History Exam 4

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"Dot coms": a. were high-tech companies that attracted many investors in the 1990s. b. were companies against which economic journalists repeatedly warned investors. c. were never warmly embraced by stockbrokers in the 1990s. d. helped stabilize the fluctuating 1990s stock market. e. helped create thousands of jobs for American workers.

At the end of the twentieth century, the Christian Coalition: a. was a major force in Republican Party politics. b. reversed its long-standing opposition to abortion. c. declined in numbers but grew more vocal at the same time. d. campaigned for the introduction of a national tax funding community churches. e. dominated the Democratic Party.

Bill Clinton's foreign policy centered on: a. elevating human rights to a central place in international relations. b. defeating the few pockets of communism left in the world. c. taking a hard line against economic competitors like Mexico and Canada. d. building what he called a New World Order. e. preemptive strikes to weed out dictatorial leaders that posed a threat to American security.

Bowers v. Hardwick: a. upheld the constitutionality of state laws outlawing homosexual acts. b. took the United States off the gold standard. c. ruled affirmative action was constitutional in university decisions regarding enrollment. d. stated that a criminal had the right to a state-appointed lawyer. e. upheld the practices of racial housing segregation.

Countless corporate scandals and stock frauds stemmed directly from the 1999 repeal of which New Deal measure? a. The Glass-Steagall Act. b. The Federal Communications Act. c. The Securities and Exchange Act. d. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation. e. The Bank Holiday Act.

During the Bay of Pigs invasion: a. the CIA failed in its mission. b. Eisenhower suspended trade with Cuba. c. the CIA restored Fulgencio Batista to power. d. a popular uprising of anti-Castro Cubans toppled Castro's regime. e. Fidel Castro took over American landholdings.

During the last two decades of the twentieth century: a. the poor and the middle-class became worse off, while the rich became significantly richer. b. there was a significant rise in real income among working-class Americans. c. Americans saved more and invested less. d. America entered a profound recession, the likes of which had not been seen since the 1930s. e. job growth for Americans increased at an unprecedented rate.

Geraldine Ferraro is best known as: a. the first female candidate on a major-party presidential ticket. b. a conservative who campaigned against the Equal Rights Amendment. c. the leader of the Redstockings. d. cofounder of the National Organization of Women (NOW). e. the first female Supreme Court justice.

Had President George W. Bush kept his focus on the issue that most concerned the foreign policy "realists" in his administration, he would have: a. continued the pursuit of Al Qaeda, which was maintaining its capabilities. b. kept the world's attention on North Korea. c. prepared a liberation of the Darfur region in western Sudan. d. invaded Iran. e. continued his fight for an independent Tibet.

How did the experience of the 1960s shape America's neoconservatives? a. Neoconservatives came to believe that even the best-intentioned social programs did more harm than good. b. The expense of the space race convinced them that they had to give up fighting the Cold War. c. The U.S. experience in the Vietnam War taught neoconservatives to wage wars with all available resources. d. The prosperity under the stewardship of liberal Democrats convinced them that New Deal economics were the path for the future. e. Their own exposure to drugs, sex, and rock-and-roll made them more likely to be libertarians at heart.

Increasingly visible during the 1990s, Asian-Americans: a. were hailed by white Americans as a "model minority." b. all earned high incomes. c. tended to send their children to work rather than to school. d. began returning to their countries of origin. e. were still forbidden by law to marry non-Asians.

NAFTA: a. created a free-trade zone for the United States, Mexico, and Canada. b. created a free-trade zone for the United States, Great Britain, and Canada. c. was hailed by organized labor and environmental groups. d. raised tariffs significantly against imports from South America. e. created a free-trade zone for the United States, Japan, and western Europe.

Nixon's Family Assistance Plan: a. proposed to guarantee a minimum income for all Americans. b. won approval by Congress. c. was seen as too radical by liberals. d. replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children. e. was seen as inadequate by conservatives.

On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated: a. while in Memphis, supporting a garbage workers' strike. b. as he launched the Poor People's Campaign in Dallas. c. and while the nation mourned his death, there was no violence. d. and congressional support for the Open Housing Act declined. e. and no one was ever charged for the crime.

Operation Desert Storm: a. quickly drove the Iraqi army out of Kuwait. b. ousted Saddam Hussein from power. c. lacked a clear strategic political goal. d. was criticized by the United Nations.

Operation Enduring Freedom was launched in October 2001: a. against Afghanistan, because the nation was harboring Osama bin Laden. b. against Saudi Arabia, because it was harboring Osama bin Laden. c. against Afghanistan, because the United States did not approve of the Taliban's treatment of women. d. against Afghanistan, because the Afghan government had ordered the terrorist attacks of September 11. e. as a way to combat rising unemployment.

Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment, like Phyllis Schlafly, argued that the passage of the ERA would: a. take away a woman's right to be a housewife. b. finally make women truly equal citizens, a goal set forth at Seneca Falls over a century before. c. be amended so as to exclude women from being drafted into the armed forces. d. not change anything, and so its ratification would mean nothing. e. elevate women to a superior class, allowing women to outnumber men in politics, professional jobs, and higher education programs within a decade.

President Barack Obama surprised both his supporters and his opponents with: a. his conduct in the war on terror from Guantanamo Bay to Libya. b. his nominations to the Supreme Court. c. his lack of special legislation to address the plight of African-Americans. d. "Obamacare." e. revelations about his affair with a White House intern.

Proposition 187, approved by California voters in 1994: a. denied illegal immigrants and their children access to welfare and education. b. expanded the "prison-industrial complex" with a tough three-strikes law. c. reinstated the bracero program and solved many of its immigration problems. d. banned bilingual education and abolished the segregation of immigrant schoolchildren. e. banned affirmative action in education, employment, and government.

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring inspired the ___________ movement. a. environmental b. feminist c. gay liberation d. conservative e. Indian

Republican Barry Goldwater viewed as a threat to freedom: a. the New Deal welfare state. b. the nuclear weapons buildup. c. the military-industrial complex. d. the proliferation of private charities. e. large corporations.

The "Second Gilded Age": a. could describe the 1980s, a decade where making deals was more profitable for companies than making products. b. was a Mondale-Ferraro 1984 campaign slogan slamming Reagan's coddling of the rich. c. could describe the 1980s, a decade where organized labor made substantial gains as it had in the 1890s. d. was the title of a 1980s documentary about "yuppies" who sold out to the financial establishment. e. ended with a federal budget surplus.

The 1960 sit-in at Greensboro, North Carolina: a. sparked similar successful demonstrations throughout the South. b. did not end with integration of the Woolworth's lunch counter. c. encountered a harsh reaction from Greensboro's police force, which jailed the four ringleaders. d. was staged in one of the most notoriously racist cities of the South, where angry residents remained deeply committed to the racial divide. e. ended in a riot with ten injured.

The 2000 presidential race between George W. Bush and Al Gore was: a. finally decided by the Supreme Court. b. decided by the Florida attorney general. c. in question because of voter fraud in Florida. d. a landslide victory for Bush. e. finally decided by the U.S. Senate.

The Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision: a. created a woman's constitutional right to an abortion. b. was the least controversial piece of the rights revolution. c. provoked little opposition. d. declared school prayer was unconstitutional. e. legalized birth control.

The claims of conservative Tea Party activists in 2010 included that: a. President Obama was born in Africa, not the United States. b. President Obama secretly worked to prevent a new health care law. c. President Obama had not won the 2008 election with a majority vote. d. the President wanted to repeal the Fourteenth Amendment birthright to citizenship. e. Democratic senators were gerrymandering their districts to secure their seats.

What contradiction did the Reagan presidency reveal about modern conservatism? a. Reagan's policies enriched investors and CEOs but eviscerated the economies and communities of the industrial heartland. b. Conservatives promised to destroy labor unions, only to depend on their political support in elections. c. Republicans brought more women into public office than any other party, but actively legislated for men's rights. d. Conservatives cut spending dramatically, only to complain about a lack of public services. e. The Republican Party was driven by young conservatives but ruled by the oldest president on record.

What did demonstrators demand in the "Battle of Seattle"? a. International standards for working conditions. b. An end to sanctions against Cuba. c. An end to global trade and capital flows. d. The resignation of Bill Clinton. e. A new contract for workers in the coffee trade.

What is a visible sign of Native American quasi-sovereignty? a. Casinos. b. Reservations. c. Citizenship. d. Increase in professional jobs. e. Political participation.

What made Barack Obama's presidential campaign "the first political campaign of the twenty-first century"? a. Its widespread use of the Internet to raise money and communicate directly with voters. b. Its use of televised debates. c. Its use of television advertisements. d. Its use of direct calling. e. Its use of direct mailings.

Which of the following statements about the Black Lives Matter movement is NOT accurate? a. It focused on narrow platform policy, rather than a broad claim to black humanity. b. Members demanded that police practices be changed and officers using excessive force be held accountable. c. Public reaction to the movement was mixed and racially divided. d. It emerged in response to the deaths of unarmed black men at the hands of police and other authorities. e. It made extensive use of current technology and social media to organize.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of Proposition 13? a. It did not result in fewer funds for libraries and schools, as opponents claimed it would. b. Although proposed by California conservatives, it reflected the growing anti-tax mood of the rest of the nation. c. Businesses and homeowners benefited greatly from its passage. d. It proved taxation could be a trenchant issue for politicians and American voters. e. Many states adopted similar propositions after its passage.

