HIST 17B

Nat Turner's Revolt 1831

"Was not Christ crucified" - Said this when asked if he regretted it and quoted this. Was then hung Kill about 50 white women, men, and children, led by Nat Turner The militia were sent and destroyed their rebellion - Legacy of slave revolts - - There were not too many but it tells us that paternalism was used to justify slavery. Shows that slaves did not approve or agree to slavery. They wanted freedom - - - Scared whites, worried that they were next - - - - Reinforced pro-slavery ideology

"The declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Conference"

A document, primarily written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, that fought for women's rights Frederick Douglas said the document was the "grand movement for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women At a time when traditional roles were still very much in place, the Declaration caused much controversy. Many people respected the courage and abilities behind the drafting of the document, but were unwilling to abandon conventional mindsets.

The "slavery of sex"

A female slave could be sexually assaulted at any time Birth rates go down a lot in this period. Specifically, the number of children each women have Women chose to cut it down as a form of self control. Normally marriage made your a slave to sex

Republicanism

A guiding political philosophy of the U.S. Stresses liberty, unalienable individual rights as central values → a core ideology U.S. founded on

Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession

A lot of southerners said that if Lincoln was elected, they will secede Before he had even taken office, South Carolina seceded from the US A lot of northerners had not been enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act, which fueled the southerners to secede. Lincoln enforced it despite his dislike of slavery Slowly, all of the southern states began seceding from December 1860 - April 1861 Throughout the Civil War, there is a lot of Union sentiment throughout the confederate states

Transcontinental Railroad

A railway system which connected the east to the west Northern, Union, Central, and Southern Pacific It was a key factor in the industrial development of the United States. Before the Railroad's completion, rail lines had limited reach, and supplies could only be transported through laborious animal hauling. Because of this, the standard of living and wealth throughout much of the country was lower than in the industrialized, developed areas; food, medicine, and education were all affected by transport limitations

"Slave Societies"

A society with slaves, BUT slavery and slave labor does NOT dominate the economy - Social and political structures revolve around slave economy - No manumission (release from slavery) except by act of legislation → nearly impossible for slaves to be freed because owners would have to go public and do it legally which was socially frowned upon at the time.

"Bleeding Kansas" (1856)

Both Southerners and Northerners are flooding into Kansas to settle it and make it either a free state or a slave state A proto-civil war: Northerners and Southerners fighting to the death Proslavery southerners come into Lawrence, Kansas and burn a hotel to the ground- killing men, women and children John Brown rallies his sons and retaliates by hacking Southerners to death with swords This fighting in Kansas trickles up to the Senate

War Democrats

Andrew Johnson, General Butler, General McClellan Any of the Northern Democrats who supported the continued prosecution of the American Civil War. The great majority of Northern Democrats stayed loyal to the Union after the South seceded. So-called "Peace Democrats" opposed the war and advocated a negotiated peace with concessions to the South so that it would rejoin the Union. War Democrats, while supporting the war, objected to Republican economic policies and to President Lincoln's abrogation of civil rights. During the 1864 presidential election, they selected War Democrat Andrew Johnson of Tennessee as Lincoln's running mate.

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Created by federal legislation, it was created to support sick and wounded soldiers during the Civil War. They raised millions of dollars in contributions and support while also enlisting thousands of volunteers Given patriarchal attitudes of the time, the U.S. Sanitary Commission was led by men but the majority of work done by this committee was women - Improved sanitation in army camps Demanded government reformed system - Became essential to war effort, effort to reform army camps and hospitals was needed by a group other than the army who was occupied with war U.S. Sanitary Commission held auctions for war effort - "Sanitary Fairs" a women would drum up patriotism for the cause as they would auction off items to raise money for war - - Men unsure about women's public display of patriotism Mass participation of women in U.S. Sanitary Commission and war effort helped move women's rights into the mainstream and public eye Mass participation of ordinary women taking role in public sphere helps take charge for women's suffrage

General Order No. 28

Declared that all women who disrespect Union soldiers will be treated as prostitutes The Confederacy took this as a free will to rape

John Brown (1859)

