HIST 1310 CHAPTER 10
True or false: Most rural people in the Old Northwest shunned all links to the outside world.
False
True or false: Private investors accumulated most of the capital needed to build the railroads.
False
Which region of the United States experienced both the smallest amount of urban growth and the least settlement by immigrants between 1840 and 1860?
South
True or false: As the result of the cult of domesticity, female work outside the home came to be seen as a lower-class domain.
True
True or false: In antebellum America, leisure time was scarce for all but the wealthiest of Americans.
True
In 1834, the Factory Girls Association held a strike to protest
a 25 percent wage cut.
One social trend that accompanied industrialization was
a decline in the birth rate.
ability of distant farmers to ship goods by rail invention of the cast-iron stove
a decline in the birth rate.
John Deere established a factory in 1847 to produce
steel plows.
What likely played the biggest role in the American Industrial Revolution?
surging population growth
As the factory system progressed into the 1840s,
textile manufacturers increasingly used immigrants as their labor force.
The typical citizen of the Old Northwest was
the owner of a family farm.
The proportion of the free states' population living in towns of 2,500 or more grew from 14 percent in in 1840 to ______ by 1860.
26 percent
The birth rate for white women in 1840 was roughly ______ children each.
6
Within ______ of opening in 1825, the tolls on the Erie Canal had completely paid for its construction.
7 years
Which of the following had a significant impact on U.S. population growth between 1790 and 1840?
A declining number of epidemics A high birth rate Improvements in public health
What was the first operating railroad company in the United States?
Baltimore and Ohio
New England hardware merchant ______ discovered how to vulcanize rubber in 1839.
Charles Goodyear
What city was the principal railroad hub of the West?
Chicago
The sewing machine that was important in the development of ready-to-wear clothing was developed by
Elias Howe and Isaac Singer.
True or false: Most independent craftspeople flourished in the economic environment promoted by the new capitalist class.
False
Workers from where became the predominant immigrant group in New England?
Ireland
From which two countries did the overwhelming majority of immigrants come in the 1850s?
Ireland Germany
Which of the following are accurate regarding people's leisure time in this period?
Leisure time was scarce for all but the wealthiest of Americans. Because of a lack of leisure time, nonreligious holidays from work took on special importance.
In the elections of 1854, the Know-Nothings achieved their greatest success in which three states?
Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania
In what ways did the separation between the workplace and the home sharpen the distinction between the social roles of men and women?
Middle-class women were increasingly isolated from the non-domestic world. The husband was assumed to be the sole wage earner in the middle-class family.
Which of the following resulted in the dissolution of Female Labor Reform Association?
Mill women were turning to other professions and immigrants were taking their jobs.
How did the use of water as a power source limit the development of industry?
Mills had to be located next to running water.
The system of long and short electrical bursts that made the telegraph system a viable, long-distance communication system is known as
Morse code.
In which region did the factory system first develop?
New England
Which state was the first to engage in canal building?
New York
Which region of the country had, by far, the most trackage in 1860?
Northeast
Which states were inspired by the Erie Canal to develop water connections between Lake Erie and the Ohio River, making it possible to ship goods by inland waterway from New York to New Orleans?
Ohio Indiana
Which state was not an important cattle-raising area by the 1850s?
Pennsylvania
What effect did the railroad have on small western towns?
Those towns along the routes rapidly grew.
A detriment to the burgeoning industrialization in the late 1800s was
air and water pollution.
As the result of the American factory system, skilled artisans
formed trade unions.
Which of the following describes how the role of women changed in the new industrial society?
from contributer in the family economy to guardian of "domestic virtue"
During the 1840s and 1850s, trade unions were
generally ineffective
What three trends characterized the American population during the antebellum period?
growth of towns and cities movement westward rapid population increase
In the increasingly popular ______ shows, white actors wearing blackface mimicked and ridiculed African American culture.
minstrel
The tremendous growth in immigration prompted the appearance among the native-born population of the fear of foreigners, a sentiment known as "
nativism
Between 1820 and 1840, the population of the United States
rapidly grew, due in part to improved public health.
The factories of the Northeast was producing ______ of the country's manufactured goods in 1860.
two-thirds
What were some of the products of the new machine tool industry?
universal milling machine turret lathe precision grinder
Prior to 1860, class conflict in the United States
was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class.