Why did the CIA seek to destabilize the government of Chile after 1970? a. The country had elected socialist Salvador Allende into office. b. The U.S. sought to prevent the coup of General Augusto Pinochet. c. The Chilean government had blocked U.S. access to Chilean copper mines. d. The government of Chile had provided North Vietnam with covert support. e. Chile had been hosting Che Guevara, a long-time public enemy to the United States.

Why did the number of Americans receiving food stamps rise after 2008? a. President Obama had eased eligibility requirements. b. The Midwestern farm lobby had pushed for an expansion of the program. c. The number of needy Americans skyrocketed with the recession. d. Americans had become increasingly comfortable with handouts. e. Illegal immigrants became eligible for food stamps in 2009.

Why is the characterization of the war on terror as a "clash of civilizations"—the West versus Islam—unhistorical? a. It denies the militancy of Christian sects. b. It ignores the militant tendencies of Buddhism. c. It denies a long past of cultural exchanges between the two. d. It exaggerates the diversity of Islamic countries. e. It undermines the liberation struggle of the Arab Spring.

Why was the Iraq War compared to Vietnam? a. Both had begun as nation-building projects. b. Both featured free elections overseen by American officials that resulted in stable governments. c. Both featured American policymakers with little knowledge of the country to which they sent troops. d. Both the Vietnamese and Iraqi people welcomed American troops as liberators. e. A and C

All of the following statements about John Kerry and the 2004 presidential campaign are true EXCEPT Kerry: a. was a Vietnam War veteran. b. was very in touch with the people and embraced by the common man. c. was from Massachusetts and a Catholic. d. was nominated by the Democrats. e. voted for the Iraq War in the Senate, but denounced the war while campaigning.

Anita Hill: a. worked for the Environmental Protection Agency. b. charged Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas with sexual harassment in 1991. c. testified against Clarence Thomas at Senate hearings, resulting in the denial of his confirmation to the Supreme Court. d. retracted her sexual harassment charges upon Clarence Thomas's confirmation to the Supreme Court. e. left politics to attend law school.

Because of the 1965 changes in immigration laws, thirty-five years later the immigrant population in the United States: a. had declined significantly. b. increasingly came from Asia and Latin America. c. increasingly came from eastern Europe. d. had stayed about the same. e. centered in rural areas.

By the end of 1991, Soviet attempts at economic reform had created chaos, and the: a. Soviet military staged a successful coup. b. Soviet Union dissolved, ending the Cold War. c. United States had to intervene with financial aid. d. Soviets sought U.S. assistance. e. Soviets turned to the United Nations for help.

Determined to overturn the Vietnam syndrome, President Reagan: a. refused to commit U.S. troops abroad. b. sent troops to Grenada and Lebanon. c. expanded Jimmy Carter's policy of human rights. d. sent troops to overthrow a repressive dictatorship in Chile. e. refused monetary aid for the repressive governments in El Salvador and Guatemala.

During the 1970s, conservatives: a. continued their overt opposition to the black struggle for racial justice. b. insisted on more local control and resisted the power of the federal government. c. employed the fiery rhetoric and direct confrontation tactics of Bull Connor and George Wallace. d. made little progress. e. appealed primarily to urban Americans.

During the 1970s, evangelical Christians: a. significantly declined in number, as they became less vocal. b. significantly increased in number, as they became more vocal. c. became more liberal in their beliefs. d. were banned from holding public office. e. were banned from making television appearances.

Health care reform during Clinton's first term: a. was not a major issue for the president. b. was opposed by drug companies, insurance companies, and doctors. c. was championed by First Lady Hillary Clinton, who succeeded in getting Congress to back her universal coverage plan. d. became a policy priority for congressional Republicans who opposed the Clinton plan. e. was easily understood by most voters and received little criticism.

How did the 2013 Supreme Court ruling invalidate the heart of the Voting Rights Act of 1965? a. The entire act was declared unconstitutional, since evidence of racial bias in southern election law no longer met the Court's burden of proof standard. b. The southern states cited in the original law no longer needed approval from the Justice Department before changing their election laws. c. The Court threw out the law's original provision providing federal protection for African-American voters at the polls in four southern states. d. Limitations were removed from the range of acceptable voter identification required for same-day registration at the polls. e. The Court declared that literacy tests were no longer necessary.

How did trickle-down economics claim to increase government tax revenues? a. By increasing the tariff. b. By lowering tax rates. c. By raising taxes. d. By lowering wages. e. By increasing the tax burden on the poor.

In 2008, testifying before Congress, Alan Greenspan, the former head of the Federal Reserve Bank: a. argued that regulation would damage banks, Wall Street, and the mortgage market. b. admitted that there had been a "flaw" in his long-held conviction that free markets would produce the best results. c. argued that the federal government should allow unregulated economic competition. d. argued that banks and investment firms should regulate themselves. e. called for deregulation and artificially low interest rates.

In a Supreme Court decision in 2003, the right to use affirmative action in college admissions was: a. found unconstitutional. b. reaffirmed. c. supported by President Bush. d. declared unnecessary in the twenty-first century. e. left intentionally vague.

In response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Carter pursued all of the following policies EXCEPT: a. boycotting the Moscow Olympics. b. breaking off diplomatic relations with Pakistan. c. placing an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union. d. funneling aid to fundamentalist Muslims in Afghanistan who fought a guerilla war against the Soviets. e. dramatically increased American military spending.

Mikhail Gorbachev: a. accused Reagan of presiding over an "evil empire." b. inaugurated political openness and economic reform in the Soviet Union. c. was reviled by Reagan for his unwillingness to negotiate arms reduction. d. ensured the Soviet Union would continue as a strong ally of the United States in the future. e. was dedicated to maintaining Russia's military budget.

Militia groups arose in America during the 1990s: a. to protest the increasing influence of the Christian Coalition. b. and engaged in acts of domestic terrorism. c. but were quickly eliminated by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). d. but posed no immediate threat to the nation. e. and were based primarily in the Northeast.

The "Freedom Revolution" was: a. the collapse of communism in eastern Europe. b. the Republican victory at the 1994 congressional elections. c. the end of apartheid in South Africa. d. the mass organization of middle-class African-American men in Washington, D.C. e. what Democrats called Bill Clinton's victory in 1992.

The Kyoto Protocol of 1997: a. was an apology to Japan for the dropping of the atomic bombs. b. addressed the issue of global warming and was rejected by President Bush. c. addressed the issue of global warming and was supported by President Bush. d. was a trade agreement between Japan and the United States. e. was a declaration of war guilt by the Japanese.

The Moral Majority: a. favored abortion rights. b. feared family values were being undermined. c. focused on taxes and the federal debt. d. wanted divorces to be easier to obtain. e. favored decreasing military spending.

The borderlands of the Southwest: a. had only rarely been a source of tension for Americans since the passage of the Hart-Cellar Act. b. emerged as an area of renewed anxiety for some Americans in the wake of the September 11 attacks. c. only infrequently enjoyed close cultural and community connections to Mexico. d. seemed less of a national security threat than the borderlands of the Pacific Northwest. e. were not largely affected by the September 11 attacks because of their location.

The free speech movement: a. failed in its efforts to establish free speech on college campuses. b. began in Berkeley to protest a campus ban on political groups convening and distributing literature at a central meeting place. c. began in Los Angeles to protest a campus ban on political literature. d. began in Port Huron to protest a campus ban on political literature. e. had little support among college-age students at the time.

What did the USA Patriot Act empower law enforcement agencies to do? a. Convict U.S. citizens without trial. b. Wiretap and spy on citizens without their knowledge. c. Detain family members to secure the surrender of a suspect. d. Employ physical torture to extract evidence from suspected gang members. e. Prevent defendants from learning the charges brought against them.

What was the response to the 2006 House of Representatives bill that criminalized offering assistance to illegal immigrants? a. Silence from the mainstream media. b. Mass protests staged by legal and illegal immigrants nationwide. c. "self-deportation" en masse. d. Mass arrests of people distributing water to immigrants in Texas. e. Many Americans assisted in deporting thousands of illegal immigrants.

Which of the following factors did NOT drive increasing immigration from Mexico in the 1990s? a. Poverty in Mexico. b. Superior public services in the United States. c. Proximity to the United States. d. High birthrates in Mexico. e. Jobs in the United States.

Which of the following is NOT true of Wal-Mart? a. By 2010, it was the largest employer in Mexico. b. By the early twenty-first century, it was the second-largest corporate employer in America (after Apple). c. It paid most of its 1.6 million nonunionized workers slightly less than minimum wage. d. It was a global giant discount retail chain. e. It aggressively opposed collective bargaining.

Which of the following organizations does NOT belong in this group? a. SNCC. b. YAF. c. CORE. d. SDS. e. NAACP.

