History Midterm

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Which of the following people was most likely to own a piece of furniture like this chest?

A merchant

What did a person's economic success signal to New England ministers?

A successful person was being rewarded for godly behavior.

When Brant writes "We now Brother hope to see these bad children chastised," he is referring to which of the following groups?

American colonists

Although the London merchants requested the repeal of the Stamp Act on their behalf, who would also benefit from such a repeal?

American merchants

What were the political consequences of repeated Cherokee attacks on British borderland settlements?

Backcountry settlers resented political leaders from more settled regions who failed to provide sufficient soldiers or funds for defense.

Why did Virginia determine that slavery passed through the mother's line?

Because then slave owners' children with their slave mistresses would be born slaves

Native American forces fought at the battle of

Boonesborough.

With whom would this cartoon find a most appreciative audience?

Boston patriots

If Wood's argument is to be believed, Thomas Jefferson would view himself primarily in 1760 as a

Briton.

To what fate did Davenport and his followers condemn the authors whose books they burned?

Burning in Hell

Spanish authorities in Florida imposed harsh and violent punishments on Indians for trying to block which of Spain's profit-making endeavors in the 1670s?

Cattle ranching

What establishments became popular gathering places in eighteenth-century port cities where merchants, captains, and traders met to discuss new ventures and keep up with recent events?

Coffeehouses

What development demonstrates that a growing number of colonial patriots believed that independence was necessary in the spring of 1776?

Colonists began to take control of their legislatures.

What is the name historians have given to the transfer of flora, fauna, and disease from Europe to the Americas that resulted in the deaths of millions of native people?

Columbian Exchange

Within this excerpt of Common Sense, what issue does Thomas Paine raise with the idea of a King of England?

Destructive policies for his own subjects

What ultimately convinced the English to keep supporting their colony in Virginia?

Development of a cash crop

With which of the following statements do both Burns and Ferling agree, according to these excerpts, about the 1800 election?

Federalist editors were much more harsh than their criticisms than were their Democratic-Republican counterparts.

How is Abigail Faulkner representative of many of the other Salem accused?

Female

What inference can be made about women's appearances during wartime, based on Esther De Berdt Reed's broadside?

Female sacrifice, in terms of appearance, could be political.

What did Abigail Adams argue would be a major benefit of allowing women to have additional access to the political process through voting?

Fewer cases of sexism

Which European power established extensive trade networks with Indians throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that subsequently gave them Indian military support during times of war?

France

In 1800, the Spanish Territory was ceded by Spain to

France.

Being a member of which group would mostly likely lead to one's survival?

Girls

What military strategy was used by the patriots in the struggle against British troops advancing throughout Massachusetts in 1775?

Guerrilla warfare

In 1775, what challenge did George Washington face in trying to assemble an army to fight the British?

He lacked the authority to do so.

What message did George Whitefield preach that changed the heart of Nathan Cole?

He was a sinner and had to repent for salvation.

To what did Mary attribute her relatively kind treatment at the hands of her captors?

Her wounds

According to Equiano's narrative, which of the following conditions helped Equiano during his voyage on a slave ship?

Illness

What ongoing issue was reflected by the tensions between British officials and the Regulators?

Increasing American frustration with the British

What made this declaration and the united request for Indian cooperation unique in the history of Indian and European relations?

Indian alliances were rare in history

Why did most Indian nations ultimately side with Britain?

It offered the best hope of preserving their territory.

What does the map of Cuauhtinchan reveal about the culture who created it?

It placed a high value on history.

According to Crevecoeur, who has the highest status in American towns?

Lawyers and merchants

The slaves who wrote this 1773 letter suggested that they would secure their freedom by which of the following means?

Legislative change

What does Cortes argue as evidence that God is on his side?

Low numbers of injuries

In the image of the fire in New York City, who was most likely carrying goods out of the burning buildings?

Loyalists

That Boston's newspaper published logs like this suggests which of the following conclusions?

Many Bostonians were interested in who was coming to town and what they brought.

Why, according to Taylor, do modern Americans identify more with New England emigrants than their Chesapeake counterparts?

New Englanders inculcated ideals of thrift, industry, and entrepreneurism.

Conclusion: Europeans' maps included details that reflected their beliefs and assumptions about the people who lived outside of Europe. Evidence: The anonymous mapmaker's depiction of Cuauhtinchan in Source1.4: Map of Cuauhtinchan

What ended the trials and imprisonment for many of the women accused in Salem, including Faulkner?

Official government oversight of the trials

Where would a political cartoon like this be most effectively placed in 1791?

Posted on a rural Maryland farmhouse

This document is interesting and important as historical evidence because it sheds light on which of the following?

Powhatan's efforts to negotiate with the English

According to Herman Husband, on what grounds does he defend the laborer's claim to the land they worked, even without official paperwork?

Precedent

In what area did Williams reflect common anti-federalist arguments?

Pro-state's rights

Disregarding its generally disruptive nature, what particular aspect of James Davenport's public book burning would likely have angered the Old Lights?

Public indecency

Which religious group does Randolph target as having been a bad influence on the Indians?

Quakers

What made the trial of the British soldiers particularly difficult for John Adams in its historical context?

Recent tensions had made Boston a rebellious city with anti-British sentiment.

What form of leadership, or "king," does Paine instead suggest for an independent America?

Rule of law

British victories in the South included

Savannah and Charleston.

What was the key legal defense John Adams presented on behalf of the British Soldiers accused of murder after the Boston Massacre?

Self defense

What likely motivated most of the Indian conversions that Cortes describes?

Self-preservation and fear

What is Alexander Hamilton's views on state decisions in comparison to federal decisions?

States are self-interested

Who prevented the forceful soldier from further assaulting Mrs. Barnes?

Strangers

According to Edward Randolph, how did the leaders of Boston anger the local Indians?

Strict laws and harsh penalties

In his statement, what did he claim the gathered crowd did just before his soldiers began to fire?

Struck the soldiers with clubs

What complaint did the Indians have regarding the conclusion of the American Revolution?

The Americans did not include them in negotiations

To whom was Wyatt most likely sympathetic based on the language and details of his report?

The Boston Patriots

According to Reed, to whom did American women owe their happiness, peace, and gratitude?

The Continental Army

In 1665 England was devastated by the Great Plague, and in 1666 London was decimated by fire, so how did both the country and the city still manage to flourish?

The colonies turned out to be profitable ventures.

Which of the following aspects of the image reveals the sympathies of the artist?

The dog's actions

What can be implied about the relationship between American and British merchants from the information depicted in the petition and the cartoon?

The fate of Americans and the British were inextricably linked.

What made the government's response to the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 so different from its response to Shays's Rebellion in 1787?

The federal government used the army to quash the Whiskey Rebellion.

Who did Smith feel should control the most power in the nation after a new constitution was adopted?

The states

According to Abigail Adams, which men are happiest in their lives with women?

Those who treat their wives well

The Piri Reis map sheds light on which of the following?

Turkish cartographers' familiarity with the coasts of South America and North Africa

Which state ceded the largest territory in the west?

Virginia

According to the map of Cuauhtinchan, what was one of the major features of its society's past?

War and violence

To what audience was the catalog of merchandise most likely aimed?

Wealthy and middling urban dwellers

What does Reed's statement imply about the importance of women during the American Revolution?

Women often exerted political influence.

What does Mrs. Barnes experience say about the situation in the colonies in the spring of 1775?

Women were often targeted based on their husband's politics.

Which battle was fought by forces led by Cornwallis, Lafayette, Rochambeau, and Washington?

Yorktown

According to Christopher Columbus's description of his first encounter with Indians, Columbus hoped to

convert Native Americans to Christianity.

When Captain John Smith joined the Virginia Company and set out for North America, he wanted to

establish a private settlement.

The Continental Army's stunning defeat of the British at the Battle of Saratoga

gave hope to patriot troops elsewhere.

As newly elected governor of the Jamestown colony, John Smith ordered the English settlers to

intimidate the Indians and to do their own farming.

During the 1675-1676 voyage of the James, most slaves died

of disease.

Which of the following was shared by both the Aztecs and the Catholic Spanish explorers?

prayers for provisions

Henretta argues that Germans immigrants to Lancaster, Pennsylvania in the middle of the eighteenth century

purposefully decided to live among each other for ethnic reasons.

The drawings in and around the map suggest a European belief in

sea monsters

According to Frethorne, his life was miserable because of hard work, constant hunger, and

sickness.

Most of the disputed areas of North America were between

the British and the French.

British victories during the French-Indian War occurred as far west as

the Great Lakes.

In the aftermath of the Stamp Act Congress and calls of resistance to British laws that were unjust, the delegates proclaimed their loyalty to

the king of England.

The Virginia Company enticed men to try their luck at traveling to North America with

the prospect of owning land of their own.

Which of the customs of the Charruco did Cabeza de Vaca find unusual enough to recount in his memoirs?

A ritual of crying together

What was the lasting legacy of the Great Awakening on American Protestantism?

A style of passionate and popular preaching

What reasons might Deborah Champion's father have had to send his daughter instead of his son to deliver secret messages to George Washington?

A woman was less suspicious.

Why did John Dickinson, writing as "A Farmer," argue that even though the Townsend Duties did not cost much, they were still unjust?

Accepting even a small tax set a precedent that would justify any tax.

Venture Smith's account of his experiences as a child in Africa supports which of the following conclusions?

Africans captured prisoners of war to sell in the slave trade.

Which of the following accurately describes the battle that Underhill depicts here?

After breaking through the native archers, the English raided the fort from opposing directions.