Between 1800 and 1830, immigration to the United States
was not a significant contributor to the national population.
Who developed the telegraph?
Samuel F. B. Morse
Who was the founder of the Female Labor Reform Association, which promoted better working conditions and shorter workdays in the mid-1840s?
Sarah Bagley
Which city did not owe its growth to increased trade on the Great Lakes?
St. Louis
For what reasons was merchant capitalism in decline in the mid-1800s?
There were greater opportunities for profit in manufacturing than in trade. British competitors were stealing America's export trade.
Which of the following are true of the economic impact of railroads on the American economy?
They were key to the nation's economic growth. They were the birthplace of the modern corporate form of organization. They bred technological advances.
True or false: The unprecedented levels of air and water pollution caused by industrialization resulted in the passage of state laws to protect the environment in the 1860s.
True
Which of the following helped middle-class Americans enjoy a more diverse diet during this period?
ability of distant farmers to ship goods by rail invention of the cast-iron stove
What were the major sources of labor for the new textile mills in the 1820s?
farm families, with parents and children young, single women
Many native-born Americans feared that the growing Irish population would
increase the power of the Catholic Church in America.
In the 1820s and 1830s, railroads
played a relatively small role in the nation's transportation system. laid the foundation for the surge of railroad building that occurred midcentury.
Which of the following conditions helped to stimulate immigration from Europe after 1830?
reduced transportation costs deteriorating economic condition in parts of Europe increased opportunity in the United States
Which of the following emerged as the result of the fear and prejudices toward immigrants in the period prior to 1860?
secret societies to combat the "alien menace"
invention of the steam cylinder rotary press introduction of the telegraph system dramatic growth of mass-circulation newspapers creation of a national cooperative news-gathering organization
the railroad.
Which of these technological advances spurred the growth of American journalism in the 1840s?
the rotary press the telegraph
Which of the following were impacts of the telegraph?
It made long-distance communication possible without direct, physical contact. It facilitated railroad operations. It brought cities across the country closer together.
What factors contributed to limiting overt class conflict?
Life was better for most factory workers than it had been on the farms or in Europe. The rootlessness of migrant urban laborers made organization and protest difficult. Some workers were able to move from poverty to riches.
How did the rise of industry affect the nature of the family?
More families moved from farms to the cities. In cities, the family was no longer the principal economic unit.
Which of these correctly describe the difficulties in recruiting factory workers in the early days of industrial development?
Most Americans still lived and worked on farms. Many city dwellers were skilled artisans who worked in their own shops.
Which of the following statements about the development of machine tools in the United States is accurate?
Much of the research and development for machine tools was done by the government in connection with supplying the military.
True or false: A growing population in the antebellum period played a role in the the growth of towns and cites, westward expansion, and, ultimately, the American Industrial Revolution.
True
In which region were farmers most socially isolated?
West
What is the Lowell or Waltham system?
a factory system used to mass-produce textiles that relied on young women workers
What were the result of the limited liability laws that were passed in the 1830s?
a growth in manufacturing and business industries
In 1845, the Female Labor Reform Association began demanding
a ten-hour workday.
What new agricultural techniques and technologies improved farm production in the Old Northwest?
automatic thresher automatic reaper cultivation of hardier varieties of seed
As compared to turnpike transportation,
canal boats could haul larger loads for less money.
The ______ was the most important household invention of this period.
cast-iron stove
The social institution that most bound together rural America was the
church
To where did most of the new European immigrants of the 1840s go?
cities in the Northeast
Which of the following correctly describe conditions for the young women employed in the Lowell mills?
clean housing provided well fed relatively well-paid
The agricultural economy of the West
contributed to urban growth in cities like St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville.
Which of the following characterizes agriculture in the Northeast after 1840?
decline and transformation
By the middle of the nineteenth century, merchant capitalism in the United States
declined as opportunity shifted from trade to manufacturing.
The biggest impact of the American rails on the American economy, society, and culture was the
decreased time of shipment and travel.
The emergence of the great train lines resulted in which of the following?
decreased traffic on the main water routes weakened connection between the Northwest and the South lessened dependence by the West on the Mississippi
In the 1830s, limited liability laws were developed in the United States that
meant individual stockholders risked only the value of their own investment.