Did not like the southerners who were coming to Kansas who were trying to make it a slave state Went into Kansas with his sons and killed southerners who were pro-slavery Had led a group into Bleeding Kansas in 1856 Thought that the way to destroy slavery and the south was through violence and bloodshed

American temperance society

Domestic violence was common in this period Women created this society and employers encouraged it. In 1835 there were 1.5mil members. The society benefited from, and contributed to, a reform sentiment in much of the country promoting the abolition of slavery, expanding women's rights, temperance, and the improvement of society. This was the first U.S. social movement organization to mobilize massive and national support for a specific reform cause. Their objective was to become the national clearinghouse on the topic of temperance.

Second Party System

The political party system operating in the U.S. during the 1800s - Starting in early 1800s and ending in mid-1800's The earlier "democratic-republican" party had split into factions in 1820 during Monroe's presidency- the political party fragmented and factional and sectional rivalries grew increasingly bitter and party machinery fell to disuse. Fragmented because: - Panic of 1819: heightened sectional differences - Missouri compromise 1820- highlighted the conflicting ideologies held by the North and South regarding slavery - The question of who would be elected in the 1824 presidential election Led to the formation of the Democratic Party, whose majority was in the South and Andrew Jackson was a member of this party The Whig party → opposed Jackson

Sojourner Truth

Runaway slave, African-American abolitionist, and women's rights activist First black woman to win a court case against a White man Felt that God wanted her to go to throughout the countryside to promote women's rights. Gave a lot of influential speeches, the most popular given the title "Ain't I a Woman"

2nd Bank of the United States

Supported by the Whigs and Henry Clay Role of bank was to regulate, investigate and impose restrictions on the loaning practices of state and local banks But, after the war of 1812, economy was flourishing, postwar expansion and manifest destiny encouraged the skyrocketing of westward expansion - The government encouraged westward expansion and gave sums of money towards the cause → the 2nd Bank of the U.S. was intended to steady the economy by enforcing regulations on loaning practices - - But, due to poor management and leadership early on and the strong sentiments and necessity for westward expansion, many southern and western banks were over-lenient with loans and the leaders of the 2nd Bank were lax with their regulations The economy needed some restriction, but expansion trumped this warning as Americans and the South and West especially favored manifest destiny and expansion The 2nd Bank of the U.S. was one of the destabilizing forces that led ti the Panic of 1819 (the first ever economic crisis and depression)

The Missouri Compromise

Tensions rising between proslavery and antislavery factions within the U.S. congress and country Missouri requested to be admitted to the Union as a slave state → this threatened the delicate balance between slave states and free ones To keep peace, congress orchestrated a two-part compromise, granting Missouri admission as a slave state, admitting Maine as a free state and drawing a line at the 36-30 parallel that said no slave states would be admitted above this line after Missouri. Highlighted the conflicting ideologies over slavery that would prove to be decisive later in civil war Mis. Comp. proves: - Slavery would NOT go away easily - The market revolution was going to exacerbate the sectional differences over slavery and deepen the divide between the North and South Outcome: Southerners began to move to Texas since it was below the 36-30 parallel and slavery allowed there The Kansas-Nebraska act would later negate Missouri Compromise

Second Middle Passage

That second forced migration was known as the domestic, or internal, slave trade: "In the seven decades between the ratification of the Constitution [in 1787] and the Civil War [1861]," the historian Walter Johnson tells us in his book Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market, "approximately one million enslaved people were relocated from the upper South to the lower South ... two thirds of these through ... the domestic slave trade." - Why? Because of the unprecedented growth of the cotton industry. Until Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, cotton harvesting was extremely labor-intensive. - Slaves sold down the river due to transportation that the market revolution allowed → The more money the planters made from cotton, the more cotton they wanted to grow. The more cotton the planters wanted to grow, the more slaves they needed to grow the cotton. The world's desire for cotton — and the Southern planters' and Northern industrialists' desire for profits — seemed insatiable. - - The Market Revolution created canals, railroads and steamboats (much faster and more efficient ways of transportation) and this greatly increased the market economy for slavery and the movement of slaves in the second middle passage. - The internal slave trade became the largest enterprise in the South outside of the plantation itself, and probably the most advanced in its employment of modern transportation, finance and publicity."

Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, that were the "solution" to a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). North gets: - California admitted as a free state - Slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C. → had been a big source of embarrassment for Northerners. - Texas loses boundary dispute with New Mexico South gets: - No slavery restrictions in Utah or New Mexico territories → popular sovereignty - Slaveholding still permitted in D.C. - Texas gets $10 million - STRENGTHENING of Fugitive Slave Act - - Northerner's saw this as evidence of Slave Power Conspiracy Outcome: The balance of the Senate was now with the free states, although California often voted with the south on many issues in the 1850s. The major victory for the South was the Fugitive Slave Law. In the end, the North refused to enforce it claiming it was unfair and unjust. The flagrant violation of the Fugitive Slave Law by the North fueled Southern discontent and deepened the sectional divide that would eventually lead to conflict.

"20 Negro Provision"

The Confederate Congress passed this law saying that if you owned 20 slaves you were exempt from the draft - Angered non-slaveholding southerners' - Dropped Southern morale It was a reaction to Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation which had been issued a few weeks earlier

Trail of Tears

The dreadful 1838 removed the last of the Chickasaw, the Cherokee, the Creek, the Choctaw and the Seminoles from the region of the South known as the "black belt," resettling them to "Indian Territory," which became state of Oklahoma in 1907. Ever wonder why this was necessary? In a word, cotton. These Native American people were living on what was perhaps the richest cotton soil in the world. And their removal, following the Louisiana Purchase, created a scramble to settle their lands and raise cotton, leading to one of the greatest periods in economic expansion and profitability in American history.

Domestic Ideology/Characteristics

Men: competitive, analytical, ambitious, corruptible, economic and political sphere Women: caring, sentimental, self-sacrificing, pious, disinterested, home world sphere

Oneida

Named after Native American tribe in upstate New York The community was surrounded by sexual pleasure They banned the idea of marriage Sexual liberation tied to attacking traditional values of marriage and private property

Uncle Tom's Cabin

An anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that was a best-seller - Depicted reality of slave life - Culturally and socially significant book

The Homestead Act

An expression of the "Free Soil" policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms This gave any free man who applied free land, typically west of the Mississippi River Signed into law in May 1862, the Homestead Act opened up settlement in the western United States, allowing any American, including freed slaves, to put in a claim for up to 160 free acres of federal land. By the end of the Civil War, 15,000 homestead claims had been established, and more followed in the postwar years. After the southern states had seceded, homestead legislation was high on the Republican agenda. The Homestead Act of 1862 provided that any adult citizen (or person intending to become a citizen) who headed a family could qualify for a grant of 160 acres of public land by paying a small registration fee and living on the land continuously for five years. Before the Civil War, the southern states had regularly voted against homestead legislation because they correctly foresaw that the law would hasten the settlement of western territory, ultimately adding to the number and political influence of the free states. This opposition to the homestead bill, as well as to other internal improvements that could hasten western settlement, exacerbated sectional conflicts

Captains of the Industry

Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, J.D. Rockefeller for example National political power shifts from Southern slaveholders, a traditional corner power, to Northern capitalists

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

By the early 1850s settlers and entrepreneurs wanted to move into the area now known as Nebraska. However, until the area was organized as a territory, settlers would not move there because they could not legally hold a claim on the land. The southern states' representatives in Congress were in no hurry to permit a Nebraska territory because the land lay north of the 36°30' parallel — where slavery had been outlawed by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Just when things between the north and south were in an uneasy balance, the Act fueled an increase of the sectional divide. - The person behind the Kansas-Nebraska Act was Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois → wanted to build transatlantic railroad Arguably the final legal act that pushed the country to civil war through the creation of a new political party (origins of the new Republican party) The Act mandated "popular sovereignty" in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska-allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state's borders Possibility of Kansas being a slave state directly refuted Missouri Compromise 36-30 line → great for Southerners because it provides legal basis for disregarding Missouri Compromise Passage of the bill irrevocably split the Whig Party, one of the two major political parties in the country at the time. - Every northern Whig had opposed the bill - Almost every southern Whig voted for it. With issue of slavery involved, there was no way a common ground could be found. - Most of the southern Whigs went to Democratic Party. - Northern Whigs reorganized themselves with other non-slavery interests to become the Republican Party, the party of Abraham Lincoln. - - This left the Democratic Party as the sole remaining institution that crossed sectional lines. - - Animosity between the North and South was again on the rise.