What is the message conveyed by the British soldiers in the etching of the Boston Massacre produced by Paul Revere?

Aggressive

As slaves to Mexica merchants, what kind of work did many young Indian women spend their time doing?

Agricultural work

According to Jonathan Edwards, what was the spiritual condition of every human being?

All hung by a thin thread over Hell

How did Columbus's crew and the native inhabitants of the Americas communicate with one another?

Although they didn't speak the same language, they were able to communicate using visual cues and gestures.

In their protest against the whiskey tax, the Pennsylvania farmers suggested that their cause was similar to the cause of which of the following groups?

American colonists

To whom would Thomas Paine's writing appeal in the context of 1776 America?

American taxpayers

What does the case of Mum Bett reveal about attitudes towards slaves in the late 1700s and early 1800s America?

Americans were moving increasingly towards anti-slavery legislation.

What conditions enabled the cultural Renaissance to emerge in the wake of the Black Death?

An improved climate, a higher standard of living for the surviving populations, and rising birthrates

How did Democratic-Republicans portray Federalists during the Election of 1800?

As tyrants who abused their power and violated people's rights

Who first migrated to and populated the Americas over 13,000 years ago?

Asians

What was, as noted by the passage written by Burns, the principal threat of a Jefferson presidency articulated by the editors of the Hudson Bee?

Atheism

How did the Aztecs', Mayans', and Incas' commercial practices influence the development of their transportation systems?

Because they carried out most of their commerce overland or along rivers and coastlines, they did not need to build seagoing boats.

While the farmers, depicted at right, intend to tar and feather the excise collector, what is inferred will be his ultimate punishment?

Being hung and burned

According to his writing, change did Benjamin Franklin see in those who attended George Whitefield's revivals?

Better manners

The log of arrivals and departures at Boston harbor supports which of the following conclusions about Boston in the early eighteenth century?

Boston played an important role in trade with the other British colonies.

What message was the anonymous writer of this letter communicating to the Boston sheriff?

Boston's working classes were united in their opposition to the merchants' growing power.

Whereas Thomas Paine had argued in Common Sense. "The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'Tis time to part," Inglis suggests that "the blood of the slain" and "the weeping voice of nature" send which of the following messages?

Both Britons and Americans should resume their former friendship.

What does the view of the Hurons and the Jesuits reveal about their understanding of germs and disease in the seventeenth century?

Both groups attributed the spread of disease to supernatural causes.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Aztec and Spanish belief systems?

Both had similar concepts of a creator God.

Who does Husband blame for the loss of land and the uprising that followed?

British administration

Inglis argues that it is important for Americans to maintain easy access to British imports because

British goods were of the highest quality available.

Who was likely the intended audience for "The Repeal" when it first appeared in 1766?

British merchants

What did Abigail Adams inform her husband had happened to their house in Boston while she and their children were living at Braintree, Massachusetts?

British occupation

According to the London petitioners, why were American merchants unable to pay their debts to British merchants?

British taxes were too expensive

How did English officials and wealthy colonists with power ensure the masses would defer to their authority?

By holding public elections by voice vote rather than secret ballot

How could servants or slaves who were being abused by their masters bring an end to the abuse?

By running away

Consumers who bought the musical instruments and services advertised in this newspaper might also have owned which of the following?

Chinese tea sets

According to James Davenport, what did many Americans sinfully idolize in their lives?

Clothing

What did Franklin believe George Whitefield wanted for him?

Conversion to his religious views

What does Paine support for America in the concluding paragraph of this excerpt?

Creation of a new constitutional government

What was the key to Incan survival in the Andes Mountains along the Pacific coast?

Cultivation of valleys

Wood justifies his argument about North American colonists viewing themselves as part of a larger British empire by using which of the following primarily as evidence?

Culture

How did slave traders prepare slaves for the life that awaited them as slaves in the New World?

Dehumanizing them as cargo

Native American groups in Pennsylvania included the

Delaware and Shawnee.

When Madison writes that "[t]he elections for the House of Representatives are over in New England and Pennsylvania" and that "[i]n Massachusetts . . . [t]he principal members have been all severely pushed; several changes have taken place, rather for the better, and not one for the worse," he is indicating that

Democratic-Republicans have defeated Federalist representatives.

Why, according to Burns, were Democratic-Republicans less acerbic in their attacks on Federalists than were Federalists on Democratic-Republicans?

Democratic-Republicans were confident of victory.

On what does Judith Sargent Murray blame women's lack of intelligence?

Denial of education

What common trend can be seen between the Murray and free black requests?

Desire for equality

What does Husband argue was the motive of the British who came and took the land from the laborers who had cleared and worked it for years?

Desire for free cleared land

King James II of England and King Louis XIV of France both believed their reigns were granted by what authority?

Divine right

What does Williams see as a solution to the United States' economic problems?

Domestic production

Which of the following motivations is most obviously represented in the design of slave ships as depicted in the 1794 plan?

Efficiency

Why, according to Breen, did democracy emerge out of the American Revolution?

Elites had to justify augmenting their ranks with a great number of people.

For Bailyn, the ideologues harkened back to the political ideas and concepts manifested in the

English Civil War.

What part of Edwards's message and the broader message of the Great Awakening was disconcerting to the Old Light leaders?

Equality

Which of the following distinctions does Crevecoeur draw between Europe and America?

Europe has a hereditary aristocracy, but America does not.

What does Smith's account suggest about the role that European nations played in Africa during his childhood?

European nations equipped African armies and sent them to subdue other Africans.

Bosman's account of his experience in the African slave trade supports which of the following conclusions?

European slave traders made no distinction between enslaved women and enslaved men.

What external forces challenged traditional Native American gender roles and generational relations?

European trade practices

What strategy for establishing a colonial presence in North America did France pursue more often and more successfully than Spain or England?

Extensive trade with a range of Indian nations

How did Corbin's letter imply that he treated his slaves?

Fairly and with efficiency

Puritan disagreement over the use of inoculations for smallpox reflected tensions over what broader issue?

Faith versus science

To what emotion does Edwards most appeal in his sermons?

Fear

What does the Dauphin map reveal about France's possession of Canada in 1543?

France's claims on Canada were recent, and it had not yet promoted French settlement there.

What would the "national dome" house upon its completion?

Freedom

According to Cortés's letter to King Charles I, to whom did the Spanish owe their victory against the Aztecs?

God

To what might Abigail be referring when she asks her husband to "Remember the Ladies"?

Grant women the vote

Why was the French and Indian War of 1754 significant for Great Britain?

Great Britain gained land in the struggle.

How does Bosman seek to justify his barbarous treatment of slaves to his reader?

He argues that it is necessary but that they treat women more gently than men.

Why does the letter's author say that he and his men "had no design to do the town any damage, but a great deal of good"?

He believed that by destroying the market the mob had protected its own economic interests, which was a good thing.

What conclusion does de Crevecoeur draw about the American character?

He believes that Americans have benefitted from all European cultures but are blind to the brutality of slavery.

What is significant about Edwards's statement, "And you that are young Men, and young Women, will you neglect this precious Season that you now enjoy..."?

He equated men and women in their faith.

Which of the following best describes George Whitefield's preaching as depicted by John Collet in his painting of an outdoor revival?

He had broad appeal across gender and class.

What evidence here demonstrates that Capt. Blake did not seek to take full responsibility for the deaths of his human cargo?

He notes that some Africans were received in feeble condition.

According to Preston's own account, did he order his men to load or fire?

He ordered neither.

According to de Vaca's account, how did he eat and ultimately gain more freedom while he was among the Indians?

He traded wares with other tribes.

Which of the following is true of Joseph Ball according to his own letter?

He trusted midwives.

What was the significance of Aristarchus' role in Champion's experience?

He understood the ideals of the war.

Why did Massasoit, leader of the Wampanoag people, want to form an alliance with English settlers in Plymouth, Massachusetts?

He wanted the English to help him fight other Indians.

According to his statement, why was the Aztec priest opposed to conversion to Catholicism and renouncing of the Aztec gods by his people?

He was afraid of angering the Aztec gods by turning their backs on them.

According to Antonio Pigafetta's journal entry, what happened to Magellan during the interaction with Natives?

He was killed by the Natives.

Why, according to Equiano, was he allowed to spend time above deck without chains and shackles?

He was very young and particularly ill.

What does Olaudah Equiano mean when he writes in his narrative, "Often did I think many of the inhabitants of the deep much more happy than myself"?

He wished he could be free like his fellow slaves who had drowned themselves.

Why did George Washington write that he felt "the deepest regret for the occasion" regarding his decision to call up the militia to suppress the whiskey rebels?

He wished the circumstances had not required him to do so.

What argument does Faulkner make in her own defense?

Her accusers have since recanted.

What aspect of the image of Elizabeth "Mum Bett" Freeman reveals her free status?

Her clothing and jewelry

According to his own reflections, what about George Whitefield likely helped convince Cole of the truth of his message?

His "bold undaunted countenance"

Which of the following is the best summary of Paine's impact on American history?

His plain language and clear direction inspired independence.

To what characteristic of Whitefield's sermon did Franklin attribute much of the pleasure that people found in listening to him preach?

His speaking style

John Smith's description of the "commodities in Virginia" reflects which of the following?

His strong commitment to attracting more English people to settle in and develop Virginia

What quality of Whitefield's speaking was of greatest interest to the scientific mind of Benjamin Franklin?

His volume

What problems do free blacks in Charleston, South Carolina face in receiving fair trials and justice?

History of discrimination

What part of the Spanish arrival made such an impact on the Tlaxcalan artist that he made a point to depict it in the mural?