Which of the following statements about the Occupy movement is FALSE? a. It resembled 1930s sit-down strikes. b. It eventually died out and failed to inspire any other similar movements. c. It ensured the phrase "the one percent" would enter America's political vocabulary. d. It began as a grassroots protest against Wall Street malfeasance and growing inequality in America

Conservative Supreme Court justice Anthony Kennedy, writing for the majority in the Lawrence v. Texas and Obergefell v. Hodges rulings: a. described the Constitution as a document bound by the "original intent" of the nation's founding fathers. b. suggested constitutional interpretation must normally rest on a narrow reading of the text. c. reaffirmed the liberal view of the Constitution as a "living document," whose protections expand as society changes. d. offered no explanation for the Court's upholding of state laws banning same-sex marriages. e. upheld the conservative view of reading the "original intent" of the Founders and amendment authors.

Early in 2003, President Bush announced that the United States would go to war against Iraq: a. with the full support of the United Nations. b. because its dictator, Saddam Hussein, had ordered the terrorist attacks on September 11. c. because it was believed that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction. d. with the full support of the international community. e. and unlike during the Vietnam War, an anti-war movement did not develop.

How could the trend of mass imprisonment in the late twentieth century have been avoided? a. Schools could have offered more civic lessons. b. Hospitals should have kept a closer eye on the mentally ill. c. State legislators could have refused to criminalize drug use. d. Northeastern states should not have abolished the death penalty. e. States could have applied the death penalty more liberally.

How did Obama use "human rights" as a political weapon? a. He threatened to withdraw aid from Israel if it did not end its occupation of the West Bank. b. He temporarily moved the American Fifth Fleet out of its base in Bahrain, until the government agreed to stop jailing peaceful political dissenters. c. He condemned China, but said virtually nothing about human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia and other nations that were U.S. allies in the war on terror. d. He accused congressional Republicans of aiding the rise of ISIS at their refusal to fund additional ground troops in Iraq. e. He threatened to send more ground troops to Iraq unless the government passed legislation to protect "human rights."

How did Phyllis Schlafly and her supporters invoke the principle of freedom in the battle over the ERA? a. They argued that freedom for American women was best experienced through their husbands. b. They argued that "freedom" for American women had already been achieved with the Nineteenth Amendment. c. They argued it was the "free enterprise system" that truly liberated American women, because home appliances freed them from time-consuming labor. d. Schlafly and her supporters never spoke of American freedom. e. They said women could already pursue a career outside the home thanks to job training programs and colleges' admittance of women.

How did President Clinton respond to the Republican victory in the 1994 congressional elections? a. He grew increasingly radical in his opposition to Republicans. b. He brought Republicans into his cabinet in order to build a more bipartisan government. c. He campaigned against radical Republicans and moved toward the center. d. He increasingly embraced the position of the Democratic left. e. He intensified his alliance with Democrats in the Senate.

How did revelations about the U.S. military prison in Abu Ghraib, Iraq, change the position of the United States in the world? a. Aware of American capabilities, terrorists began to proceed more cautiously. b. Understanding that American forces took human rights less seriously overseas, Al Qaeda began to focus its activities in the developing world. c. The incident undermined the reputation of the United States as a nation that adhered to standards of civilized behavior and the rule of law. d. Realizing that the United States was overwhelmed by the task at hand, previously neutral European nations decided to assist the United States with the occupation of Iraq. e. International observers started to pay more attention to American prison practices and strengthened their criticism of mass imprisonment within the United States.

In 1992, Bill Clinton secured the Democratic nomination for president because he: a. promised to expand welfare. b. pledged to continue the policies of President Bush in the Middle East. c. combined social liberalism with elements of conservatism. d. promised to restrict access to abortion. e. did not support gay rights.

School segregation: a. increased in the 1990s, due to new racial mandates overseen by local school districts. b. declined significantly in the 1990s, thanks to changing racial attitudes. c. increased in the 1990s, as a result of housing patterns. d. declined because of two key Supreme Court rulings. e. remained about the same despite federal support.

The 1995 truck bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City was organized by: a. militant African-American separatists. b. a left-wing paramilitary group. c. a far-right private militia group. d. Islamic fundamentalists. e. Osama bin Laden.

The Hurricane Katrina disaster highlighted which of the following to Americans in 2005? a. The housing crisis was a minor problem compared to natural disaster. b. Global warming required immediate action and generous government funds. c. The nation and its economic recovery remained dependent on the price of oil. d. Racial segregation in the lower wards of New Orleans had not changed since the 1950s. e. A Democratically dominated Congress was as unsympathetic to the poor as a Republican one.

The Iran-Contra affair: a. was a scandal that brought down Reagan's cabinet, as well as high-ranking officials in the Marine Corps. b. resulted in the seizure of a secret Iranian oil reserve owned by Oliver North. c. was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration. d. refers to the U.S. efforts to overthrow the shah. e. was quickly discovered by Congress soon after it began.

The effect of undocumented immigrants on the economy of the United States: a. is a settled question among economists. b. has not yet been a subject of study, so no data exists. c. appears to push down wages for those at the bottom of the economic ladder. d. is negligible in terms of consumer spending and additional tax revenue. e. is limited because there are only a few thousand working in the United States.

The handling of the Iranian hostage crisis: a. was a diplomatic achievement for President Carter. b. restored Americans' confidence in their nation. c. made Jimmy Carter appear weak and inept. d. made Ronald Reagan appear weak and inept. e. ended with the signing of the Camp David Accords.

The term "pay gap" refers to the difference in: a. pay differences between workers and CEOs. b. pay rates for skilled and unskilled workers. c. pay rates between men and women. d. pay gaps between new hires and senior employees. e. the difference between gross income and take-home pay.

What did congressional Republicans denounce as a "government takeover" in March 2010? a. A financial reform bill that required the breakup of big banks. b. Western state officials assuming control of national parks within their borders. c. A sweeping health care bill that required all Americans to purchase health insurance. d. An executive order that mandated an expansion of Medicare and Medicaid in twenty-three states. e. A labor bill requiring unions to appoint government officials in executive positions.

What was Reagan's reaction to the air traffic controllers' strike? a. He ordered permanent military jurisdiction for the nation's air traffic control system. b. He convinced those on strike to come back to the bargaining table and renegotiate their contracts. c. He fired all of the air traffic controllers on strike. d. He had the Justice Department sue PATCO, the air traffic controllers' union. e. He ordered the National Guard to take control.

What was the Contract with America? a. A press term for the Clinton reelection strategy. b. Clinton's 256-page proposal to overhaul the nation's welfare system. c. A 1994 Republican plan to steeply cut federal education, medical, and environmental programs. d. A speech delivered by Clinton that promised to continue to work on health care reform. e. what Democrats called Bill Clinton's victory in 1992.

Which of the following statements about Saddam Hussein turned out to be true? a. He possessed a mobile chemical weapons laboratory. b. He had hidden weapons of mass destruction in his many palaces. c. He was a horrible tyrant who ruled Iraq ruthlessly. d. He was hiding in his palace as a safe haven from the war. e. He was seeking to acquire uranium in Africa to build nuclear weapons.

Which of the following statements about the Internet is FALSE? a. The Internet expanded the flow of information more radically than any invention since the printing press. b. The Internet began as a high-speed military communications network. c. The Internet was always intended to be owned and operated by private telecommunications companies. d. The Internet was available to those with personal computers. e. The Internet seemed the beginning of a new democratic and public means of communication in "cyberspace."

Who in George H. W. Bush's administration disagreed strongly with Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney about the future of national security after the Cold War? a. Vice President Donald Rumsfeld. b. George W. Bush, the president's son. c. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Colin Powell. d. A young senator from Illinois, Barack Obama. e. President Bush himself.

Why did Goldman Sachs have to pay a fine of half a billion dollars in 2010? a. It had underwritten most of the subprime mortgages during the real estate boom. b. It had failed to document its business structure to the Securities and Exchange Commission. c. It had knowingly sold toxic mortgage-based securities and then bet on their failure. d. It had illegally financed the presidential campaign of Democratic president Obama. e. It had failed to reform its management and business practice in the wake of the mortgage crisis.

"Obamacare": a. included a provision for government-run health insurance called "the public option." b. was bitterly opposed by congressional Republicans because most favored a "single-payer" plan. c. survived two challenges to its constitutionality. d. was partially repealed in 2013 in order to avert a government shutdown. e. led to the expansion of Medicaid in Republican controlled states.

. What, according to author Eric Foner, would be the best possible outcome of the Rwandan genocide and the ethnic cleansing during the Balkan wars in the mid-1990s? a. A United Nations with a stronger military arm. b. An expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. c. A European Union with a more interventionist mind-set. d. A more effective international system for the protection of human rights. e. A two-state solution for Hutu and Tutsi.

After the September 11 attacks, who authorized the National Security Agency (NSA) to listen to domestic telephone conversations without a court warrant? a. Defense Secretary Rumsfeld. b. State Secretary Powell. c. National Security Advisor Rice. d. President Bush. e. Central Intelligence Director Tenet.

All of the following contributed to the banking crisis of 2008 EXCEPT: a. the Federal Reserve Bank had kept interest rates at unprecedentedly low levels. b. banks and other lending institutions issued "subprime" mortgages. c. Wall Street bankers developed complex ways of repackaging and selling "subprime" mortgages to investors. d. the Federal Reserve Bank and other regulatory agencies slowed the speculative frenzy. e. public and private policies favored economic speculation and get-rich-quick schemes.