The Panic of 1837

Caused by skyrocketing land speculation in the West/Westward expansion and manifest destiny Pet banks established by Andrew Jackson failed to regulate speculation, much like the 2nd National Bank failed to regulate speculation → lent out way too much $$

The Rape of Celia 1855

Celia was a slave to a plantation owner. He begins to rape her and she ends up killing him - Because she is property and not seen as human, she is sentenced to death - - But she is pregnant as a result, wait for it to be born, then killed

"Bleeding Sumner"

Charles Sumner: Senator from Massachusetts Preston Brooks: Congressman from South Carolina Bleeding Kansas trickles up and gets bigger Sumner claims that southerners began all of the violence and he attacks slavery directly in a speech. He blames his colleague who is a slave owner Brooks attacks Sumner in Congress who had stood up for the south

The Battle of Antietam

Considered the first Union victory Robert E. Lee's advance repelled Bloodiest battle of the war 4,000 killed in one day, 22,000 deaths total - 3 bodies deep This battle leads Lincoln to create the Emancipation Proclamation

The American System (the Whig's Agenda, led by Henry Clay)

Formation of a new political party known as Whigs, led by Henry Clay → together formulated American System - Political ideology that focused on ending colonial mindset and legacy Ideas of American System: - End colonial mindset - End mass production of agriculture (ex. tobacco) because it is a legacy of colonial mindset and colonial times - Expand beyond agriculture and do MORE manufacturing Comprised of three basic tenets: 1) Establish a National federal bank - Will regulate all local banks, standardize currency, encourages private stockholders → will wed wealthy American to the fate of the American government (more support for gov't) Credit, cash and loans all came from this bank 2) Establish Protective Tariffs: - Impose a tax on imported goods to protect American manufacturing and make imported goods expensive to the point that people buy American goods and contribute to manufacturing economy 3) Make internal improvements: - ACTIVIST/involved government - - Government obligation is to help manufacturing industry - - Federal government should pay for roads, canals, etc. Political fault lines begin to form between the Whigs and their proposed American system and the Democrats, especially those involved with slavery in the South. - Southern slavery opposed this because tariffs greatly hurt their economy and government should not impose legislation that harms the well-being of states' economies.

The Gag Rule

Gag rule, in U.S. history, any of a series of congressional resolutions that tabled, without discussion, petitions regarding slavery This was passed by the House of Representatives between 1836 and 1840 and repealed in 1844. Abolition petitions, signed by more than 2,000,000 persons, had inundated Congress after the establishment of the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833). Gag rules, supported by proslavery congressmen, postponed the consideration, printing, and referral of such positions

The Army of the Potomac

George B. McClellan (Democrat) - Was the general, hired by Lincoln - Tried to end the war quickly without too much destruction 100,000 men are assembled by Lincoln, biggest single army - How do you mobilize this amount of troops? Supplies?

The Dred Scott Case

He was a Missouri slave His master had taken him to free territory and then back to Missouri. Scott then argued that he was a free man seeing as he had stepped foot on free land. Goes to court after he sues his owner Roger Taney's Opinion: (Chief Justice at the time) Illegal to restrict the spread of slavery Said that blacks can never be citizens and therefore can not sue in court The Supreme Court did not side with Dred Scott The decision lowers the Supreme Court standings in the eyes of Northerners after this because they felt it was unconstitutional Violates the Kansas-Nebraska Act

"Manifest Destiny"