Horses

What does the relationship between the Tuscarora and the Iroquois reveal about relationships between Native American tribes during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Indian relations were complex and changed over time.

Frontier settlements in Pennsylvania were intermingled with

Indian settlements.

On what does John Williams blame the current economic problems of the United States?

Indulgence and extravagance

What is the message conveyed by the gathered crowd in the etching of the Boston Massacre produced by Paul Revere?

Innocent and peaceful

What is a consistent theme regarding how to deal with slaves that is addressed in Corbin's letter and was reflective of common slave owner fears of the eighteenth century?

Instilling obedience

What future did Federalist envision for the United States according to this particular image?

International political leader

Which Native American tribe controlled the region between New France and New England?

Iroquois

How did the Protestant Reformation affect the competition among European powers in the colonization of the Americas?

It allowed Portugal to begin colonizing portions of Brazil.

What was Lieutenant Governor William Gooch's primary concern about whether or not slaves could successfully run away?

It could inspire larger numbers to try to escape.

In the aftermath of the successful Stamp Tax protests, how did Parliament reassert its supremacy?

It declared its authority to pass any law on the colonies whenever it wanted.

The journalist who reported on the Boston Massacre funeral procession noted that the procession was attended by numerous people "of all ranks." Why was this important?

It demonstrated a growing unity among Bostonians, regardless of class.

How did the Northwest Land Ordinance of 1785 attempt to resolve Indian land claims?

It did not resolve or address the claims.

What was the effect of the Continental Congress on former colonies like Massachusetts?

It drew power away from colonial entities like Massachusetts.

What issue did Smith have with the Three-Fifths Clause of the American Constitution?

It gave too much power to wicked slave holding states

Colonists in Boston rioted against impressment in 1747. Why was this important?

It showed that colonists would fight against those who sought to deprive them of liberty.

Why, according to their resolution to the Pennsylvania legislature, did the farmers see the whiskey tax as illegitimate?

It taxed a domestic product.

What impact did the French and Indian War have on the relationship between the British crown and its North American colonies?

It tightened the bond between the crown and the colonies.

What does the catalog of goods suggest about Boston's economy in the 1720s?

It was a central part of the North Atlantic trade.

What argument does Madison make to convince New Yorkers to support the Constitution?

It would help control factions

Based on the map, the European cartographers were unaware of the existence of

Japan

This document represents Powhatan's perspective on the relationship between his people and the English settlers in Jamestown in 1608. Which of the following circumstances raises questions about the possible accuracy of Powhatan's message?

John Smith was responsible for recording and representing Powhatan's words.

Which witness to her complaints seems most likely to have helped Sarah Tailer's case in her favor?

Joseph Wickes

According to Equiano, slaves enduring the Middle Passage resisted their captors in which of the following ways?

Jumping overboard

What critical resource fueled most conflicts between Native Americans and Europeans?

Land

According to Townsend, what did Malintzin use to differentiate herself with the Spanish and the Native Americans?

Language

What does Madison believe will happen in a large republic that would not happen in a small democracy?

Less chance of a minority oppressing a majority

Frethorne's letter makes reference to "the Enimy" that he and his associates must fight. Which of the following are the enemy he describes?

Local Indians

What condition was necessary for ordinary freemen of lower and middle classes to successfully challenge the power of economic and political leaders in the eighteenth century?

Local elites had to be divided.

What was the central priority of mercantilism, a commercial policy adopted by both the French and English in the seventeenth century?

Maintaining a favorable trade balance

Griffits suggests that Paine did not write "The American Crisis" to make a political point, but rather to do which of the following?

Make money

Why did the diet of the first North Americans change about 10,000 years ago?

Mammoths and other large game disappeared from their habitat, causing North Americans to rely on smaller game, fish, and plant foods to survive.

What charge is John Adams willing to concede if the jury cannot agree that the lives of the British were threatened by the crowd of Bostonians?

Manslaughter

Richard Frethorne's letter to his parents supports which of the following conclusions?

Many English migrants regretted their decision to settle in the Virginia colony.

How did the legacy of Shays's Rebellion influence attitudes toward the Constitution?

Many former rebels were skeptical of a strong central government and opposed the Constitution.

Why did colonial Pennsylvania gain a reputation for achieving social, economic, and political success?

Many migrants to the colony came with some wealth and skills.

According to offerings described within the Tuscarora appeal, which of the following groups was likely more powerful than the others?

Men of age

What region had the most extensive network of slave-trading centers in the medieval period?

Middle East

According to White, what leads to new cultural norms in the middle grounds?

Misunderstanding

In Esther De Berdt Reed's broadside she wrote, "This is the offering of the Ladies." What is the offering to which she referred?

Money

Capt. Underhill, in this image, asserts that the English used which weapon effectively against the Pequot fort in 1638?

Muskets

Why were some church officials against the Spanish pillaging and plundering of the Americas?

Native Americans were not converting to Catholicism.

As a Quaker living in Philadelphia, it is most likely that Hannah Griffits took which of the following positions on the war?

Neutral

In this sermon, John Winthrop referred to New England as a "city upon a hill." What did he mean by this phrase?

New England should serve as a model of brotherly love in a godly community.

Although he first escaped to the British lines in South Carolina, where were Boston King and his fellow British troops at the time the war ended?

New York

What does this log suggest about the state of commercial development in the other British North American colonies in the early eighteenth century?

New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Newfoundland all had lively commercial ports.

Conclusion: African slaves were subject to inhumane rituals at slave trading posts and to brutal treatment during the Middle Passage. Evidence: Phillips's narration: "When we came to the palace . . . we were met at the entrance by several cappasheirs . . . when we enter'd the palace-yard they all fell on their knees near the door of the room where the king was, clapping their hands" in Source 3.2: Voyage of the Hannibal

Conclusion: African slaves were subject to inhumane rituals at slave trading posts and to brutal treatment during the Middle Passage. Evidence: Venture's narration that "I then had a rope put about my neck, as had all the women in the thicket with me, and were immediately led to my father, who was likewise pinioned and haltered for leading" in Source 3.1: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture

Conclusion: Although English settlers came to Virginia and Massachusetts for very different reasons, those in both colonies found that daily life was difficult and risky. Evidence: John Smith's acknowledgment that trade could be difficult because of the dangers posed by transporting goods "by seas, lands, stormes, and Pyrats," in Source 2.1: The Commodities of Virginia

Conclusion: Although English settlers came to Virginia and Massachusetts for very different reasons, those in both colonies found that daily life was difficult and risky. Evidence: Powhatan's statement that "Captaine Newport gave me swords, copper, cloathes, a bed, towels, or what I desired; ever taking what I offered him," in Source 2.2: Powhatan's Viewpoint, as Reported by John Smith

Conclusion: Concerned that the violent Pennsylvania rebellion could spread and threaten the stability of the Union, George Washington and his advisers decided to use the Militia Act of 1792 to federalize four state militias and send thirteen thousand soldiers to suppress the uprising. Evidence: "It must be seen that no two principles can be either more indefensible in reason, or more dangerous in practice, that that—1. Arbitrary denunciations may punish what the law permits, and what the Legislature has no right by law to prohibit; and that, 2. The Government may stifle all censure whatever on its misdoings; for if it be itself the Judge, it will never allow any censures to be just; and if it can suppress censures flowing from one lawful source, it may those flowing from any other."—Source 7.5: James Madison, Letter to James Monroe

Conclusion: English settlers came to Virginia primarily to seek their fortunes in the New World, whereas those who migrated to Massachusetts Bay did so for religious reasons. Evidence: "...our Plantation is very weake, by reason of the dearth, and sicknes, of our Companie, for we came but Twentie for the marchaunts, and they are halfe dead..." in Source 2.3: Richard Frethorne, Letter Home from Virginia

Conclusion: English settlers in both Virginia and Massachusetts Bay had to contend with the Native American people who already lived there, whom they regarded as both a source of aid and a source of danger. Evidence: John Smith's assertion that "Here will live any beasts, as horses, goats, sheepe, asses, hens, &c. as appeared by them that were carried thether," in Source 2.1: The Commodities of Virginia

Conclusion: English settlers in both Virginia and Massachusetts Bay had to contend with the Native American people who already lived there, whom they regarded as both a source of aid and a source of danger. Evidence: John Winthrop's assurance that "We shall finde that the God of Israel is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies," in Source 2.4: A Model of Christian Charity

Conclusion: European slave traders had to negotiate African political and cultural norms in order to secure the best slaves at the best prices. Evidence: Olaudah's statements that "The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, . . . almost suffocated us. . . . and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers" in Source 3.4: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

Conclusion: European slave traders had to negotiate African political and cultural norms in order to secure the best slaves at the best prices. Evidence: Venture's statement that "Upon turning out those articles . . . the enemy pledged their faith and honor that they would not attack him. . . . But their pledges of faith and honor proved no better than those of other unprincipled hostile nations" in Source 3.1: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture

Conclusion: Farmers in western Pennsylvania used rhetoric and tactics from the American Revolution in the petitions they submitted to ask for the repeal of the whiskey tax and the violent actions they used to resist it. Evidence: "You well know the general tendency of insurrections to increase the momentum of power. You will recollect the particular effect of what happened some years ago in Massachusetts. Precisely the same calamity was to be dreaded on a larger scale in this case. There were enough, as you may well suppose, ready to give the same turn to the crisis, and to propagate the same impressions from it."—Source 7.5: James Madison, Letter to James Monroe