All of the following statements about President Obama's inaugural address are true EXCEPT: a. he promised a foreign policy based on diplomacy rather than on unilateral force. b. his address harked back to the Revolutionary-era ideal of putting the common good before individual self-interest. c. he blamed a culture of "greed and irresponsibility" for helping to bring on the economic crisis. d. he spoke about freedom repeatedly. e. he spoke of the need to combat income inequality and lack of access to health care.

Bush v. Gore ordered: a. victory to be given to Bush. b. the recount in Florida to finish within one week. c. Florida to vote again in a separate election. d. Florida to halt its recount. e. Florida to audit its balloting machines.

Casey v. Planned Parenthood of Pennsylvania: a. upheld the view that those who used violence against abortion clinics had to be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. b. ruled that a woman had to inform her husband before getting an abortion. c. overturned Roe v. Wade. d. repudiated the centuries-old claim that a husband had a legal claim to control his wife's body. e. was a triumph for supporters of the pro-life position.

During the 1990s, twenty-three states passed laws: a. legalizing gay marriage. b. limiting the rights of gay, lesbian, and bisexual Americans. c. banning all abortions except for medical emergencies. d. making English the official language. e. raising the drinking age to twenty-one.

During the Balkan crisis, President Clinton: a. refused to commit U.S. troops. b. blocked UN attempts to assist in the region. c. provided minimal economic aid but refused to send troops. d. supported NATO's efforts by deploying American planes and ground troops. e. advocated the reunification of Yugoslavia.

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld ruled that: a. Hamdan was so dangerous he ought to be sent back to Saudi Arabia. b. a prisoner held at Guantanamo Bay could challenge his incarceration in federal court. c. it was constitutional for the National Security Agency to wiretap domestic calls without a court order. d. the president had to uphold the Geneva Conventions. e. in times of war, the president had unlimited authority.

How did President Bush characterize the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan? a. As a "mission accomplished." b. As an end to the "axis of evil." c. As the triumph of a "coalition of the willing." d. As only the beginning of the war on terror. e. As the end of the Al Qaeda terror network.

In order to protect U.S. interests, the Carter Doctrine declared that the United States would: a. never intervene in the affairs of another nation. b. use military force, particularly in Southeast Asia. c. use military force, particularly in the Western Hemisphere. d. use military force, particularly in the Persian Gulf. e. use nuclear weapons only if attacked first.

In the 1990s, the prison population: a. declined because there was little new prison construction. b. experienced shorter sentences and more rehabilitation programs than before. c. increased because crime rates increased in the 1990s. d. increased as state governments increased penalties for crimes and decreased parole. e. declined because states refused to fund the "prison-industrial complex."

In the 2008 election, when Barack Obama "redrew the nation's political map," he: a. only won in Democratic strongholds. b. did extremely well in cities. c. only won in the North and West. d. won in states that had been reliably Republican for years as well as in Democratic strongholds. e. won 53 percent of the popular vote and a large majority in the electoral college.

President Bill Clinton: a. abolished child poverty. b. terminated the food stamp program. c. ended public housing programs. d. replaced welfare with state grants. e. initiated diplomatic ties with China.

President George H. W. Bush's first major foreign policy action was: a. a call for the continuation of the Cold War with the Soviets. b. the overthrow of Panamanian leader General Manuel Noriega. c. the invasion of Kuwait. d. attendance at an economic summit in Geneva, Switzerland. e. to launch Operation Desert Storm.

Prior to the new national security atmosphere of the war on terror, what had separated Americans from the historical abuses of the CIA and FBI during the 1950s and 1960s? a. The national security reforms of the Reagan administration. b. The liberal civil rights enhancements of the Clinton administration. c. The radical expansions of civil liberties under the Warren and Burger courts. d. The discoveries of the Church Committee in the wake of Nixon's resignation. e. The political reforms of the Republican Congress under Newt Gingrich.

The Defense of Marriage Act: a. redefined marriage as a state-sanctioned union of either same or opposite-sex couples. b. was vetoed by Bill Clinton. c. applied only to members of the military. d. was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 2013.

The Equal Rights Amendment: a. stated that equality of rights under the law could not be abridged on account of sex. b. was revived by second-wave feminists and was expected to arouse controversy, given its lack of support among a majority of congressional Republicans. c. had originally been proposed in 1920 by former suffragists. d. A and C e. A and B

The Reagan Revolution: a. included an emphasis on global human rights. b. introduced an expanded welfare state. c. strengthened the labor movement. d. included cuts to government programs.

The election of 1980 reflected: a. the end of conservatism. b. the validation of big government. c. a return to progressivism. d. growing frustration over America's condition. e. a referendum for the ERA.

What did Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East and evangelical Christianity in the United States have in common at the beginning of the twenty-first century? a. Both religious movements overwhelmingly attracted white men. b. Both religious trends were only possible because of the Internet. c. Both aided in the radical redistribution of wealth from top to bottom. d. Both attracted followers partly because of the global spread of mass entertainment. e. Both were strongly anti-capitalist in their theology.

What did President George W. Bush's frequent references to freedom and liberty in his second inaugural address indicate? a. He was more determined than ever to impose American democracy on the Middle East. b. He was willing to expand his foreign policy focus from Iraq to North Korea. c. He had decided to push for the repeal of the USA Patriot Act. d. He wanted to restore support for the Iraq War with a focus on liberation, not terror.

What general political trend coincided with a significant increase in private and corporate spending in political campaigns at the turn of the twenty-first century? a. An increase in voter participation. b. An increase in party membership. c. An increase in newspaper subscriptions. d. A withdrawal of people from the public sphere. e. An increasing interest in anti-monopoly legislation.

What important piece of legislation tried to target the origins of the great recession in 2010? a. "Obamacare." b. TARP—the Troubled Asset Relief Program. c. The bailout of the nation's automakers. d. The bank regulation reform law. e. The No Child Left Behind Act.

What made Bush's 2002 "National Security Strategy" fundamentally different from previous American policy? a. It began by defining freedom. b. It called for a huge military buildup. c. It did not refrain from nuclear weapons. d. It advocated the use of preemptive war. e. It called for multilateral action.

What setback did the Bush administration suffer in its war on terror in 2008? a. The House voted for the immediate withdrawal of troops from Iraq. b. The press disclosed the secret family ties between the Bush family and the Saudi Arabian monarchy. c. The Senate began its investigations into the corruption and abuses of Vice President Dick Cheney's former company, Halliburton. d. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Guantanamo Bay detainees could invoke rights under the U.S. Constitution. e. U.S. troops had to withdraw from Iraq.

What was the fate of the chief officers of Enron? a. They were never tried before a court of law. b. They left the country for a Caribbean island. c. They were ordered to pay billions of dollars to compensate investors. d. They were convicted of multiple counts of fraud. e. They were sentenced to life in prison.

Which of the following assessments of the Carter administration in 1980 is accurate? a. Without his masterful resolution to the Iranian hostage crisis, Carter's reelection would have been doubtful. b. Prior to Reagan's announcement that he was going to run for president, few Americans would have doubted Carter's reelection. c. Only Carter's defeat in the 1980 election saved him from almost certain impeachment by a heavily Republican Congress. d. Carter's approval ratings in 1980 had fallen lower than Nixon's at the time of his resignation. e. Carter's bold boycott of the Moscow Olympics in protest over the invasion of Afghanistan dramatically improved his chances at reelection.

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the Iran Crisis? a. The American hostages in Iran were released the day Carter left office. b. In 1979, a popular revolution overthrew the shah and Iran became an Islamic state. c. The Iranian Revolution signaled that opposition movements in Middle Eastern countries were shifting to religious fundamentalist ideologies. d. After Carter refused the deposed shah entry for medical treatment in the United States, his exiled internal security force invaded the U.S. Embassy in Teheran and took American hostages. e. The crisis made Carter look inept and helpless.

Which of the following statements best describes the legacy of the War on Poverty? a. Its overwhelming success suggested that restoring Americans' economic security was ultimately more important than securing their civil rights. b. It cemented Lyndon Johnson's reputation as one of the most popular presidents in American history. c. It transformed the condition of life in poor urban neighborhoods. d. It helped significantly reduce America's incidence of poverty. e. It had a large effect on the infrastructure of the South.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the outcome of the My Lai Massacre? a. The military cover-up of the atrocity prevented the guilty parties from ever facing trial. b. American public opinion declared the defendants guilty before there even was a trial. c. The leaders responsible for the massacre were all sentenced to life and remain in jail to this day. d. One person was found guilty in this killing of 350 civilians, but was released in 1974. e. The event prompted Americans to reflect more deeply on the implications of the Nuremberg trials.

Which of the following technologies had the LEAST influential effect on American life? a. Computer games. b. Cell phones. c. Computers. d. Video cassettes. e. Microchips.

Which of the following was a liability for President Obama as he entered his reelection campaign of 2012? a. He had authorized a constitutionally questionable raid that killed Osama bin Laden. b. The U.S. Supreme Court had struck down most of the Affordable Care Act. c. He had failed to provide an authentic Hawaiian birth certificate to prove the legitimacy of his presidency. d. Unemployment remained high even though the recession was officially over. e. Americans disapproved of the troop withdrawal from Iraq late in 2011.