Market revolution encouraged settlement as well as post 1812 expansionary sentiment and Market Revolution provided transportation and technology for expansion. Western settlement will help U.S. avoid Malthusian Trap - All this formats Manifest Destiny; America has a god-given right and study to settle, accomplished with the help of slavery - Manifest Destiny is the Market Revolution's manifestation of old colonial discourse - Mexican war: direct effort of Manifest Destiny through violence - Manifest destiny aided in the cause of civil war

"The Cotton Kingdom"

In the 80 years between the American Revolution and the Civil War, the North and South developed along distinct and opposing lines economically, politically, and culturally. The South took a very different economic course than the North. After the Revolutionary War, tobacco income plummeted, cotton brought the stagnant southern economy back to life. While the North became an industrial and manufacturing powerhouse deeply affected by social reform movements like abolitionism and women's rights, the South became a cotton kingdom, founded on slavery, whose inhabitants generally abstained from or opposed such reformist tendencies. - Mainly occurred along the black belt which had the best soil for growing cotton - Cotton production controlled life in the South - The gin made mass cotton production in the South feasible and helped to institutionalize slavery in the region. The Louisiana Purchase and the annexation of Texas as a slave state helped to expand the Cotton Kingdom. Politically, cotton became the foundation of southern control of the Democratic Party. - The widespread use of the cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, made cotton plantations efficient and profitable. The demand for cotton also grew because of the developing textile industries in the North and in Britain. Cotton plantations spread across the South, and by 1850, the southern U.S. grew more than 80 percent of the world's cotton. The South became a veritable "Cotton Kingdom," remaining rural and agrarian while the North became industrialized. Rich plantation owners saw little reason to spend their capital on risky industrial projects when cash crops brought in a large, steady income. The cotton kingdom also brought more people to the South. Getting rich by growing raising a cotton crop where slaves did all the hard labor was attractive to many farmers. Causing great growth in the areas new slave owning states such as Texas quickly grew. Politicians quickly saw that if the south got more states they would dominate the north in the senate. When this happened, they planned to reject any law made by the north to abolish slavery, and also ban any bill that may benefit the north. As the U.S. cotton industry developed, other countries became more dependent on cotton produced in the American South. The power of cotton allowed the Confederacy to employ cotton diplomacy as its foundation for foreign relations during the Civil War; Southerners attempted to use cotton to pressure countries such as England and France into the war on behalf of the Confederacy. Southern leaders were convinced that the key to their success lay in gaining international recognition and help from European powers in breaking the blockade that the Union had thrown up around coastal areas and ports and that was increasingly effective as the war went on.

Social Death

Johnson's book, Soul by Soul, goes into great deal about what social death is. Social death is the omnipresent threat of losing a social relationship forever due to separation because of the slave trade. Slaveholders capitalized on the threat of social death. Slaveholders utilized the threat to exercise authority and governance over their slaves. Slaveholders who owned slaves with binding social ties would threaten to sell them separately and cause them "social death" in place of forcefully physical coercion. Many slaves feared being sold and separated more than they feared being whipped so this was a useful tactic to maintain power over slaves. Social death was used to inflict mental fear and was a philosophical threat that plagued families and communities of slaves. Slaveholders referred to their balance between allowing families and social ties to remain and threatening to dissolve these ties as paternalism.

Election of 1860

Lincoln is elected by Republicans to lead them in the election Moderate on slavery - ex: disagreed with the fugitive slave act but still reinforced it because it prevented Civil War Limits to Compromise of 1850: no expansion, no secession Wanted to preserve the Union Southern radicals: "If Lincoln is elected, we leave" Lincoln wins without winning the electoral votes from a single border state or southern state - His name was not on the ballot in certain places in the south

Border States

Lincoln stakes out middle ground to avoid alienating war Democrats and Border states - Kentucky was the most essential border state - Lincoln needs border states as military staging grounds - In the border states, this is where the brother v. brother tension is happening

"Lords of the Loom"

Lords of the loom refers to the New England cotton factory owners who dominated Northern industry. They depended on the Lords of the Lash, the southern slave owners, whose slaves produced the raw cotton that was used in Northern factories to create fabric and cloth → evidence of the market revolution (people producing goods for market rather than themselves, and that people were economically dependent of slavery and slave labor.

