History Chapter 4 Lesson 2

Because of Herodotus's careful research, many European and American historians consider him

"the father of history"

In __________., city leaders—fearing his influence—arrested Socrates. They charged that he had urged young people to rebel against the government. A jury found Socrates guilty and sentenced him to death.

399 b. c.

The Greeks believed the human mind was capable of great understanding. During the Golden Age of Greece, from approximately _____________________., art, architecture, and literature all flourished. This was also a very fertile time for the life of the mind.

500 b.c. to 350 b.c.

Thucydides

He was a general in the Peloponnesian War. Ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC)

Aristotle

He wrote more than 200 works on topics such as government, astronomy, and political science.

Hippocrates created a list of rules about how doctors should use their skills to help patients. His rules are listed in the

Hippocratic Oath

Herodotus

In 435 b.c., he wrote a history of the Persian Wars, stating that the gods played a role in historical events. However, he made a great effort to separate fact from fiction.

In 335 b.c. , Aristotle started a school called the _____________. At this school, he taught his students the "golden mean."

Lyceum

Socratic Method

Socrates created a new way of questioning, in his search for the truth

One work Plato wrote was ____________________. It presented his plan for an ideal society and government.

The Republic

Thales

The first important Greek scientist to make astronomy and math discoveries without tools but by observing and thinking

Thucydides did not just state the facts. He also explored the _____________________ of events. He believed that future generations could learn from the past.

causes and effects

Aristotle's third type of government was ________________ (rule by many)

democracy

Plato believed that an ideal society must have a just and reasonable government. In The Republic, Plato noted his dislike of Athenian _______________

democracy

Following the verdict of the court, Socrates was given the opportunity to leave Athens and live. Instead, he stayed. He said that he was living under the city's laws. As a result, he stated, he was committed to obeying them. Socrates then __________________ to carry out the jury's sentence, and died.

drank poison

Thucydides acted like a modern roving reporter. He visited battle sites, and he also carefully examined documents. In addition, he accepted only actual ______________ reports of events.

eyewitness

Some Athenian leaders believed that the Socratic method was dangerous. At one time, Athens had allowed its people to speak freely. They could publicly question their leaders. However, when Athens lost the Peloponnesian War, its new rulers limited this _____________.

freedom

Unlike Herodotus, Thucydides rejected the idea that the _______ affected human history. Thucydides believed that only people made history. In his writing, Thucydides tried hard to be accurate and impartial.

gods

The idea of the ____________________ is that people should live moderately. For example, individuals should not eat too little or too much. Instead, they should eat just enough to stay well.

golden mean

Aristotle believed the best government had features of all three. A chief executive would serve as ______________________. A council or legislature would assist this leader and be supported by the people.

head of state

Many Greeks also thought that the Sophists lacked ____________________. Critics claimed the Sophists taught students to win arguments rather than seek truths.

ideals and values

Philosophy

is a Greek word that means "love of wisdom."

In The Republic, Plato organized society into three groups. At the top were philosopher ________. They ruled through logic and wisdom.

kings

Early Greek scientists thought that natural events could be explained ________________ and that people could discover the causes of these events by using reason.

logically

Socrates

loved philosophy. He lived in Athens and spent most of his time teaching. Socrates did not leave a written record of his beliefs. Information about him is found in his students' writings.

Aristotle's first type of government was __________________ (rule by 1-person)

monarchy

The Sophists not only challenged Greek traditions, but they also accepted _________ for their teaching.

money

Plato wrote that the common people did not think for themselves and that they could be easily influenced into making foolish decisions. Plato believed that "philosopher kings" would place the needs of the community ahead of their own _______.

needs

Aristotle's second type of government was ______________________ (rule by a few people)

oligarchy

Today, many university professors use the Socratic Method when they teach. Socrates did not lecture. Instead, he asked pointed questions and waited for his students to respond. He wanted students to find the answers for themselves and form their own ___________.

opinions

Sophists

philosophers who traveled from polis to polis making a living as teachers

The oath says that doctors should do their best to help the patient. It also says that they should protect the patient's ______________. Today, doctors around the world still promise to honor the Hippocratic Oath.

privacy

Sophists did not believe that the gods influenced human actions. They also _________ the idea of absolute right or wrong. For the Sophists, a way of life that was right for one person might be wrong for another

rejected

In The Republic, Plato organized society into three groups. The third group included the __________________________. Their role was to produce society's food, clothing, and shelter. They lacked the wisdom of the kings and the courage of the warriors.

rest of the people

Aristotle had many interests, including __________. He studied the stars, plants, and animals and carefully recorded what he observed. Aristotle classified living things according to their similarities and differences.

science

Greek thinkers were pondering deep questions about truth and also developing the study of ____________________________. Greek thinkers produced some of the most remarkable ideas the world has ever known.

science and mathematics

Pythagoras

taught his pupils that the universe followed the same laws that governed music and numbers. He believed that all relationships could be expressed in numbers. As a result, he developed many new ideas about mathematics. Most people know his name because of the Pythagorean Theorem that is still used in geometry today. It is a way to determine the length of the sides of a triangle.

Rhetoric

the art of public speaking and debate

Like Plato, Aristotle also wrote about government. He studied and compared the governments of different city-states and hoped to find the best political system. In his book Politics, Aristotle divided governments into _______________

three types

Aristotle's ideas influenced the way Europeans and Americans thought about government. The authors of the United States Constitution, like Aristotle, believed that no one person or group should have ________________.

too much power

In The Republic, Plato organized society into three groups. ____________, the second group, defended society from attack, using force.

warriors

Hippocrates

was a physician in ancient Greece who is regarded as the "father of medicine." He believed diseases came from natural causes.

Plato

was one of Socrates' students. He became a teacher and founded a school in Athens called the Academy.

Despite his distrust of the common people, Plato was willing to grant more rights to _________. He believed that they should have the same opportunities for education and jobs that men have.

women