Why did President Carter cut off aid to Argentina in 1978? a. He was protesting the military junta under Augusto Pinochet that had grabbed power in a coup. b. He was sending a signal to the socialist Allende movement, which had nationalized the American-dominated petroleum industry in that South American nation. c. Carter was expressing his support for Great Britain's prime minister Margaret Thatcher and its seizure of the Falkland Islands. d. A brutal military dictatorship had emerged there, waging a dirty war against its own citizens. e. A trade war between American and Argentinian beef producers had escalated to a diplomatic crisis.

Why did more American women hold paying jobs in mid-2009 than men? a. A significant proportion of American men were serving with the armed forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. b. The boom in the service and retail sectors of the economy at the time had significantly pushed employment among women. c. The much larger proportion of women among immigrants tipped the balance. d. Men were more likely to lose their jobs during the great recession. e. Employers were increasingly discriminating against white men.

Why did the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) emerge at the Democratic Party convention in Atlantic City in 1964? a. The MFDP had won local elections in Mississippi. b. The MFDP was the white supremacist delegation sent to New Jersey by white Mississippians. c. The MFDP had received a personal invitation from the family of the deceased President John F. Kennedy. d. The MFDP challenged the state's Democratic Party's claim that it represented Mississippi fairly. e. The MFDP organized white supremacists in Mississippi unhappy with Lyndon Johnson's civil rights plank.

Why was the bitter political partisanship in Washington, D.C., in the 1990s so unexpected? a. Republicans had denounced Reagan's new conservatism and returned to the more moderate brand of Gerald Ford and Nelson Rockefeller. b. The tensions in foreign affairs had reinforced a sense of national solidarity in both major parties. c. The economic crisis of the decade had convinced Republicans and Democrats that they needed to join forces for an effective political response. d. The new president, Bill Clinton, was moving clearly toward the political center. e. Bill Clinton had been able to attract millions of Republican voters in 1992.

According to President George W. Bush's message to the American people in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, what would have kept terrorists from attacking the United States? a. Better education. b. Better economic opportunities. c. A love of country. d. A true Christian faith. e. A love of freedom.

Affirmative action was: a. found unconstitutional during the Nixon administration. b. mandated by law only for construction workers. c. implemented only in Philadelphia. d. never a priority during the Nixon administration. e. first pursued and then abandoned by the Nixon administration. `

Bill Clinton was easily reelected in 1996 because he: a. promised to restore the welfare state. b. pledged to increase the Aid to Families with Dependent Children. c. vowed to get a national health insurance bill through Congress. d. supported abolishing affirmative action. e. embraced popular Republican policies.

Black Power emerged as a response to all of the following factors EXCEPT: a. frustrations over the federal government's failure to stop violence against civil rights workers. b. white workers' attempts to determine the civil rights movement's strategy. c. the civil rights movement's failure to have any impact on the economic problems of black ghettos. d. the growing ideas of racial self-assertion and black self-determination. e. the passage of the Civil Rights Act.

During his first year in office, George W. Bush: a. raised tax rates for wealthy Americans. b. sponsored legislation to protect the environment. c. supported the accelerated reduction of nuclear weapons. d. had the full support of Congress, which had a commanding Republican majority. e. persuaded Congress to enact the largest tax cut in American history.

Globalization: a. had little to do with the collapse of communism. b. was symbolized by corporations such as Microsoft and organizations like the WTO. c. is closely associated with the 1990s, although it was not a new phenomenon. d. promoted the free flow of goods and services across borders, but only with a strict regulatory apparatus in place. e. B and C

How could many of the security frauds of the late 1990s and early 2000s have been prevented? a. With a less litigious Security and Exchange Commission. b. With a return to the gold standard. c. With fewer interventions by labor unions. d. With an emphasis on bonds rather than stock markets. e. With the extension of the Glass-Steagall Act.

How did the women's liberation movement inspire a major expansion of the idea of freedom? a. The women's movement included members of the middle class as well as the working class. b. The women's movement included men and women. c. The women's movement included African-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and Anglo-Americans. d. The women's movement took the protest for social justice to the streets. e. The women's movement brought considerations of power and justice inside the family.

In 1998, Congress brought impeachment charges against President Clinton because he: a. had an extramarital affair with a White House staff member. b. authorized a break-in at the Republican national headquarters. c. extorted money from oil companies in exchange for government contracts. d. ordered troops into Somalia without congressional approval. e. lied about his extramarital affair before the grand jury.

In foreign policy, Reagan: a. opposed "authoritarian" noncommunist regimes. b. embraced Carter's emphasis on human rights. c. decreased military spending. d. called for a halt to the development of nuclear weapons. e. initiated the largest military buildup in American history.

In response to the September 11 attacks, the Bush administration: a. banned all Muslims from further entry into the United States. b. blamed the shadowy terrorist organization known as Al Qaeda. c. blamed the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of mastermind Osama bin Laden. d. declared a war on terror. e. B and D

Reagan's economic policies: a. expanded food stamps and school lunch programs. b. enlarged government revenue. c. decreased the national debt. d. strengthened labor unions. e. resulted in a rise in economic inequality.

Rodney King's: a. beating by white police officers was caught on videotape. b. handgun was taken from the glove compartment of his car. c. four assailants were acquitted, setting off riots in the city of Los Angeles. d. routine traffic stop resulted in a citation and caused no further incident. e. A and C

The outcome of the presidential election of 2008 would have been less decisive if: a. the Democratic candidate, Barack Obama, wasn't African-American. b. the Republican candidate, John McCain, had not been so old. c. Sarah Palin had been selected as vice president on John McCain's ticket. d. voter turnout had not been so low. e. President Bush's popularity had not suffered from the recession and the war on terror.

The problem of inequality in America after 2010: a. finally lost momentum with the economic recovery. b. rose as union power declined. c. grew due to rising unemployment and stagnant home sales. d. was a result of corporations such as McDonald's and Wal-Mart paying its workers low wages that hovered around or below minimum wage. e. B and D

The third-party candidate Ross Perot: a. received few votes in the 1992 presidential election. b. criticized only President Bush's foreign policy. c. ran as a Progressive Party candidate. d. received the least votes for a third-party candidate since Theodore Roosevelt. e. received the most votes for a third-party candidate since Theodore Roosevelt.

To combat communism, one of John Kennedy's first acts was to: a. call for a summit meeting between the two superpowers. b. increase military spending on ballistic missiles. c. suggest a ban on nuclear weapons. d. deploy combat troops to Vietnam. e. establish the Peace Corps.

What did President Obama do in his second term that involved historic enemies of the United States? a. He apologized to the governments of Colombia and Honduras for the use of unauthorized military force in the war on drugs. b. He moved to establish diplomatic relations with Cuba. c. His administration helped broker a nuclear energy agreement with Iran. d. He supported a military coup in Egypt that ended badly for the United States. e. B and C

What made the U.S. Supreme Court case of Bush v. Gore in 2000 so unusual? a. It was decided in a 5-4 vote. b. The case had far-reaching implications. c. The public interpreted the justices' disagreements as political in nature. d. It involved two former vice presidents. e. This case was not meant to be a precedent.

What motivated the Sagebrush Rebellion? a. A rising tide of antigovernment sentiment. b. Concern that the federal government planned to cut federal funding for state and national parks in the West. c. The desire of western ranchers for local control of grazing rights on public lands. d. Anger over the loss of jobs with the closing of the Nevada Test Site. e. A and C

What setback did the advocates of the Roe v. Wade decision of 1973 suffer in 1976? a. President Ford vetoed federal funding for abortion. b. The Supreme Court declared bans on abortion constitutional. c. Congress enacted a bill banning abortion from health care policies for federal employees. d. The Supreme Court reversed its position on access to contraception and allowed states to ban condoms. e. Congress overrode Ford's veto and ended federal funding for abortion in the Medicaid program.

What victory could cultural conservatives claim in 1986? a. They had secured a federal ban on pornography in the Supreme Court. b. A majority of states ratified a constitutional amendment banning abortion. c. They succeeded in mandating the labeling of explicit lyrics for hip-hop albums. d. They had secured federal censorship of pornography. e. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state laws banning homosexual acts.

What was the purpose of Freedom Summer? a. To bring national attention to the growing strength of Klan members in Mississippi. b. To register new black voters across the state of Mississippi. c. To address the failure of the Civil Rights Act to include a provision on voting rights in the South. d. To provide field experience for new recruits to CORE and SNCC. e. B and C

What was the result of Lawrence v. Texas? a. The Supreme Court overturned the law on a procedural technicality. b. The Supreme Court declared the criminalization of homosexual acts unconstitutional. c. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state "religious liberty" laws. d. The Supreme Court paved the way for Obergefell v. Hodges twelve years later. e. B and D

What were the student protesters who occupied Tiananmen Square in Beijing in June 1989 demanding? a. Fair wages and better working conditions. b. Suspension of martial law imposed earlier that year. c. An end to communism in China. d. Freedom for Taiwan. e. Greater democracy.