Conclusion: From the original capture to the sale of prisoners in trading posts on Africa's western coast, Africans were complicit in the Atlantic slave trade. Evidence: Olaudah's description "Every circumstance I met with served only to . . . heighten my apprehensions, and my opinion of the cruelty of the whites . . . and some of my countrymen, being pressed by hunger, took an opportunity . . . of trying to get a little [food] privately; but they were discovered, and the attempt procured them some very severe floggings" in Source 3.4: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

Conclusion: George Washington's suppression of the rebellion horrified many Americans, including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who, fearing that Federalists were abusing the national government's power, began to organize an opposition party. Evidence: "Provided, always, That whenever it may be necessary, in the judgment of the President, to use the Militia force hereby directed to be called forth, the President shall forthwith, and previous thereto, by Proclamation, command such insurgents to disperse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes within the limited time."—Source 7.3: Proclamation against the Rebels

Conclusion: Many merchants living in northern seaports acquired great wealth by participating in an increasingly global trade of goods, and they spent their money on goods and services that displayed their elevated status. Evidence: Boston protester's threat that "we will find as much powder and ball as you can; so that we will go to a greater length than clubs and staffs; depend upon it that it will be so, as true as there is a God in heaven" in Source 4.6: Letter from a Boston Protester

Conclusion: Some American colonists had begun to think about their common interests in the 1750s, but it was not until they faced ongoing conflict with their British rulers that many colonists embraced a common American identity that rested on the idea of liberty and banded together as a single political entity that could fight to secure its rights. Evidence: The slaves' declaration "We are willing to submit to such regulations and laws, as may be made relative to us, until we leave the province, which we determine to do as soon as we can from our joynt labours procure money to transport ourselves to some part of the coast of Africa, where we propose a settlement" in Source 5.3: Peter Bestes and Massachusetts Slaves, Letter to Local Representatives

Conclusion: Some Americans recognized the hypocrisy evident in the broad claims about American liberty and equality, which ignored the lives and experiences of enslaved people. Evidence: The women's statement "We think it our Duty perfectly to concur with the true Friends of Liberty, in all the Measures they have taken to save this abused Country from Ruin and Slavery" in Source 5.2: Boycott Agreement of Women in Boston

Conclusion: Some Americans who expressed loyalist points of view did so because they believed that Britain had acted appropriately in its relations with the colonies during the 1760s and 1770s. Evidence: "Paine, tho' thy Tongue may now run glibber, Warm'd with thy Independent Glow, Thou art indeed, the boldest Fibber. I ever knew or wish to know. Here Page & Page, ev'n num'rous Pages, Are void of Breeding, Sense or Truth. . ."—Source 6.3: Hannah Griffits, Response to Thomas Paine

Conclusion: Some Americans who expressed loyalist points of view did so because they believed that Britain had acted appropriately in its relations with the colonies during the 1760s and 1770s. Evidence: "The English had compassion upon us in the day of distress, and issued out a Proclamation, importing, That all slaves should be free, who had taken refuge in the British lines, and claimed the sanction and privileges of the Proclamations respecting the security and protection of Negroes."—Source 6.5: Boston King, Memoirs of the Life of Boston King

Conclusion: Some Americans who expressed loyalist points of view did so because they believed that Britain had acted appropriately in its relations with the colonies during the 1760s and 1770s. Evidence: "Whilst connected with Great-Britain, we have a bounty on almost every article of exportation; and we may be better supplied with goods by her, than we could elsewhere. What our author says is true—'that our imported goods must be paid for, buy them were we will'; but we may buy them dearer and of worse quality, in one place than another."—Source 6.2: Charles Inglis, The True Interest of America Impartially Stated

Conclusion: Some groups of Americans chose to side with the British because they believed it was more beneficial for them to do so than to side with the patriots. Evidence: "By a reconciliation with Britain, a period would be put to the present calamitous war, by which so many lives have been lost, and so many more must be lost, if it continues. This alone is an advantage devoutly to be wished for."—Source 6.2: Charles Inglis, The True Interest of America Impartially Stated

Conclusion: Some groups of Americans chose to side with the British because they believed it was more beneficial for them to do so than to side with the patriots. Evidence: "Of female Manners never scribble, Nor with thy Rudeness wound our Ear, How e'er thy trimming Pen may quibble, the Delicate—is not thy Sphere. . ."—Source 6.3: Hannah Griffits, Response to Thomas Paine

Conclusion: The vocal radicalism expressed by many on the patriot side led some Americans to challenge their arguments strongly and publicly. Evidence: "We are tired out in making complaints & getting no redress. We therefore hope that the Assurances now given us by the Superintendent may take place, and that he may have it in his power to procure us justice."—Source 6.4: Joseph Brant (Mohawk) Expresses Loyalty to the Crown

Conclusion: When white men in the American colonies spoke of the need to defend their liberty, they did not generally assume that other groups were entitled to that right, yet some women and slaves adopted the radical rhetoric, applied it to their own circumstances, and organized their own challenges to the status quo. Evidence: Franklin's statement "That the President General with the advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian Treaties in which the general interest of the Colonys may be concerned; and make peace or declare War with Indian Nations. That they make such Laws as they judge necessary for the regulating all Indian Trade. That they make all purchases from Indians for the Crown, of lands not [now] within the bounds of particular Colonies" in Source 5.1: The Albany Plan of Union

What was the benefit of providing fair and reasonable treatment and meeting the basic needs of one's slaves in the eighteenth century?

Obedience and loyalty

What did the United Indian Nations Council request of Americans as a means of creating a better relationship between the two groups?

Open and public sale of land

Faith in the wisdom of going to war with the British in 1776 was challenged by what unexpected development?

Patriots struggled to win a battle for months.

How did the artist represent the Aztecs, particularly in comparison to the Spanish in the image?

Peaceful and bearing offerings

Which state did not have claims to western land?

Pennsylvania

In his sermon aboard the Arbella, Winthrop urged that "we must be knit together, in this worke, as one man. . . . We must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities, for the supply of other's necessities. We must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekeness, gentlenes, patience and liberality." With these words he was emphasizing the importance of which of the following concepts?

Personal sacrifice for the common good

What occurred as a result of cases like Faulkner's and the other women of Salem?

Prohibition of spectral evidence

Which aspect of the women depicted in the image of Isaac Royall and his family reveals the wealth of the family?

Proper dress and pale complexion

What message does the engraving convey about tobacco plantation owners?

Prosperity and luxury

To what activities does Reed call American women to action?

Protest of tea

The account of the Aztecs' response to the Spanish describes the role played by the Aztec belief system in history and daily life. What does this account suggest about religion in the Aztec culture?

Regardless of class, Aztecs used their religion to understand the world in which they lived.

What does Murray use as justification for increasing educational opportunities for women?

Religious devotion

Which of the following statements summarizes James Madison's argument in the Federalist Papers 10?

Republicanism can accommodate the rights of individuals and factions in a diverse nation.

According to Christian Barnes, how might her husband return to his family from his hiding place in Marlborough, Massachusetts?

Requesting a pass from authorities

Which of the original states was not depicted as a column?

Rhode Island

How did Mary comfort herself during her travels into the wilderness as a captive?

Scripture references and prayer

What does Royall's daughter's clothing reveal about the expectation for her future role?

She was expected to always be a proper lady.

This chest of drawers, created in the 1730s, supports which of the following conclusions about Boston's economy in that decade?

Skilled artisans' work was in high demand among the city's elite.

What can be said about slave experiences after reading Joseph Ball's letter?

Slave experiences varied dramatically based on slave masters.

In the Virginia Slave Laws, what explanation is given for why Christian slaves can be baptized but still remain slaves?

Slave masters could more easily convert slave children to Christianity.

To whom did the law give credit for the religion of slaves?

Slave owners

For Rushforth, what was the seminal development for Indians in Pays d'en Haut?

Slavery

On what column did North Carolina lean that prevents her from supporting the "national dome"?

Slavery

The design of such slave ships reflects which of the following attitudes regarding slaves?

Slaves were property.

What led to Boston King's suffering during the early days of the time he spent with the British troops during the war?

Smallpox and the experience of quarantine that came with it

John Smith's account of the "commodities in Virginia," in combination with the information presented in chapter 2, supports which of the following conclusions?

Smith minimized the difficult circumstances English migrants faced in Virginia in 1612 and emphasized the region's resources to attract new settlers and investors.

Benjamin Franklin's proposal for the Albany Plan of Union supports which of the following conclusions?

Some Americans had begun to recognize that all the colonists shared some common interests.

What can we glean about slaves in northern seaports like Boston from the description set forth in this advertisement?

Some of Boston's slaves were born in the Caribbean but were largely acculturated.

Among the details Piri Reis included on his map are which of the following?

Some of the Southern Hemisphere's native animals

What does the 1667 Virginia Slave Law reveal about the colonists' views on slavery and religion?

Some slave owners did not like the idea of owning Christian slaves.

What can be implied about slave life from reading Gooch's letter?

Some slaves tried to escape with varied results.

European countries in North America included

Spain, France, and England.

What was the "Spectre Evidence" that convicted Abigail Faulkner?

Spiritual visions and supernatural explanations

According to this map, by the 1630s the English established

St. Mary's.

This political cartoon from 1791 demonstrates which of the following survived the American Revolution?

Tarring and feathering as a political protest tactic

What item did the three hundred women who signed this agreement promise to boycott in 1770?

Tea, which was imported exclusively by the British

How does Hamilton explain the inclusion of the Three-Fifths Clause in the Constitution?

That it is critical to achieve a spirit of compromise with the South

What is the message implied by the image of African Americans pulling down the image of King George III?

The American Revolution was about liberty for all people.

Based on the language of the article, with which of the following groups did the author likely sympathize?