Broomstick Weddings

Masters were in favor because then offspring could result producing more slaves - They would jump over a broom - Inter-plantation marriages

Slave power conspiracy

Northerner's have always resented Southerners influence on the government. - Majority of the white population had been and was in the North AND due to the market revolution, the largest economy was in North (North was essentially America's economy minus cotton) BUT... Southerners still had more power in and influence on government due to: - 3/5th's clause: 3/5ths of the entire slave population of the south was counted in the official population that justified number of representatives in congress. Northerner belief that the South had an unjust and disproportionate amount of power and influence on the government due to slavery Northerner's cite the Compromise of 1850 and it's strengthening of the fugitive slave act as evidence of the slave power conspiracy Also cite the Supreme Court decision of Judge Taney in Dred Scott case as evidence of the conspiracy → "Taney's verdict threw the force of the federal bench behind slavery The Northern distrust of the South in the Cycle of Distrust Valley of the Shadow primary sources demonstrate the deeply held Northern belief that was the Slave Power Conspiracy - Said that slavery was a "legal misrepresentation"

"Passive" Resistance

Political acts - They would work slower and therefore produce less. Showed to be effective - Day to day resistance shows political acts against their owners A lot would run away, some without the intention of going north, as a way to hurt their owners economically after they knew their worth

Pro-Slavery Ideology

Rationalized slavery with irrational claims, but many of the South believed them because it was beneficial to them, the economy, supported by bible and laws, or because their literacy skills and education were not that adept. Pro-slavery ideology developed during the antebellum period in the ways of the church and the Bible, through literature, the economy, and through the laws of the government. The church was one of the most effective means of gaining support for slavery because of the strong faith Southerners had in God and their spiritual leaders. Literature, specifically pamphlets, was very effective in spreading messages. There were many pro-slavery pamphlets produced, and George Fitzhugh was one of the most prominent writers. His views on slavery were easily spread, and could have influenced many people to develop support of slavery. Laws passed during the antebellum period greatly influenced the development of pro-slavery ideology. These laws did not prohibit the growth of it, but rather influenced it. The Missouri Compromise along with the Fugitive Slave Law and Kansas-Nebraska Act promoted the growth of slavery more towards the North and westward in the continental United States. The agricultural economy of the South promoted pro-slavery ideology because of the need for manual labor.

1862 Report on Refugees

Refugees had an impact on public opinion because runaway slaves would probably die anyways with no food or money or a means to live When the public saw that refugees were thriving in army camps, it changed their opinion. They had food, hygiene, were practicing for the war

The Market Revolution

Series of economic changes that took place starting in the early 1800's and lasting to mid-1800's - Great improvements in transportation, steamboat, building of canals, the railroad → much more efficient and rapid transportation of goods and ideas throughout the country. Slaveholders and traders saw the advantage of this and used these improvements to strengthen the slave market economy. Refers to a shift in economic activity where more and more farmers and city men were producing goods for the market rather than for their own subsistence. Many went from rural self-sustaining → industrial, city, manufacturing all for market to earn a profit/wage. - Before the 1800's much of the population lived in rural areas. Majority of these small rural farmers and their families grew and created goods for their own families' support, but by around 1840, a large and ever-increasing margin of people were producing goods for the marketplace. → as this shift occurred, the lives of many changed in social political and other ways as well. Created a violent departure of the previous social norms and it contributed to the creation of domestic ideology Just about everyone in the U.S. was affected by this rise of market relations. Although majority of the North saw the market revolution as a positive, many Southerners' detested the changes incited by the revolution. Some men experienced greater independence due to the market; some of them lost their economic independence and were forced to find work in factories, under the dictation of a superior. - George Fitzhugh, a southern slaveholder exemplifies the Southern distaste for the growing wage-based economy in the North. In his article Cannibals All!, he maintains that being a wage worker in the capitalist system created by the market revolution was to be involved in "wage slavery", which is "is little better than moral cannibalism" (Fitzhugh, 1). The later Missouri Compromise revealed how the MR had exacerbated the sectional difference over slavery and deepened the divide between the N and S.