Which of the following best explains George H. W. Bush's loss in the 1992 presidential election? a. Bush seemed out of touch with wealthy Republican campaign donors. b. America was in a recession in 1992. c. Pat Buchanan's angry anti-gay and anti-feminist speech at the Republican convention turned off some moderate Republican voters. d. Third-party candidate Ross Perot became a viable option for some voters. e. B and D

Which of the following is NOT true of the Bush and Obama administrations' efforts to police the southwest border? a. They publicly supported protests against illegal immigration. b. They paid private militias through the Department of Homeland Security to provide extra enforcement at border crossings. c. They sent more U.S. Border Patrol agents to the southwest borderlands. d. They deported more undocumented immigrants. e. A and B

Which of the following was NOT a common destination for immigrants at the turn of the twenty-first century? a. Los Angeles. b. Chicago. c. Miami. d. New York City. e. Wichita.

Which of the following was a job category for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicted strong growth in 2012? a. Teacher. b. Financial service. c. Factory operative. d. Computer programmer. e. Home health aides.

Why was the lack of preparedness of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in the Hurricane Katrina disaster so damaging for the George W. Bush administration? a. As a native of Louisiana, he was expected to display particular care for New Orleans. b. There was nothing unusual about this particular hurricane, but the city and state had not done anything to prepare the city's population. c. President Bush had vociferously denied that hurricanes of this size could ever reach the United States. d. President Bush had been the head of FEMA during his father's presidency. e. The Bush administration had prided itself on its unique focus for homeland security.

Doctors, health insurance companies, and drug companies supported the comprehensive health care plan that was presented by the Clinton administration.

FALSE

Hoping to burnish his conservative credentials, President Richard Nixon refused to expand the welfare state.

FALSE

Immediately after the end of the Vietnam War, Ford issued an unconditional pardon to all of the draft resisters.

FALSE

Investors in the 1990s were deeply skeptical of the new "dot coms," companies that did not seem to actually produce anything.

FALSE

John F. Kennedy was staunchly committed to racial equality and he placed it as his number-one priority in his inaugural address.

FALSE

John F. Kennedy's foreign policy for Latin America, called the Alliance for Progress, was a success.

FALSE

Ross Perot challenged Bill Clinton for the Democratic presidential nomination.

FALSE

The Cuban Missile Crisis did nothing to change John F. Kennedy's attitudes toward the Cold War.

FALSE

The Immigration Reform Act did not alter the rate or national origin of immigration after 1965.

FALSE

The USA Patriot Act is a remarkably short and concise document.

FALSE

The groups that organized the 1999 Seattle protests were anti-globalists.

FALSE

Vice President Cheney was found guilty of perjury in Bush's second term for a leak to the press about a CIA operative in Africa.

FALSE

Worldwide reaction to Bush's "axis of evil" declaration and the National Security Strategy was mostly positive.

FALSE

After Nixon left office, the Senate held hearings that revealed the FBI had spied on millions of Americans and had tried to disrupt the civil rights movement.

TRUE

After the September 11 attacks, Americans experienced a new feeling of common social purpose.

TRUE

Before the 1970s, the American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder.

TRUE

By 2007, polls showed that a large majority of Americans considered the invasion of Iraq a mistake.

TRUE

Coupled with the decade's high rate of economic growth, the War on Poverty succeeded in reducing the incidence of poverty from 22 to 13 percent of American families during the 1960s.

TRUE

Despite the fact that there were 20 million new voters in the presidential election of 2004, only three states changed their electoral votes compared to 2000.

TRUE

During the 1990s, Microsoft head Bill Gates owned as much wealth as the bottom 40 percent of the American population put together.

TRUE

During the Clinton years, human rights emerged as justification for interventions in matters once considered to be the internal affairs of sovereign nations.

TRUE

George H. W. Bush identified the Gulf War as the first step in the struggle to create a world based on democracy and global free trade.

TRUE

George W. Bush was the first president since Herbert Hoover to see the economy lose jobs over the course of a four-year term.

TRUE

Illegal immigrants coming to the United States push down wages at the bottom of the economic ladder, but they spend money and pay taxes.

TRUE

In 1971, for the first time in the twentieth century, the United States experienced a merchandise trade deficit.

TRUE

In 1973, Congress passed the War Powers Act, which required the president to seek congressional approval for the commitment of American troops overseas.

TRUE

Lyndon Johnson held the New Deal view that government had an obligation to assist the less fortunate members of society.

TRUE

President Clinton succeeded in one of his primary goals by eliminating welfare, a hotly contested issue for twenty years or more, from political debate.

TRUE

Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger had an unconventional approach to the Cold War through the policy of détente, which lessened tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.

TRUE

Soon after Americans held Baghdad, insurgents and sectarian fighting between Sunni and Shiite brought the country toward civil war.

TRUE

The man who mobilized the crowds in Moscow to restore Mikhail Gorbachev to office was Boris Yeltsi

TRUE

The morale in the army during the later years of the Vietnam conflict mirrored the social changes sweeping America at home.

TRUE

The movements of the 1960s challenged the 1950s understanding of freedom, which had been linked to the Cold War abroad and to consumer choice at home.

TRUE

The slogan of the March on Washington was "Jobs and Freedom."

TRUE

Unlike the New Deal, the Great Society was a response to prosperity, not depression.

TRUE

Despite efforts by the Supreme Court, the South's public schools were still more segregated by 1990 than the North's.

FALSE

By mid-2003, the American economy: a. had fully recovered from the impact of the terrorist attacks of September 11. b. was slowly recovering, as the number of new jobs increased. c. was mixed, as the recession ended but the unemployment rate rose. d. was especially strong in the technology sector. e. rebounded, as fewer jobs went overseas.

By the year 2000, the AIDS epidemic: a. affected only homosexuals and transgender Americans. b. affected only drug users and hemophiliacs. c. was spreading less rapidly among gay Americans. d. brought an end to the gay rights movement. e. had been brought under control around the world.

As a Washington insider who had served three terms in the Senate, Jimmy Carter was well educated in domestic and foreign policies before becoming president.

FALSE

Bill Clinton won the support of labor in proposing NAFTA.

FALSE

Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry served in the first Gulf War.

FALSE

In 1975, the Vietnam War ended: a. as the only war lost by the United States. b. as a military, political, and social victory for the United States. c. leaving very few Vietnamese casualties. d. leaving many Americans optimistic. e. as a result of the U.S. invasion of Cambodia.

In 1976, Jimmy Carter won the presidential race in part because he: a. promised never to lie to Americans. b. pledged to pardon Richard Nixon. c. did not support affirmative action. d. was well connected within the Washington political scene. e. promised a return to American isolationism.

In what ways did the counterculture represent the fulfillment of the consumer marketplace? a. The counterculture extended the concept of individual choice into every realm of life. b. The counterculture made mass consumption more affordable for college students. c. The counterculture revived the concept of free competition and innovation.

The Church Committee revealed that since the beginning of the Cold War: a. the CIA and FBI had engaged in abusive actions. b. the Catholic Church had secretly channeled funds to Third World countries fighting communism. c. every administration had traded arms for hostages behind the back of Congress. d. the Ku Klux Klan had been receiving funds from the FBI to sabotage the civil rights movement. e. the draft process had unfairly drafted the poor and minorities, while white, middle-class men were often exempt.

The American Indian Movement: a. was in opposition to the Red Power movement. b. demanded the end of the tribal system. c. demanded greater tribal self-government. d. urged all Indians to leave their reservations. e. demanded greater federal control of the reservation system.

The Nixon Administration: a. created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). b. was not interested in enlarging the federal government with new agencies other than the EPA. c. did not support the Endangered Species Act, which was vetoed by Nixon but survived with a congressional override. d. A and C e. was a strong supporter of affirmative action and busing.

In The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan: a. focused on the plight of working-class women. b. emphasized the role of child-rearing for women. c. focused on the discontents of middle-class women. d. focused on the particular plight of black women. e. emphasized the role women played in the anti-war movement.

Malcolm X: a. supported integration efforts. b. worked with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. c. insisted that blacks have economic and political autonomy. d. felt that the Black Power movement went too far. e. was inspired by the efforts of Booker T. Washington.

What opened Malcolm X up to the possibility of interracial cooperation in the United States? a. The interracial harmony he witnessed among Muslims in Saudi Arabia. b. The tragedy of Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. c. The goodwill displayed by white college students of the New Left movement. d. The progressive legislation pushed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. e. The anti-war protests of college students.

Regarding civil rights during his presidency, John F. Kennedy: a. immediately addressed the demands of black activists. b. remained completely uninvolved. c. was reluctant to address the movement's demands until 1963. d. instructed his brother Robert Kennedy to immediately enforce desegregation in the South. e. proposed a civil rights bill his first week in office.

Richard Nixon's New Federalism: a. proposed a decrease in funding for Social Security. b. called for a reduction in all government spending and a balanced budget. c. proposed that a system of block grants be assigned to states to spend as they saw fit. d. demanded that the federal government administer all aid, even on the local level. e. proposed that no new federal agencies be created.

Which of the following was NOT true of the Cuban Missile Crisis? a. The crisis was part of a dispute between the United States and the Soviet Union after a U.S. Navy vessel carrying nuclear warheads was intercepted off the coast of Turkey. b. The crisis erupted after U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. c. The standoff brought the United States to the brink of nuclear war with the Soviet Union. d. Kennedy was appalled by military leaders who had discussed "winning" a nuclear war, prompting him to sign an aboveground nuclear test-ban treaty with the Soviets the following year. e. Kennedy secretly agreed to remove American Jupiter missiles from Turkey.