The Boston patriots

If the colonies had agreed on the Albany Plan of Union, whose permission would they have required before they could put it into place?

The British Parliament

After months of defeat, what gave Washington and the patriot troops the opportunity to regroup, repair weapons, and recruit more soldiers in December 1776?

The British didn't fight during the winter.

What does the background setting of Boston city buildings contribute to the overall message of the etching by Revere?

The British disturbed the peace of an otherwise passive town.

According to Boston's King's account, which of the following is an accurate statement about the fate of slaves after the American Revolution?

The British made good on their promise to free American slaves who joined the king's army.

What is the irony of the actions depicted in the image of the slaves destroying the statue of King George III?

The British would welcome African American soldiers before America.

Which of the following customs did Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca observe while he lived on Isla de Malhado?

The Charruco Indians practiced slavery.

Why did the Continental Congress need to borrow money from wealthy patriots and other countries to finance the war effort?

The Continental Congress had no authority to tax the people.

In 1573, why did Spain decide that missionaries rather than soldiers should direct all new imperial settlements?

The Council of Trent pushed Catholic governments to emphasize religious commitments.

Powhatan's communication with John Smith suggests which of the following conclusions?

The English settlers threatened the Indians even though they also depended on Indian aid.

Why did the captain of a Spanish naval ship capture an English ship captain in 1739 and cut off his ear?

The Englishman was trading illegally in Spanish territory.

In Joseph Galloway's speech, he discusses payment for a war: "other Colonies gave nothing during the war; none gave equitably in proportion to their wealth." To which war does Galloway refer?

The French and Indian War

Joseph Brant's message supports which of the following conclusions?

The Mohawks believed that the British were more trustworthy than the Americans.

What geographical area does the Cuauhtinchan map represent?

The Puebla valley in present-day Mexico

According to the authors, which group does more than the British colonists in North America to respect its slaves' humanity?

The Spanish

Why did many English colonists grow frustrated with the British crown in the early decades of the eighteenth century?

The army frequently abused the colonial militia.

Which of the following statements articulates Underhill's understanding of Pequot life inside the fort, according to this image?

The artist only had a rudimentary knowledge of the fort's interior.

Which of the following arguments does Galloway make to defend the British Parliament's supremacy over the colonies?

The colonies were discovered and settled by the British state and are its property.

Which of the following summarizes the argument Charles Inglis makes for ending the war in his refutation of Thomas Paine's Common Sense?

The colonists should seek reconciliation with the crown because they benefit from its economic and military strength.

What development marked the expansion of the slave trade from West Africa?

The construction of Elmina Castle

Based on your reading of James Madison's letter and the material in the textbook chapter, which of the following could be considered an effect of the Whiskey Rebellion?

The creation of a new political party

What is a common thread between the two documents?

The importance of Christianity

Why were anti-slavery proponents willing to accept slavery on so many historical issues such as the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution?

The importance of slavery to the nation's economy

What issue enraged officers from the Continental Army at war's end in 1783?

The lack of compensation for their efforts

Which types of men were likely to stay with General Washington and fight regardless of where he led them?

The landless and otherwise desperate

What aspect of George Whitefield's revival obviously impressed Nathan Cole according to the emphasis in his statement?

The large number in attendance

When Moravian, Scots-Irish, and German immigrants moved to settle on Indian land throughout rural Pennsylvania, what was the result?

The lines between Indian and European immigrant settlements blurred.

The growing popularity of musical instruments and dancing in Boston is evidence of which of the following developments in the 1710s?

The link between high status and a genteel lifestyle

What aspect of the funeral procession impressed the journalist enough to mention it within his report?

The number of attendees

How did natural reproduction, the immigration of children, and healthier settlement patterns affect colonial society in the eighteenth century?

The population was younger.

According to Smith, what determined how the enemy treated its captives?

The prisoners' behavior

What is the point of view of the reporter who covered James Davenport's book burning in New London?

The reporter disagrees with the burning of books and the supposed idolatry.

To what "mischief" were the Indians likely referring in the opening sentence of the second paragraph?

The secret selling of Indian lands with public approval

What aspect of the image of Isaac Royall and his family reveals the role of women compared to men in the eighteenth century?

The stature of Isaac over the women

How did Phillips's surgeons determine the ages of the African slaves they were considering for purchase?

The surgeons examined the slaves' mouths.

Whose attitude toward the Constitution was reflected in the press?

The urban elite who owned these publications and supported the Constitution

Which of the following summarizes Butler's argument about colonial identity in British North America?

The varied makeup of the region created a distinct American identity, for better or for worse.

Why were the British soldiers confounded or confused, according to William Wyatt?

Their officer told the soldiers to fire and then asked them why they fired.

When the women wrote that their "invaluable Rights and Privileges" were "attacked in an unconstitutional and most alarming Manner," they were referring to what?

Their rights as British citizens

According to Winthrop's sermon, which factor unified the diverse group of people who came together to Massachusetts Bay in 1630?

Their understanding of and love for Christ

What inspired many poor people from the Hudson Valley to side with the British?

Their wealthy landlords were patriots.

According to Madison, what is the problem with the presence of factions within a democracy, especially a small democracy?

There are so few people that even a minority can oppress a majority

What do both documents indicate about events in America in 1776?

There were multiple perspectives fighting for domination.

Which of the following statements is justified about frontier spaces in North America like Pays d'en Haut after reading the passages from both White and Rushforth?

These marginal spaces were areas of cultural approximation that often benefited one culture.

What impact did revolutionary rhetoric have on the Massachusetts slaves who wrote this 1773 letter?

They applied revolutionary ideas and language to their own circumstances.

What message about the British public, personified by Britannia standing behind the Indian, is Revere attempting to relay?

They are ignoring the plight of their colonial sisters.

Which of the following likely describes Ball's views towards his slaves?

They are inferior yet deserving of fair treatment.

What complaint did the Indians make regarding English cattle and horses?

They ate Indian corn crops.

Why did the king and Parliament allow local governments in the British North American colonies to exercise some control over decisions?

They believed that allowing local governments some sense of autonomy made it easier to rule.

Though the label was partly a literal reference to liturgical robes, what does the "Black Robes" nickname also imply about the Huron perspective towards the missionaries?

They brought death and darkness with their presence.

What do the requests of the Tuscarora reveal about their most immediate concerns?

They desired peace and access to basic resources like food and water.

Why did so many of General George Washington's troops desert after the Continental Army left Boston and moved to confront the British en route to New York?

They didn't believe it was their responsibility.

Why were most elite colonists concerned about the energies stirred up by the Stamp Act crisis?

They feared further rebellion against them by poorer people.

What does the appearance of this chest suggest about the family who owned it?

They had many linens and other items to store.

What does the catalog of goods suggest about Boston's consumers?

They had money to spend on a variety of foods and products.

What are the Mohawks hoping to gain by siding with the British during the American Revolution?

They hope to retain the small areas of land they can still call their own.

Why does Husband defend the actions of the Regulators?

They lost their life's work to officials who did nothing for it.

Why did slaveholders in the Carolinas allow slaves greater autonomy than they had in the Chesapeake or West Indies?

They needed the slaves for their rice-growing skills.

What did the free blacks of Charleston give as a reason as to why they should be granted full judicial rights as citizens?

They paid taxes

What does Eliza Lucas' letter reveal about the life of a wealthy woman living on a plantation?

They participated at least partially in the management decisions.

What can you infer about the Iroquois based on their relationship with the British and other Native American tribes during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

They recognized the benefit of alliances with both the English and other tribes.

What strategy did Smith and the Virginia Company develop to save the colony and recruit new settlers that resulted in 600 new inhabitants arriving at the colony in June 1609?

They recruited indentured servants from across Europe.

Why did the king and Parliament refuse to compromise or negotiate with the patriot leaders of the colonies?

They viewed the colonists as out of line and in open rebellion.

According to Thomas Phillips, how were the newly purchased slaves designated as chattel prior to the slave ship's departure?

They were branded with the letter of the ship.

Based on Cole's account, why might colonial authorities and Old Light leaders have grown tired of revival meetings such as this one?

They were disruptive to normal society and productivity.

According to the newspaper, the four victims were buried in a common grave together. What does this imply about the victims?

They were lower class.

Why did her hosts offer milk or "hyperion" to her rather than tea?

They were protesting British taxes on tea.

What was Hamilton's concern regarding the Articles of Confederation?

They would create an ineffective but powerful congress

Why might the artist John Collet have included women and poor men in his image of George Whitefield's revival?

To emphasize Whitefield's diverse appeal

Why might Mum Bett have decided to change her name?

To emphasize her free status

Why might Paul Revere have included a dog among the gathered Boston crowd?

To emphasize the normalcy and innocence of the crowd

Why would the artist depict the slaves clothed as they are?

To emphasize their difference from the white owners

What was Alexander Hamilton's goal for his economic policy when he served as secretary of the treasury?

To establish the nation's credit

Why did the French establish a fortified settlement at Montreal in 1643?

To extend their fur trade west

Why does Revere draw the British aristocrat holding down the Indian as looking up her dress?

To further the immorality motif accorded to the British aristocrats

On what basis did Benjamin Rush advocate for the formal education of women in 1787?

To help them be better mothers to their sons

Why does Hamilton emphasize the "disordered" intellects of the man in the first incident he describes, and refer to him as a "maniac"?

To illustrate the inhumanity and irrationality of the rebels who attacked him

Why did Wyatt mention the age of those "protesting" and their lack of antagonism towards the soldiers?

To implicate the soldiers as having acted unprovoked against an innocent crowd.

In both images the African Americans are depicted wearing very little clothing. Why might the artists have depicted them in this manner?