Free Labor Ideology

Set of ideals that celebrated the North's economic progress and the ability of ordinary men to become financially independent Glorification of hard work - Free men will become financially independent and therefore free due to their labor - Hard work will always lead to economic mobility → if you're not doing well or if you're failing, it's because you're lazy and personal characteristics Completely contrasts Southern proslavery ideology because slaveholders don't do the work themselves, the slaves do all the work → white Southerner's are lazy and disconnected from the market revolution and its manifestations, lacked schools, illiterate - Free Labor's main critique is aimed at contrasting Northern Value with Southern value - - Free Labor Ideology is the main economic critique of slavery

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

Slavery as litmus test for national politics Tens of thousands of listeners and were highly publicized Douglas was in favor of popular sovereignty - Lincoln referenced Bleeding Kansas to support this Lincoln said that a house divided cannot stand Lincoln received national recognition from this debate which made him a respected politician, however, he lost the election

Paternalism

Southern response to the market revolution, a narrative of justification for slavery - It is out of the "virtue" of white men that they protect slaves from the brutal market world and provide housing for them - - When men portrayed as fatherly figure that had a duty as civilized white men to uplift and improve the life of slavery - - - Whites were benevolent fathers to slaves and therefore slavery was a necessary good - Use paternalistic narrative as a tool to attack capitalism - - Ex. George Fitzhugh in "Cannibals All!" is a perfect example of the paternalistic narrative used in the South - - - Uses paternalism as a positive defense of slavery and an attack against wage labor and capitalism - - - "The master allows the slave to retain a larger share of the results of his own labor" than do those in free labor. And, "the master provides provides food, reimant, hose, fuel and everything else necessary to the physical well-being of slaves and their families" - Johnson's book Soul by Soul demonstrates how buyers and sellers of slaves in the New Orleans slave market could easily mix the language and values associated with paternalism and commercialism. - - His book reveals how slave owners and traders, etc. liked to emphasize the paternalistic aspects of slavery—the natural bonds linking master and servant and the cradle-to-grave care that distinguished the lot of the Southern slave owners from that of the Northern 'wage slave' and market brutality. - Paternalism combatted commodification, or at least it created a more favorable view of slavery - The slave market was the underlying reason whites' rhetoric began to conform to a paternalistic ideology that held that masters were watching over slaves, buying or selling slaves for reasons that would benefit slaves, who could not, or would not, care for themselves. - The market culture of slavery was based in fantasy- as was paternalistic ideology

New York Draft Riots (July 1863)

These were violent riots in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War Limited freedom of speech Any able bodied man in a specific demographic was entered into the draft for war - Can get out of it with $300 ($10k current) - Or can get someone to go for you with a sponsor A lot of racism fueled these riots, a lot of Irish immigrants, some blacks and about 120 people killed

Sherman's March to the Sea

This was a military campaign led by General Sherman. He marched him and his troops through Georgia to Savannah, Georgia to demoralize the Confederate's and the South On the way, he liberated slaves in the South, destroyed military targets, infrastructure, industry, and civilian property They disrupted the Confederate economy and their transportation networks One of the first military generals to use a scorched earth policy Sherman knew he had enough civilians in his way that not only could he supply his army but he could demoralize the Southern army Along the way, Sherman liberated slaves, while many embraced his march to the sea, others were more ambivalent - A lot of slaves wanted to get their freedom and not live in a society that was devastated and be hated even more by whites nearby

An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World

Written by David Walker, it is one of the most important social and political documents of the 19th century Walker was a free black abolitionist The purpose of the document was to encourage readers to take an active role in fighting their oppression, regardless of the risk, and to press white Americans to realize the moral and religious failure of slavery