The fastest-growing segment in American society during the antebellum period was the
middle class.
The growth of commerce and industry allowed more Americans the chance to become prosperous without
owning land.
As compared with urban Americans, rural people
pursued similar past times, but within the home.
The dominant telegraph company that was formed in 1860 by a combination of smaller telegraph companies was known as
the Western Union Telegraph Company.
Which of the following describes the cult of domesticity?
the belief that women were the guardians of family and religious virtue
What was an unanticipated consequence of the the construction of the Erie Canal?
the decline of agriculture in New England
One reason that the African American population in 1800-1830 increased more slowly than the white population is that
the importation of slaves became illegal in 1808.
American middle-class families in antebellum society were
the most influential cultural form of urban America.
The early union movement among skilled artisans
was weakened by the Panic of 1837 and the ensuing depression.
Where was most of the coal mined in the mid-nineteenth century United States?
western Pennsylvania
What was the primary staple crop of the prairie region?
wheat
As a result of the social expectations expressed in the cult of domesticity,
women became increasingly isolated from the public world.
Before 1860, the largest single group of arriving Irish immigrants was
young, single women.
In what year did the Stockton and Darlington Railroad in England become the first railroad to haul general traffic?
1825
What portion of the total labor force worked on farms in the 1820s?
90 percent
Which of the following are true of the relationship between the Old Northwest and the rest of the nation?
A strong economic relationship between the Old Northwest and the Northeast emerged. The Old Northwest sold most of its products to the Northeast. The Old Northwest became an important market for eastern industry.
The "Know-Nothings" eventually created a new political organization called the
American Party.
Which of the following statements about the Erie Canal are true?
It gave New York access to Chicago and growing western markets. It cemented New York as the nation's leading commercial center. It provided a route to the Great Lakes.
Which of the following statements regarding American leisure activities prior to 1860 are accurate?
Minstrel shows were increasingly popular. Shakespearean plays that were reworded to appeal to American audiences were popular. Reading was a principle leisure activity among affluent Americans. Popular tastes in public spectacle tended toward the bizarre and fantastic.
Before 1830, the Mississippi River port of ______ had come to serve as the major link between Midwestern farmers and the cities of the Northeast.
New Orleans
Manhattan's great Central Park was built, beginning in the 1850s, partly at the request of
New York's wealthy, as a place to ride their elegant carriages.
The construction of canals was promoted by
both western farmers and eastern merchants who wanted more direct access to urban markets.
Which of the following resulted in new recruits for the factory labor force in the 1820s and 1830s?
dramatic improvements in agricultural production
How did farmers in the Northeast respond to agricultural competition from the new, richer soil of the Northwest?
farmers moved west and settled new land. Farmers changed their focus to supplying food to nearby cities. Farmers moved to towns and became laborers.
Hostility among native-born Americans toward immigrants prior to 1860 was spurred, in part, by
fears of political radicalism.
The African American population between 1800 and 1830
increased more slowly than the white population.
An immediate result of the new water transportation routes was
increased white settlement in the Northwest.
The new aristocrats of the Northeast in the mid-nineteenth century were the
industrial capitalists.
Early efforts to increase public awareness about the need to protect the environment was spurred by
industrialization
What was the most powerful single stimulus for increased agricultural production?
industrialization
An important result of the development of the machine tool industry in the mid-nineteenth century was the widespread adoption of the principle of ______ parts in manufacturing.
interchangeable
Which of the following are advances in journalism that occurred in the 1840s?
invention of the steam cylinder rotary press introduction of the telegraph system dramatic growth of mass-circulation newspapers creation of a national cooperative news-gathering organization
Which of these groups were deprived of most of the benefits of America's phenomenal economic growth?
landless farmers Indians slaves
As a group, American workers in the 1840s and 1850s had
little power because factory owners were easily able to replace them with immigrant laborers willing to work for lower wages.
Middle-class homes in the mid-nineteenth century included which of these characteristics?
lush fabrics dark colors heavy furniture
Before the development of the telegraph, the main form of long-distance communication was the
True or false: Rival eastern cities were easily able to build their own water routes and easily catch up with New York and the commercial success it had with the Erie Canal.
False
True or false: The Associated Press was created to exchange national and international news through the mail.
False