To indicate their slave status

Why might artist Frederich W. Fairholt have presented a relatively positive description of slavery and tobacco plantations?

To justify and defend the institution of slavery

Why, according to Bosman, did he strive to put slaves on ships to cross the Atlantic as quickly as possible?

To minimize the cost of keeping them at the fort

In the context of the eighteenth century, why did Gooch want to get support from the Board of Trade to limit possibilities for slave escapes?

To protect slavery for his wealthy elite planters

Why does this advertisement for a runaway slave mention the law?

To remind anyone harboring her that they were required to return her

Why was George Whitefield depicted so differently from his audience in Collet's image?

To show his respected position

Why did George Washington devote the first half of his Proclamation to detailing the provisions of the Militia Act of 1792?

To show the rebels that his actions were legal and justified

According to Captain Preston, what did he believe to be the intentions of the gathered crowd outside of the Custom-House?

To steal the King's money

What was the purpose of the Albany Plan of Union?

To unite the American colonies for the purposes of mutual defense, security, and growth

What specific issue did Williams have with the new proposed constitution?

Too few representatives

According to William Wyatt's description of the crowd, why might the soldiers have hesitated to fire into the gathered crowd of Bostonians?

Too many young boys

What was one of Smith's primary complaints about the new form of government and proposed constitution?

Too much federal power

Reis's map is significant because it demonstrates that

Turkish cartographers built on Portuguese and Arabic maps.

Why did Virginia oppose having the federal government assume the state's war debt as proposed by Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton?

Virginia already paid its own debts.

In his letter to James Monroe, Madison refers to the events of the Whiskey Rebellion and states that "the real authors of it, if not in the service, were, in the most effectual manner, doing the business of Despotism." Who are the "authors" to which Madison refers?

Washington and his advisers

Who was the likely audience for the advertisement for musical instruments?

Wealthy Bostonians

This advertisement for a runaway slave supports which of the following conclusions?

Wealthy Bostonians who owned slaves viewed them as just like other forms of property.

In the eighteenth century, under what circumstances were women given a right to make their voice heard and participate in popular public protests?

When their grievances concerned domestic issues

On what key point did Preston's own case rest?

Whether he gave the order to fire

Whose military leadership inspired a transformation of the political and military landscape in the British war with the French in 1757?

William Pitt

What does Sarah Tailer's complaint imply about gender and indentured servitude?

Women could be both the victim and the perpetrator of abuse.

Based on the meeting between Benjamin Church and Awashonks described in Thomas Church's account, what can be inferred about Sakonnet politics?

Women could hold powerful political positions among the Sakonnet people.

Which of the following best summarizes the role of women in the documents and the 18th century more broadly?

Women often played important though limited roles.

What does Champion's activity in delivering the message to Washington say about the role of women during the American Revolution?

Women served in a variety of significant roles during the war.

Conclusion From the original capture to the sale of prisoners in trading posts on Africa's western coast, Africans were complicit in the Atlantic slave trade. Evidence: Bosman's description of slave trading: "The disputes which we generally have with the owners of these slaves are, that we will not give them such goods as they ask for them, . . . because those slaves which are paid for in boesies cost the company one half more than those bought with other goods" in Source 3.3: A New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea

Yes

Conclusion: African slaves were subject to inhumane rituals at slave trading posts and to brutal treatment during the Middle Passage. Evidence: Bosman's narration that "When . . . we treat concerning buying them, they are all brought out together in a large plain; where, by our surgeons, who province it is, they are thoroughly examined, even to the smallest member, and that naked too both men and women, without the least distinction or modesty. . . . In the meanwhile, a burning iron, with the arms or name of the companies, lies in the fire, with which ours are marked on the breast" in Source 3.3: A New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea

Yes

Conclusion: African slaves were subject to inhumane rituals at slave trading posts and to brutal treatment during the Middle Passage. Evidence: Olaudah's description that "In this manner we continued to undergo more hardships than I can now relate, hardships which are inseparable from this accursed trade. Many a time we were near suffocation from the want of fresh air, which we were often without for whole days together. This, and the stench of the necessary tubs, carried off many" in Source 3.4: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

Yes

Conclusion: Although English settlers came to Virginia and Massachusetts for very different reasons, those in both colonies found that daily life was difficult and risky. Evidence: Richard Frethorne's description "We . . . must Worke hard both earelie, and late for a messe of water gruel, and a mouthful of bread," in Source 2.3 Letter Home from Virginia

Yes

Conclusion: Although many Bostonians participated on some level in the market economy, those who could afford little or nothing beyond the necessities of food and clothing resented the conspicuous consumption and increasing political influence of wealthy merchants. Evidence: The protester's statement "I now in behalf of myself and others who assembled as a mob assure you, that we have done what we think proper; and are of the opinion, that you had as goods be still and silent . . . for we had no design to do the town any damage, but a great deal of good" in Source 4.6: Letter from a Boston Protester

Yes

Conclusion: Concerned that the violent Pennsylvania rebellion could spread and threaten the stability of the Union, George Washington and his advisers decided to use the Militia Act of 1792 to federalize four state militias and send thirteen thousand soldiers to suppress the uprising. Evidence: "And whereas, it is, in my judgment, necessary under the circumstances of the case to take measures for calling forth the militia in order to suppress the combinations aforesaid, and to cause the laws to be duly executed, and I have accordingly determined so to do, feeling the deepest regret for the occasion, but withal the most solemn conviction that the essential interest of the Union demand it, that the very existence of the government and the fundamental principles of social order are materially involved in the issue, and that the patriotism and firmness of all good citizens are seriously called upon as occasion may require, to aid in the suppression of so fatal a spirit."—Source 7.3: Proclamation against the Rebels

Yes

Conclusion: Concerned that the violent Pennsylvania rebellion could spread and threaten the stability of the Union, George Washington and his advisers decided to use the Militia Act of 1792 to federalize four state militias and send thirteen thousand soldiers to suppress the uprising. Evidence: "The audacity of the perpetrators of these excesses was so great that an armed banditti ventured to seize and carry off two persons who were witnesses against the rioters in the case of Wilson in order to prevent their giving testimony of the riot to a court then sitting or about to sit. Designs of personal violence against the inspector of the revenue himself, to force him a resignation, were repeatedly attempted to be put in execution by armed parties, but, by different circumstances, were frustrated."—Source 7.4: Alexander Hamilton, Letter to George Washington

Yes

Conclusion: English settlers came to Virginia primarily to seek their fortunes in the New World, whereas those who migrated to Massachusetts Bay did so for religious reasons. Evidence: John Smith's assurance that English settlers could engage in the business "to bring such poore Infidels to the knowledge of God and his holy Gospell" in Source 2.1: The Commodities of Virginia

Yes

Conclusion: English settlers came to Virginia primarily to seek their fortunes in the New World, whereas those who migrated to Massachusetts Bay did so for religious reasons. Evidence: John Smith's assurance that in Virginia "The Bay and rivers have much merchantable fish, and places fit for Salt coats, building of ships, making of Iron, &c," in Source 2.1: The Commodities of Virginia

Yes

Conclusion: English settlers came to Virginia primarily to seek their fortunes in the New World, whereas those who migrated to Massachusetts Bay did so for religious reasons. Evidence: John Winthrop's plea that "That which the most in their churches mainetaine as truth in profession onely, we must bring into familiar and constant practice," in Source 2.4: A Model of Christian Charity

Yes

Conclusion: English settlers in both Virginia and Massachusetts Bay had to contend with the Native American people who already lived there, whom they regarded as both a source of aid and a source of danger. Evidence: Powhatan's plea "Let this therefore assure you of our loves, and every yeare our friendly trade shall furnish you with Corne; and now also, if you would come in friendly manner to see us, and not thus with your guns and swords as to invade your foes," in Source 2.2: Powhatan's Viewpoint, as Reported by John Smith

Yes

Conclusion: European slave traders had to negotiate African political and cultural norms in order to secure the best slaves at the best prices. Evidence: "Capt. Clay and I had agreed to go to the trunk to buy the slaves by turns, each his day, that we might have no distraction or disagreement in our trade, . . . the blacks well knowing how to make the best use of such opportunities, and as we found make it their business, and endeavor to create and foment misunderstandings and jealousies between commanders" in Source 3.2: Voyage of the Hannibal

Yes

Conclusion: European slave traders had to negotiate African political and cultural norms in order to secure the best slaves at the best prices. Evidence: Bosman's description of slave trading: "The disputes which we generally have with the owners of the slaves are, that we will not give them such goods as they ask for them, . . . because those slaves which are paid for in boesies cost the company one half more than those bought with other goods" in Source 3.3: A New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea

Yes

Conclusion: Farmers in western Pennsylvania used rhetoric and tactics from the American Revolution in the petitions they submitted to ask for the repeal of the whiskey tax and the violent actions they used to resist it. Evidence: "Not long after a person of the name of Roseberry underwent the humiliating punishment of tarring and feathering with some aggravations for having in conversation hazarded the very natural and just but unpalatable remark that the inhabitants of that county could not reasonably expect protection from a government whose laws they so strenuously opposed. . . . Designs of personal violence against the inspector of revenue himself, to force him to a resignation, were repeatedly attempted to be put in execution by armed parties."—Source 7.4: Alexander Hamilton, Letter to George Washington