Nullification Crisis

Toward the end of his first term in office, Jackson was forced to confront the state of South Carolina on the issue of the protective tariff. Business and farming interests in the state had hoped that Jackson would use his presidential power to modify tariff laws they had long opposed. In their view, all the benefits of protection were going to Northern manufacturers, and while the country as a whole grew richer, South Carolina grew poorer, with its planters bearing the burden of higher prices. The protective tariff passed by Congress and signed into law by Jackson in 1832 was milder than that of 1828, but it further embittered many in the state. The tariff, southerners insisted, was essentially a tax on their region to assist northern manufacturers. South Carolina expressed the loudest outcry against the tariff. At a public meeting in Charleston, protesters declared that a tariff was designed to benefit "one class of citizens [manufacturers] at the expense of every other class." Some South Carolinians called for revolutionary defiance of the national government. In response, a number of South Carolina citizens endorsed the states' rights principle of "nullification," which was enunciated by John C. Calhoun, Jackson's vice president until 1832. Calhoun offered a theoretical framework, drawing from the Constitution, for Southern discontent by demonstrating that since they freely joined the Union and were not forced to join, that their neither forced to follow legislation that damages their state. South Carolina dealt with the tariff by declaring both the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within state borders. Ultimately, South Carolinians abandon nullification - Calhouns nullification logic would later become the legal precedent for secession

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. foreign policy stating that further efforts by European nations to colonize or interfere with states in the North or South Americas would be viewed as an act of aggression that requires U.S. intervention Aimed at claiming America's place among world powers Protects American interests in Western Hemisphere A bold claim that stated U.S. wouldn't interfere in European wars and it set the precedence for U.S. to be the power in the Western Hemisphere

William Walker

Wanted to take a lot of southerners and go conquer Nicaragua. He eventually takes over Granada and claims himself president which doesn't work. Eventually is executed in a stand fire

Martin R. Delaney

Was born a slave and found his way to freedom One of the first 3 black men admitted to Harvard medical school. The white students protested this and they took away his offer. Eventually became a physician and worked on Cholera. Found in the Civil War and was the highest ranking black officer in the military He was able to show the absurdity of slavery from himself. His education, his contribution to society, helping people, taking leadership. Showed how wrong slavery was. This was essential to the abolitionists

Abolitionist Schism

When organized abolitionism split into two wings in 1840, the immediate cause was a dispute over the proper role of women in antislavery work. American Anti-Slavery Society (favored women in leadership positions) American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (opposed women in leadership positions) The Liberty Party was established in hopes of making abolitionism a political movement.

3/5th's Clause

When the Constitutional Convention debated the issue of how to count population for the purposes of representation, the Southern delegates wanted nonvoting slaves to be counted as full persons. That way, the Southern states would have had a greater representation in the House of Representatives. In contrast, some Northern delegates resisted counting slaves at all. Why, asked Elbridge Gerry, "should the blacks, who were property in the South, be in the rule of representation more than the cattle & horses of the North?" Slaves were to be counted as less than whites for representation, which was not in the interests of the South. Slaves were, however, also to be counted as less than whites for measuring a state's apportioned direct-tax liability, and that was a benefit to the South Even though slaves were property under the laws of the Southern states, the Constitution itself acknowledged that they were persons. In addition, by tying both representation and direct taxation to apportionment, the Framers removed any sectional benefit, and thus any proslavery taint, from the special counting rule. 3/5th's of the ENTIRE slave population was to be counted or included in the representation of the population of a state The 3/5th Compromise greatly augmented southern political power. - In Congress, where each state had an equal vote, there were only five states in which slavery was a major institution. - - Thus the southern states had about 38 percent of the seats in the Continental Congress. - - Because of the 1787 Three-Fifths Compromise, the southern states had nearly 45 percent of the seats in the first U.S. Congress, which took office in 1790. - - - The Senate, Supreme Court Judges, the House of Representatives all were usually Southern dominated and therefore tended to push Southern agenda in the government - - - - This is viewed as unfair to the North and is arguably the beginning of the Slave Power Conspiracy the North maintained

"Non-Freeholders"

White men who did NOT own property - Previously, a white male had to own property in order to have the right to vote - After the revolution and with the rise of democracy, there was an end to the property qualification and this was revolutionary and gave many white males the right to vote and have representation in the government - - Many lower class, poorer men who couldn't afford land could now vote → sense of pride in being American having liberty and rights → politics moved to the streets and was discussed by common people RACE replaced PROPERTY in terms of who had the right to vote