Richard Nixon's appointments to the Supreme Court were intended to: a. continue the liberal trend set by the Warren Court. b. be balanced with conservatives and liberals. c. lead the Court in a conservative direction. d. break gender barriers by his appointment of the first female justice. e. appease the Democrats, since he had to work with them in Congress on other issues.

Chicano farm workers found a powerful advocate in: a. the bracero program. b. Cesar Chavez. c. Mario Savio. d. Carlos Bulosan. e. the Border Patrol.

In the 1960s, Latino rights in particular were the focus of the: a. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. b. United Farm Workers. c. Mattachine Society. d. Redstockings. e. NAACP.

The Civil Rights Act: a. prohibited racial discrimination in places of public accommodation, but not private accommodation. b. was seen by Lyndon Johnson as "a fitting memorial" to John F. Kennedy, after his assassination. c. did not include a ban on discrimination on the basis of "sex" until the original bill was amended two years later. d. prohibited racial discrimination in places of employment only. e. was amended a year later to prohibit racial discrimination in private accommodations.

The Warren Court: a. was a conservative court with the one exception of Brown v. Board of Education. b. seemed to accept the feminist view of the family as a collection of sovereign individuals rather than a unit with a single male head. c. began a trend to halt the liberal view that had begun in the late 1950s that government had an obligation to provide for the welfare of the citizens. d. condemned Lyndon Johnson for abuses of power taken during the Vietnam War. e. set up the legal precedents that would later lead to a conservative view on abortion rights.

What did events surrounding the Watergate break-in and cover-up suggest about Richard Nixon? a. That despite his involvement after the fact, he believed that even the president was not above the law. b. He was willing to condone illegal activity if it would silence his political enemies. c. His refusal to surrender the White House tapes initially showed strength and bolstered his standing with the American people. d. A and B e. He thought spying, even on Americans, was excusable during wars.

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate about the 1965 Voting Rights Act? a. It was partly the result of the Selma to Montgomery civil rights march where participants were brutally assaulted by police. b. It upheld the right of county officials to oversee black voter registration in cases where provided for by local statute. c. It empowered federal officials to oversee voter registration. d. It was strongly endorsed by President Johnson. e. Congress quickly passed the act after the president's speech.

Why did the gay and lesbian movement become a major concern for members of the political right after the late 1960s? a. They understood that the popular gay movement could convert hundreds and thousands of impressionable youth. b. Thousands of new civil rights movements encouraged gays and lesbians to "come out." c. They feared that gays and lesbians might push for an end to the "don't ask, don't tell" policy. d. They suspected that many among their ranks were gay and lesbian themselves. e. They feared that the gay and lesbian movement might push for higher taxes on the wealthy.

Women's liberation: a. was a single-issue movement that argued for equal pay for equal work. b. was a movement born of other movements where female activists had experienced discriminatory treatment from their male counterparts. c. remained a tiny fringe movement because of its radical tactics, including "consciousness-raising" sessions and a takeover of the 1968 Miss America pageant. d. B and C e. attracted middle-class women, much like the suffrage movement in the early twentieth century.

"Vietnamization" was: a. the Viet Cong's policy of immediate execution of defectors recaptured from the South Vietnamese army. b. Nixon's term for the transformation of young people into "real" Americans when they refrained from protesting against the war. c. Nixon's Vietnam strategy to have American troops gradually withdraw and South Vietnamese troops assume more of the fighting. d. the State Department program offering fast-tracked political asylum for South Vietnamese military officials and their families. e. the spread of American culture in South Vietnam to display the benefits of capitalism.

Barry Goldwater's 1964 campaign emphasized: a. increased taxes to balance the budget. b. an immediate pullout from Vietnam. c. a reduction in governmental regulations. d. racial equality in the United States.

Barry Goldwater's conservative movement: a. marked a departure from the radical conservatism of William Buckley. b. did not find traction among midwestern and eastern transplants to southern California. c. was strongly embraced by the Young Americans for Freedom. d. essentially ended with his landslide defeat in the 1964 presidential election. e. rebuilt the traditional conservative voting base.

By 1968, the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam: a. was less than in 1965. b. was decreasing as the peace process accelerated. c. exceeded half a million as the war became more brutal. d. was reduced, as President Johnson considered running for another term. e. was of little concern to most Americans.

In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled in Loving v. Virginia that: a. suspects could refuse to cooperate with police. b. local elections could be monitored by federal officials. c. state laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional. d. those in police custody had certain rights. e. school prayer was unconstitutional.

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that: a. affirmative action was unconstitutional. b. racial quotas for college admissions were constitutional. c. fixed affirmative action quotas were unconstitutional. d. race could no longer be used as a factor in college admissions. e. gender could no longer be used as a factor in college admissions.

The Berlin Wall: a. was built with the cooperation of West Germany and her western allies, who sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union. b. was torn down in 1989 by a group of Soviet protestors. c. was erected in 1961 by the Soviets to stem the rising tide of emigration from East Berlin to West Berlin. d. became an unlikely symbol of hope that one day the Cold War would end. e. was a temporary defensive measure enacted after a series of riots.

The Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 did all of the following EXCEPT it: a. no longer restricted southern and eastern Europeans. b. limited the amount of immigrants from the Western Hemisphere to 120,000. c. was forced through Congress in response to increasing numbers of Vietnamese refugees. d. provided special provisions for communist country refugees. e. set the total number of immigrants in a year at 290,000.

The New Left: a. was made up mostly of black college students. b. focused its activism on economic justice. c. called for a democracy of citizen participation. d. was made up of children of the Old Left. e. had made its peace with consumer culture.

The Three Mile Island nuclear plant: a. proved the success of the alternative energy resource. b. was the first of its kind to be operational. c. brought a halt to the nuclear energy industry's expansion. d. was the first nuclear plant to have an accident. e. stood as a symbol of American scientific and technologic superiority.

The War on Poverty: a. was first proposed by Richard Nixon as a means to gain support of congressional Democrats during Eisenhower's second term. b. was not a part of Johnson's Great Society agenda. c. concentrated on equipping the poor with skills and rebuilding their spirit and motivation. d. guaranteed an annual income for most Americans. e. focused on understanding economic changes and responding to them.

What did the Supreme Court rulings San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez and Milliken v. Bradley suggest? a. The Court found the Constitution requires equality of school funding. b. The Court recognized a school district's obligation to move its students great distances to achieve racial integration. c. The Court was willing to abandon the idea overturning local control of schools. d. The Court would continue to rule in favor of busing in the future. e. The Court thought education was more important than housing.

What event forced John F. Kennedy to take meaningful action in support of the civil rights movement? a. Selma-to-Birmingham March. b. March on Washington rally. c. King's demonstrations in Birmingham. d. Greensboro sit-ins. e. Freedom Summer campaign.

What triggered the rise of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia? a. The victory of communists in Vietnam in 1975. b. The manipulations of the Soviet KGB secret service in Phnom Penh. c. The invasion of U.S. troops in 1970. d. The assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem. e. The destruction of Viet Kong in Vietnam.

What were the results of the U.S. invasion of neutral Cambodia in 1970? a. The Viet Cong lost access to its Ho Chi Minh Trail. b. South Vietnam gained increasing influence over a weak neighbor. c. The invasion destabilized the nation and ushered in a murderous regime. d. The impressive military action convinced communist China to approach the United States. e. The invasion toppled Cambodia's communist government.

When they were arrested, the burglars at the Watergate apartment complex were breaking into: a. the psychiatrist Daniel Ellsberg's office. b. the Washington Post's headquarters. c. the Democratic Party headquarters. d. George McGovern's apartment. e. the Committee to Reelect the President's (CREEP's) headquarters.

Which of the following best describes Nixon's foreign policy of "détente"? a. It meant a continuation of the status quo. b. The United States was not yet willing to sign arms-control treaties with the Soviet Union. c. As demonstrated by diplomatic visits to both China and the Soviet Union, Nixon sought a peaceful coexistence with communist nations. d. It meant a rejection of Henry Kissinger's "realist" approach to the Cold War. e. It meant Nixon had gone "soft" on communism.

Why are the riots in American cities during the 1960s best understood as battles? a. The Department of Defense deployed regular army units to suppress these uprisings. b. African-American rioters often had received military training in Cuba and Venezuela. c. Urban blacks saw the predominantly white police force as an occupying army. d. Rioters frequently employed weapons otherwise only used in military combat operations. e. Riot squads were organized by the Department of Defense.

Why did the United States continue to support South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem's corrupt and weak regime? a. Diem had the support of his people, which pointed to an eventual South Vietnamese victory over the communists. b. By 1963, Diem's forces had regained much of the Vietnamese countryside from the outnumbered Viet Cong. c. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson feared losing Vietnam to communism. d. U.S. officials were caught by surprise when a military coup led to Diem's death. e. Diem had built a stable and broad base of support for his government using advice from American officials.

After the Stonewall riot: a. gay men and lesbians divided into two separate political movements. b. the gay liberation movement came to an end. c. prejudice against lesbians ended. d. a militant gay liberation movement was born. e. prejudice against gay men increased.

All of the following were part of Martin Luther King Jr.'s Chicago Freedom Movement platform EXCEPT: a. the integration of public housing. b. equal access to mortgages. c. an end to discrimination by employers and unions. d. voter registration of black citizens. e. construction of low-income housing.