Yes

Conclusion: Farmers in western Pennsylvania used rhetoric and tactics from the American Revolution in the petitions they submitted to ask for the repeal of the whiskey tax and the violent actions they used to resist it. Evidence: "Resolved, That the said law is deservedly obnoxious to the feelings and interests of the people in general, as being attended with infringements on liberty. . . . It is a bad precedent tending to introduce the excise laws of Great Britain and of countries where the liberty, property, and even the morals of the people are sported with, to gratify particular men in their ambitious and interested measures."—Source 7.1: Resolution to the Pennsylvania Legislature

Yes

Conclusion: From the original capture to the sale of prisoners in trading posts on Africa's western coast, Africans were complicit in the Atlantic slave trade. Evidence: Phillips's description of slave trading: "When we were at the trunk, the king's slaves, if he had any, were the first offer'd to sale, which the cappasheirs would be very urgent with us to buy, and would in a manner force us to it ere they would shew us any other" in Source 3.2: Voyage of the Hannibal

Yes

Conclusion: From the original capture to the sale of prisoners in trading posts on Africa's western coast, Africans were complicit in the Atlantic slave trade. Evidence: Venture's narration that "They [enemy] then went on to the next district which was contiguous to the sea, called in Africa, Anamaboo. . . . The inhabitants knowing what conduct they had pursued, and what were their present intentions, improved the favorable opportunity, attacked them, and took enemy, prisoners, flocks and all their effects. I was then taken a second time. All of us were then put into the castle, and kept for market" in Source 3.1: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture

Yes

Conclusion: George Washington's suppression of the rebellion horrified many Americans, including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who, fearing that Federalists were abusing the national government's power, began to organize an opposition party. Evidence: "It happened most auspiciously, however, that, with a spirit truly Republican, the people every where, and of every description, condemned the resistance to the will of the majority, and obeyed with alacrity the call to vindicate the authority of the laws. You will see, in the answer of the House of Representatives to the President's speech, that the most was made of this circumstance, as an antidote to the poisonous influence to which Republicanism was exposed."—Source 7.5: James Madison, Letter to James Monroe

Yes

Conclusion: George Washington's suppression of the rebellion horrified many Americans, including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who, fearing that Federalists were abusing the national government's power, began to organize an opposition party. Evidence: "The elections for the House of Representatives are over in New England and Pennsylvania. In Massachusetts, they have been contested so generally as to rouse the people compleatly from their lethargy, though not sufficiently to eradicate the errors which have prevailed there. The principal members have been all severely pushed; several changes have taken place, rather for the better, and not one for the worse."—Source 7.5: James Madison, Letter to James Monroe

Yes

Conclusion: In addition to providing navigational information, maps can sometimes reveal evidence of their creators' political priorities. Evidence: Cartier's provision of French names for Canadian regions and rivers on Source 1.3: Dauphin Map of Canada

Yes

Conclusion: In addition to providing navigational information, maps can sometimes reveal evidence of their creators' political priorities. Evidence: The depictions of violence and warfare in Source 1.4: Map of Cuauhtinchan

Yes

Conclusion: Slaves, unskilled laborers, and poor men and women recognized that they lacked the freedom and influence enjoyed by Boston's elites and found a variety of ways to resist their subjected status using both legal and extra-legal means. Evidence: The protester's statement "I do now declare in the name of 500 men, that it will be the hardest place of work that ever you took in your hand, to pretend to commit any man for that night's work . . . so that . . . there must be a great deal of blood shed before we will be suppressed" In Source 4.6: Letter from a Boston Protester

Yes

Conclusion: Some American colonists had begun to think about their common interests in the 1750s, but it was not until they faced ongoing conflict with their British rulers that many colonists embraced a common American identity that rested on the idea of liberty and banded together as a single political entity that could fight to secure its rights. Evidence: The Albany Plan's statement "That humble application be made for an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which, one General Government may be formed in America, including all the said Colonies, within, and under which Government each Colony may retain its present constitution" in Source 5.1: The Albany Plan of Union

Yes

Conclusion: Some American colonists had begun to think about their common interests in the 1750s, but it was not until they faced ongoing conflict with their British rulers that many colonists embraced a common American identity that rested on the idea of liberty and banded together as a single political entity that could fight to secure its rights. Evidence: The statement by the women "We the Subscribers do strictly engage, that we will totally abstain from the Use of that Article (Sickness excepted). . . . This agreement we cheerfully come into, as we believe the very distressed Situation of our Country requires it" in Source 5.2: Boycott Agreement of Women in Boston

Yes

Conclusion: Some Americans recognized the hypocrisy evident in the broad claims about American liberty and equality, which ignored the lives and experiences of enslaved people. Evidence: The slaves' statement "We acknowledge our obligations to you for what you have already done, but as the people of this province seem to be actuated by the principles of equity and justice, we cannot but expect your house will again take our deplorable case into serious consideration, and give us that ample relief which, as men, we have a natural right to" in Source 5.3: Peter Bestes and Massachusetts Slaves, Letter to Local Representatives

Yes

Conclusion: Some Americans who expressed loyalist points of view did so because they believed that Britain had acted appropriately in its relations with the colonies during the 1760s and 1770s. Evidence: "In this state of the Colonies it was not unreasonable to expect that Parliament would have levied a tax on them proportionate to their wealth, and the sums raised in Great Britain. Her ancient right, so often exercised, and never controverted, enabled her, and the occasion invited her to do it."—Source 6.1: Joseph Galloway, Speech to Continental Congress

Yes

Conclusion: Some groups of Americans chose to side with the British because they believed it was more beneficial for them to do so than to side with the patriots. Evidence: "Brother. The Mohocks our particular nation, have on all occasions shewn their zeal and loyalty to the Great King; yet they have been very badly treated by the people in that country . . . all our applications has never been done, and it makes us very uneasie." Source 6.4: Joseph Brant (Mohawk) Expresses Loyalty to the Crown

Yes

Conclusion: Some groups of Americans chose to side with the British because they believed it was more beneficial for them to do so than to side with the patriots. Evidence: "To escape his cruelty, I determined to go [to] Charles Town, and throw myself into the hands of the English. They received me readily, and I began to feel the happiness, liberty, of which I knew nothing before."—Source 6.5: Boston King, Memoirs of the Life of Boston King

Yes

Conclusion: The vocal radicalism expressed by many on the patriot side led some Americans to challenge their arguments strongly and publicly. Evidence: "And now to prove how false thy Stores By Facts,—which wont admit a Doubt Know there are conscientious Tories and one poor Whig at least without Wilt thou permit the Muse to mention, a Whisper circulated round, 'Let Howe increase the Scribblers Pension No more will Paine a Whig be found.'"—Source 6.3: Hannah Griffits, Response to Thomas Paine

Yes

Conclusion: The vocal radicalism expressed by many on the patriot side led some Americans to challenge their arguments strongly and publicly. Evidence: "I therefore beseech you, . . . not to rely on a denial of authority of Parliament, . . . because whatever protestations, in that case, may be made to the contrary, it will prove to the world that we intend to throw off our allegiance to the State, and to involve the two countries in all the horrors of a civil war."—Source 6.1: Joseph Galloway, Speech to Continental Congress

Yes

Conclusion: The vocal radicalism expressed by many on the patriot side led some Americans to challenge their arguments strongly and publicly. Evidence: "This author [Thomas Paine] says—"The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'Tis time to part.' I think they cry just the reverse. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries—It is time to be reconciled."—Source 6.2: Charles Inglis, The True Interest of America Impartially Stated

Yes

Conclusion: When white men in the American colonies spoke of the need to defend their liberty, they did not generally assume that other groups were entitled to that right, yet some women and slaves adopted the radical rhetoric, applied it to their own circumstances, and organized their own challenges to the status quo. Evidence: The slaves' statement "We expect great things from men who have made such a noble stand against the designs of their fellow-men to enslave them. We cannot but wish and hope Sir, that you will have the same grand object, we mean civil and religious liberty, in view in your next session. The divine spirit of freedom, seems to fire in every humane breast on this continent, except such as are bribed to assist in executing the execrable plan" in Source 5.3: Peter Bestes and Massachusetts Slaves, Letter to Local Representatives

Yes

Conclusion: When white men in the American colonies spoke of the need to defend their liberty, they did not generally assume that other groups were entitled to that right, yet some women and slaves adopted the radical rhetoric, applied it to their own circumstances, and organized their own challenges to the status quo. Evidence: The women's statement that "At a time when our invaluable Rights and Privileges are attacked in an unconstitutional and most alarming Manner, and as we find we are reproached for not being so ready as could be desired, to lend our Assistance, we think it our Duty perfectly to concur with the true friends of Liberty, in all the Measures they have taken to save this abused Country from Ruin and Slavery" in Source 5.2: Boycott Agreement of Women in Boston

Yes

ConclusionSome Americans recognized the hypocrisy evident in the broad claims about American liberty and equality, which ignored the lives and experiences of enslaved people. Evidence: De Crevecoeur's remarks on the blindness of the colonists: "While all is joy, festivity, and happiness in Charles-Town, would you imagine that scenes of misery overspread in the country? Their ears by habit are become deaf, their hearts are hardened; they neither see, hear, nor feel for the woes of their poor slaves, from whose painful labours all their wealth proceeds. Here the horrors of slavery, the hardship of incessant toils, are unseen; and no one thinks with compassion of those showers of sweat and of tears which from the bodies of Africans, daily drop, and moisten the ground they till" in Source 5.5: J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer

Yes

Which of the following groups was the most likely target audience for John Smith's "The Commodities in Virginia"?

Young men interested in profit-making businesses

As the map indicates, the French and Indian War was

a global conflict.

Migration to the Americas between 25,000 and 10,000 BCE could only occur because of

a land bridge.

In their resolution to the Pennsylvania legislature, farmers suggested that the tax would create a situation in which

agriculture in the western parts of the United States would eventually decline.

