiar that scene was to that area. His cousin asked similar question as his students did and he still felt inadequate to answer them. These experiences plus Jesse Beecher, a distant grandfather, led to James M. McPherson pursuing the research that resulted in this book
San Patricios
Irish immigrants who realized their best option to make an income and provide for their family was to enlist in the Union and go to war fighting against Mexico. Problems arose as they realized how much America bullied Mexico. The Union would come in and would treat Catholic sacred places with utter disrespect. Completely destroying their Cathedrals and raping their Nuns The Irish had enough. They chose to commit "treason" and began fighting against the Union.
C&C Ch2 Who were James & John Welsh and Charles&James Steedman and what do their stories tell us about the Civil War?
James and John Welsh were brothers. James moved to Illinois, became a republican, and voted for Lincoln in 1860. John was killed at Gettysburg and James marched through Georgia and survived the war. Charles and James Steedman were brothers as well. Charles was a Commander in the US Navy and when he returned from seas he chose Union. His brother, a planter in S. Carolina, was very much a southerner This shows how the Civil War not only divided the nation, but also families and friends. Brothers and fathers and sons became estranged due to their differences in regards to if they sided with the North or south.
C&C Ch1 What kind of primary sources did the author use for his book and why did he select these sources?
McPherson used correspondence, such as letters, between relatives, friends, and lovers which contained reasons why someone was enlisting, the culture of battle frontlines, and the struggles military leadership might have faced. These sources are primary meaning that they are directly taken from a participant or witness of the topic of discussion. This leaves less room for errors, misinterpretations, and bias.
Los Ninos Heroes
Members of a military academy in Chapultepec where the Union began attacking believing that it was a military post. The children inside fought back until every last one was gone. It is believed that the last boy climbed to the top of a tower, removed the Mexican flag, wrapped it around himself and jumped to his death.
"American Blood on American Soil"
Polk said this famous line when he ordered Zachary Taylor to take his troops from the Nueces river to the Rio Grande. This was the beginning of the US-Mexico war and Texas annexation. The land Americans were killed on was undisputed land so technically this statement was a political move to get people worked up and create momentum.
Jeff Davis
President of the Confederacy was faced with the decision of the conf. committing treason or appearing weak as a nation when he was approached by Lincoln to consider allowing ships with supplies into Fort Sumter. this resulted in the confederacy both committing treason and starting the Civil war
U.S. War with Mexico
This was lasted from 1846-1848 between two countries. Finally, a the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed. In the agreement, one country had to give the other more than 500,000 square miles of territory and the Rio Grande was accepted as a border. The other country had to pay around $17 million.
Battle of Goliad
battle whose commander was James Fannin (Texas), who chose to surrender rather than lose anyway - Santa Anna ordered all of the Texan soldiers to be executed - 342 killed including the wounded
Texas Annexation
texas petition for annexation was originally denied in 1832 by US. - President Jackson recognized TX in 1837 within his last 24 hours in office. Mexico recognized TX in 1845. - Sam Houston would be TX president - TX independent for 9yrs, it does not go well - Mexico cuts diplomatic ties with US; border disputes
C&C Ch3 After "seeing the elephant," what did the soldiers realize about the brutality of war and how did their opinions change?
that they had romanticized war and the battlefront. It was far more brutal than they thought. Most were traumatized after seeing real battle and wish they did not have to see it again. However, they did not flee due to their enduring belief in the cause and because of their honor and duty.
The Abolition Movement
the campaign against slavery and the slave trade
Fort Sumter
the first battle in the civil war federal US troops were held there and were running low on supplies. Lincoln used the need to send supplies to his soldiers to put the beginning of the war in the conf. hands which kept his clean no soldiers died in the battle of Fort Sumter