During Freedom Summer: a. very few white college students participated. b. only black activists participated in the voter registration campaign. c. signers of the Southern Manifesto launched a campaign against integration. d. a coalition of civil rights groups launched a voter registration drive in Mississippi. e. there was little violence.

How could Birmingham police chief Eugene Connor have undermined Martin Luther King Jr.'s strategy in Birmingham in May 1963? a. He could have arrested more of the protesters. b. He could have requested the National Guard from the governor of Alabama. c. He could have requested federal assistance from President John F. Kennedy. d. He could have allowed the protesters to march unimpeded. e. He could have organized a counter protest by the Ku Klux Klan.

In 1966, the Supreme Court ruled in Miranda v. Arizona that: a. suspects could not refuse to cooperate with police. b. local elections could be monitored by federal officials. c. states must permit interracial marriage. d. those in police custody had certain rights. e. school prayer was unconstitutional.

On what grounds could foreign nationals apply for immigrant status in the United States after 1965? a. The color of their skin. b. Their proficiency in English. c. Their anticommunist credentials. d. Their family ties to U.S. citizens or other immigrants. e. Their experience in counterinsurgency operations.

The Freedom Rides of 1961 traveled through which of the following states? a. Texas and Missouri. b. Maryland and Massachusetts. c. Florida and South Carolina. d. Alabama and Mississippi. e. Washington and Oregon.

The Gulf of Tonkin resolution: a. was a nonbinding measure that passed both the House and Senate, calling for peace negotiations between North and South Vietnam. b. was opposed by the majority of lawmakers in Congress. c. authorized a ground invasion of U.S. troops into North Vietnam. d. authorized the president to take "all necessary measures to repel armed attack" in Vietnam. e. outlined an attack and exit strategy in South Vietnam.

The economic condition known as stagflation was caused by: a. declining oil prices. b. low inflation rates. c. stagnant economic growth and low inflation. d. stagnant economic growth and high inflation. e. high income tax rates.

The gay liberation movement: a. was banned in several states. b. attracted many straight women. c. initially excluded women. d. was inspired by the civil rights movement. e. ended with the successful Stonewall riot.

Under the Nixon administration, the United States: a. supported the government of Salvador Allende in Chile. b. boycotted South Africa to protest apartheid. c. supported democratic reforms in Iran. d. continued to undermine Third World governments. e. focused its foreign policy on Southeast Asia.

What did President John F. Kennedy have in common with his predecessor Dwight D. Eisenhower? a. Both came from the conservative wing of the Democratic Party. b. Both had been high-ranking officers during the U.S. invasion of France in World War II. c. Both preferred the challenges of domestic policy rather than foreign affairs. d. Both tended to view the entire world through the lens of the Cold War. e. Both came from Massachusetts.

What did students of the New Left movement think was missing in American liberalism in the 1960s? a. The willingness to address poverty. b. The reluctance of companies to recognize unions. c. The commitment to legislate on behalf of Social Security. d. The practice of true participatory democracy. e. A concern about the threat of monopoly in industrial capitalism.

What did the defeat of Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater show? a. The success of the civil rights movement had made conventional Republicans unelectable. b. The success of the New Deal state had made libertarianism unattractive to Americans. c. The changing demographic image of the United States had made older presidential candidates unappealing. d. The civil rights movement had redrawn the political map and opened the South to the Republican Party. e. Americans were not yet ready for a Jewish presidential candidate.

What set President Lyndon Baines Johnson apart from his predecessor, John F. Kennedy? a. He was willing to focus on Cold War issues the way Kennedy did not. b. He was free from the legacy of political compromise in Congress that had weakened Kennedy's reputation. c. He had the charm and affability that the often-aloof Kennedy could not muster. d. He knew the meaning of poverty and racial injustice from his own life experiences. e. He lacked the political experience in Congress that made Kennedy such an effective president.

Which of the following comparisons of wage trends for 1953 to 1973 and 1973 to 1993 is accurate? a. Wages were more equitable for women and minorities in the first period than in the second. b. Wage gains were typically eaten up by inflation in the first half. c. Nominal wages gradually sunk in the first half and rose in the second, but real wages behaved in the opposite way. d. Wages increased significantly in the first period but stagnated in the second. e. Wages for women grew significantly while men's wages declined.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the impact of the sexual revolution? a. Many women postponed childbearing in order to pursue careers in the 1970s. b. The marriage age for Americans rose in the 1970s. c. With the availability of birth control and legal abortions in the 1970s, America's birthrate declined. d. Divorce rates actually declined during the 1970s, but the number of American women who had never been married went up. e. According to opinion polls of the 1970s, Americans increasingly felt there was nothing wrong with sex before marriage.

Why did John F. Kennedy consider civil rights a moral crisis for the nation? a. He saw how racial tensions divided his own family. b. He had personally witnessed the hardships of Jim Crow growing up. c. He did not think racial equality in the United States possible without reparations for slavery. d. He found racial discrimination incompatible with the United States' claim for leadership of the free world. e. He considered civil rights an issue for women and gays as well as for African-Americans.

Why did the African-American civil rights protesters that marched in June 1963 in more than 186 cities NOT try more deliberately to avoid arrest? a. They had tried to avoid any encounter with the police as best they could. b. Too many police officers had infiltrated the civil rights movement. c. Most of the protesters came from privileged backgrounds and knew that they would get off easy. d. The very point of the protests was to illustrate the punitive nature of southern Jim Crow justice. e. Until that time, the police had had a reputation of being highly sympathetic to the civil rights movement.

Why did the fight over busing become so violent in Boston in the mid-1970s? a. In Boston, the racial divisions were between African-Americans and Puerto Ricans as well as whites. b. The African-American community in Boston consisted only of very recent migrants from the South. c. Boston's politicians called on local residents to fight the busing order by all means necessary. d. Boston's tightly knit Irish-American community in South Boston fought integration violently. e. Boston was widely understood to have the best public school system in the country.

Why had it been premature for liberals to celebrate the downfall of their political adversary Richard Nixon? a. Nixon would stage a second political comeback in the Reagan administration. b. As many Democrats as Republicans wound up in jail in the Watergate scandal. c. Nixon remained popular with the American public, despite the Watergate scandal. d. Watergate undermined public confidence in the merits of the federal government. e. Republicans distanced themselves from Nixon and won majorities in 1974.

All of the following are evidence that freedom for women expanded in the 1970s EXCEPT: a. Title IX, which banned gender discrimination in higher education. b. a higher divorce rate and lower birth rate. c. the Equal Credit Opportunity Act. d. more employment opportunities, such as with AT&T. e. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke.

Domestically, President Gerald Ford: a. was successful at reviving the American economy. b. introduced programs that encouraged growth in the manufacturing sector. c. reversed the economic policies of his predecessor. d. restored Americans' confidence in their nation, as business boomed. e. failed to revive the economy.

In addition to sit-ins, other forms of direct action: a. encountered very little resistance by local white authorities. b. included "wade-ins," where black activists attempted to integrate southern beaches. c. attracted national attention, especially the 1961 "Freedom Rides," where integrated groups rode interstate buses into the Deep South and were violently attacked along the way. d. were limited to marches and demonstrations. e. B and C

President Carter's foreign policy emphasized: a. the need to fight communism around the world. b. the policy of containment. c. the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America. d. an increased military presence in Southeast Asia. e. human rights as a diplomatic priority.

The 1963 March on Washington: a. included various female speakers. b. included speeches with militant language. c. focused solely on economic justice. d. focused solely on a languishing civil rights bill. e. was a high point in black and white cooperation.

The Black Panther Party: a. repudiated the notion of "black power" and worked for reconciliation between the divided factions of SNCC and CORE. b. provided education and health care to urban residents. c. unlike other black militant groups of the era, did not suffer from internal dissension. d. became a target of the FBI and California police. e. B and D

The Great Society: a. included new health care, education, and urban development initiatives with the use of federal funds. b. established the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the Department of Transportation. c. actually reduced federal power, as most of its programs were administered at the local level. d. was the derisive description applied by the conservative press to President Johnson's massive expansion of the federal government. e. A and B

The National Organization for Women (NOW) campaigned for all of the following EXCEPT: a. an end to the mass media's false image of women. b. equal job opportunities for women. c. equal educational opportunities. d. equal opportunities in politics. e. an end to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

The anti-war movement: a. attracted only draft-age males. b. was of little interest to civil-rights activists. c. never built a mass constituency. d. had little impact on public opinion. e. challenged the foundations of Cold War thinking.

What led to the congressional discovery that the FBI had spied on millions of Americans in the 1960s? a. The assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem. b. The invasion of Cambodia. c. The revelations about the My Lai Massacre. d. The hearings in the wake of the Kent State shootings. e. The Church Committee investigations.

Why was liberation theology so popular in Latin America in the 1960s? a. The Second Vatican Council had sanctioned birth control. b. The Cuban Revolution had inspired neighboring nations. c. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress was bearing fruit. d. The Cuban Missile Crisis had shattered the region's complacency. e. Reform in the Catholic Church had inspired social justice activists.

The violence in Birmingham was surprising since it was a relatively peaceful city with little history of racial conflict.

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