This engraving, created by Paul Revere in 1774 in reaction to Parliament's closure of Boston's port, depicts Lord North forcing tea down the throat of Americans, personified by the Indian. The two men holding her down are personifications of the British aristocracy, which Revere asserts are

aides to Lord North.

Expressed in geographic terms, White's middle ground is synonymous with

borderlands.

Mangan asserts that the effect of the Spanish arrival in South America in the sixteenth century on Native Americans was

both positive and negative.

Ordinary people showed their support for the boycott of British goods by refusing to

buy goods manufactured in England.

Many women who were accused of witchcraft had also

challenged male relatives and neighbors for property.

Read together, Lemon and Henretta offer an image of late-seventeenth-century Pennsylvania as a(n)

colony of middle-class diverse migrants centered around its only significant city.

For Bailyn, the American Revolution was essentially

conservative, to restore English rights.

Extensive parliamentary restrictions that limited the North American colonies' ability to trade with the rest of the world were meant to generate wealth for England but had the unintended consequence of

creating wealth for North American merchants.

People migrated to South America by

crossing the land bridge and following the long coastline of the Americas.

According to this narrative, Thomas Phillips and his men regarded African kings as

cunning negotiators who demanded their respect.

Alexander Hamilton described the rebels' violent acts so thoroughly in this letter in order to

demonstrate the extent of the threat posed by the rebels.

This boycott agreement demonstrates that women

felt strongly about British policies and found informal ways to participate in politics.

When compared to Bailyn, Breen's argument about the foundations of the American Revolution

gives less agency to ideas and focuses instead on immediate concerns and evangelical religion.

Little Turtle, a war chief of the Miami Nation, created a pan-Indian alliance and attacked federal troops in the Ohio valley in 1790 because the U.S. government

had failed to stop settlers from moving into Indian territory.

Cartier's map of Canada was created to

illustrate which lands and waterways he had claimed for France.

When Hamilton refers to "persons of weight and consideration" who participated in the violence in Pennsylvania, he means that they were

important and highly respected.

Ferling notes that Democratic-Republican attacks on Adams remained centered on policy in 1800 while Federalist attacks on Jefferson were

intensely personalized.

Hannah Griffits tries to discredit Thomas Paine by characterizing him as a

liar.

Wood takes a narrow view of British colonists, limiting his definition to

literate middle- and upper-class whites.

Compared to Wood's view, Butler sees British colonial identity as

more comprehensive and varied.

Most English settlements were located

near Indian villages.

In the eighteenth century, the French claimed land

near the Mississippi River.

With whose behavior did Corbin seem most concerned within his plantation population?

overseers

Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton preached a covenant of grace, which means

people have to rely solely on God's grace and have no individual choice in their salvation.

In 1800, Jefferson won the western states. Ferling attributes this victory to Jefferson's

political organization in the region.

Mayan astronomers were known for the development of a system for

predicting eclipses of the sun and moon.

According to Washington's proclamation, the U.S. government wanted to put down the rebellion in order to

preserve social order.

The purpose of the Bill of Rights, passed in 1791, was to

protect states and individuals from the powerful central government.

Rather than declaring independence, Galloway suggested that the colonies should

reaffirm their allegiance to Britain and ask for more representation in its political system.

According to Lemon, late-seventeenth-century Pennsylvania was the most attractive colony for English emigrants because of its

reputation for opportunity.

Most Pennsylvanian settlements in the eighteenth century were concentrated in the

southeast.

Queen Anne's War, which ravaged North America from 1702 until 1713, was sparked by

the death of Charles II without an heir.

The Columbus brothers' map was most likely created for

their own use and that of other Portuguese and Spanish sailors.

In early colonial communities from New England to the Chesapeake, many women gained economic and legal leverage because

there was a shortage of women and workers.

During the 1637 conflict known as the Pequot War, allied Puritan and Narragansett forces launched a decisive attack in which

they surrounded a Pequot village and burned it down.

When the author concluded his letter by saying "there must be a great deal of blood shed before we will be suppressed, provided you take any advantage of us or any of us," he was

threatening violence against anyone who sought to hold someone responsible for the crime.

The election of 1796 was notable because it was the first

to pit candidates of opposing factions against each other.

Mangan asserts that Native Americans in sixteenth-century South America benefited from the Spanish presence as a result of

trade.

Townsend notes that Malintzin won over the Spanish explorers through her

translation skills and her behavioral approach to them.

Which of the following is a reflection of the cartographer's identities?

Europe's location at the center of the map

What can be learned by the presence of the Christian Native King?

Europeans had been to this region already.

What does the shape of the Americas suggest regarding European exploration in 1507?

Europeans had conducted more exploration in South America than North America.

Why did the Northumberland County Court and the Assembly Committee grant Elizabeth Key's freedom?

Evidence proved that she had been indentured, not sold in to slavery.

How might the author's identity influence the account of Benjamin Church's meeting with Awashonks?

He is likely to be biased positively towards Benjamin Church.

How did William Nahaton's Indian identity impact his actions during King Philip's War?

He knew enough language and culture from both sides to petition for release.

Which of the following factors does Greene point to as evidence of the Chesapeake region as a more accurate model for English society than New England before 1660?

Highly disparate incomes

What helped Cabeza de Vaca survive in his years with the Indians?

His adoption of native practices

Why did Cartier depict Spanish and English claims in North America as so much smaller than French claims?

His map was intended primarily to illustrate his exploration of Canada's eastern region..

What does Nahaton promise to the council he petitions if they agree to release his kin?

His own indebtedness to the council

What advice did Benjamin Church offer to Awashonks?

Join with England

What was the relationship between King Philip and the Massachusetts government according to Randolph's account of the war?

Massachusetts tried to take his land and imprisoned him.

Approximately how many houses does Cortes reportedly burn in the course of the engagements recounted in this document?

More than 3500

Both Townsend and Mangan assert which truism about the Native American experience in Spanish America in the sixteenth century?

Native Americans were able to carve out social space for themselves despite Spanish dominance.

Conclusion: Europeans' maps of the world became increasingly detailed as their knowledge and understanding of the regions beyond Europe and Asia grew over time Evidence: Jacques Cartier's drawing of Spain's claims in North America in Source 1.3: Dauphin Map of Canada

Conclusion: In addition to providing navigational information, maps can sometimes reveal evidence of their creators' political priorities. Evidence: The depictions of flags on Source 1.1: Map of Europe and North Africa

What did Awashonks offer to Benjamin Church in appreciate for his advice and assistance?

Protection of himself and his goods while in her care

Greene argues what institution or idea was marginalized by previous historians' reticence to recognize the Chesapeake's resemblance to English society around 1660?

Slavery

What do these cases reveal about the differences between indentured servants and slaves?

Slaves gradually replaced indentured servants because there were fewer limits on their treatment.

According to John Easton, which of the following was an Indian grievance against the British colonists in New England?

The British provided alcohol to local Indians.

What fault does Edward Randolph find in the behavior of the colonists in terms of their relationship with the Indians?

The colonists attempted to appease King Philip with land offers.

How does the Jesuit Marie de L'Incarnation explain the deaths of the Indians?

The deaths confirmed the faith of those Indians who converted.

What likely contributed to the different native receptions for Columbus and Magellan?

The lack of prior interaction with Europeans in Hispaniola

When read together, which of the following statements is justified by the passages from historians Greene and Taylor?

The seventeenth-century Chesapeake was more representative of England than was New England.

This map illustrates which element of Christopher Columbus's understanding of world geography?

The spatial relationship between Europe and North Africa on a circular planet

The shape of the map reveals an understanding of which of the following navigational concepts?

The world was round

The Columbus brothers' map suggests which of the following conclusions?

Their cartographic expertise facilitated Columbus's successful voyage to North America.

According to her account of captivity, what surprised Mary Rowlandson about the Wampanoags and their allies?

Their large population

What does this petition reveal about Nahaton's views on women?

Their roles are largely insignificant during war.

What can be inferred about the relationships between Europeans and Native Americans based on the experiences of the Hurons and the Jesuits?

There was a great deal of possibility for misunderstanding.

What does the Huron woman claim about the Catholic Jesuits who visited her people?

They are casting spells to kill the Indians.

What factor, according to Taylor, made emigrants to New England in the early-seventeenth century unique?

They came over as family groups.

What do the cases of Sarah Tailer and Elizabeth Key reveal about their position as indentured servants in the Chesapeake?

They had a legal right to complain about physical abuse and misuse by masters.

How did Easton explain how the English managed to purchase so much land from the Indians?

They made Indians drunk before negotiating the sales.

Why might Cortés have been depicted seated and Montezuma standing?

To imply that Montezuma was stronger than Cortés.

Conclusion: Europeans' maps included details that reflected their beliefs and assumptions about the people who lived outside of Europe. Evidence: Piri Reis's depiction of South America in Source 1.2: Piri Reis Map

Yes

Conclusion: Europeans' maps included details that reflected their beliefs and assumptions about the people who lived outside of Europe. Evidence: The Columbus brothers' depiction of Africa in Source 1.1: Map of Europe and North Africa

Yes

Conclusion: Europeans' maps of the world became increasingly detailed as their knowledge and understanding of the regions beyond Europe and Asia grew over time Evidence: Piri Reis's drawings of the east coast of South America in Source 1.2: Piri Reis Map

Yes

Conclusion: Europeans' maps of the world became increasingly detailed as their knowledge and understanding of the regions beyond Europe and Asia grew over time. Evidence: The Columbus brothers' depiction of Africa in Source 1.1: Map of Europe and North Africa

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