History of South Africa Midterm

Carnegie Commission Report

"The Poor White Problem in South Africa: Report of the Carnegie Commission" (1932) was a study of poverty among white South Africans that made recommendations about segregation that some have argued would later serve as a blueprint for Apartheid.

Mfecane (1815-1840)

"the crushing"" a term used to refer to the fighting and merging of different native tribes in South Africa.

ANC Youth League

(ANCYL) is the youth wing of the African National Congress. As set out in its constitution the ANC Youth League is led by a National Executive Committee (NEC) and a National Working Committee (NWC).

Mining Compounds

A migrant worker compound is a key institution in a system such as that which regulated labour on mines in South Africa from the later nineteenth century. The tightly controlled closed compound which came to typify the phenomenon in that country originated on the diamond mines of Kimberley from about 1885 and was later replicated on the gold mines. This labour arrangement, regulating the flow of male workers from rural homes in Bantustans or Homelands to the mines and jobs in urban settings generally, became one of the major cogs in the apartheid state.

Broderbond

A secret Afrikaner society known for promoting white interests, especially Apartheid.

split labor economy

A source of antagonism between ethnic groups is assumed to be a split labor market or one in which there is a large differential in price of labor for the same occupation/work.

Alfred Xuma

AB Xuma, was the first black South African to become a medical doctor, as well as a leader, activist and president-general of the African National Congress from 1940 to 1949.

Oliver Tambo

ANC President from poor background educated at Fort Hare. Formerly a schoolteacher, would practice law with Mandela.

Natal Constitution

African voting prohibited under new law in 1856.

Dutch Reformed Church

Afrikaner Church which supported apartheid

Cape Liberal Tradition

Derived from non-racial franchise. Later became the Liberal political position in the apartheid era.

Rand Rebellion (1921-1922)

Drop in world price of gold caused mining firms to attempt to cut costs by lowering wages and hiring cheaper black labor, which caused the whites to strike and eventually violently rebel.

Berlin Conference

Europeans divided Africa into spheres of influence and allocated resources and territory. Empires wanted control of prices and the prestige of overseas possessions.

Wages Act (1925)

Fixed minimum wage in South Africa introduced. It excluded farm labourers, domestic servants, and public servants, which were black positions. White workers benefitted greatly.

South African Native National Congress

Founded on 8 January 1912 by John Langalibalele Dube in Bloemfontein as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), its primary mission was to give voting rights to black and mixed-race Africans and, from the 1940s, to end apartheid.

D.D.T. Jabavu and J.T. Jabavu

Founder and future leader of the first African created newspaper in SA "Umvo Zabantsundu."

Mohandas Gandhi

Gandhi developed politically during his 21 years in South Africa while fighting for Indians rights in SA. This is where he began to question British Imperialism.

JBM Hertzog

He was a Boer general during the second Anglo-Boer War who became Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa from 1924 to 1939. Throughout his life he encouraged the development of Afrikaner culture, determined to protect the Afrikaners from Britain's influences.

John Dube

He was the founding president of the South African Native National Congress, which became the African National Congress in 1923. Dube served as SANNC president between 1912 and 1917.

Slavery Emancipation

In 1834, the British Empire abolished slavery altogether.

Isandlwana

In 1879, the British army suffered a huge defeat at this battle with the Zulus.

Union

In 1910, the four British colonies (Cape, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange River colonies) united and broke free from Britain.

United Party

In 1935 the main portion of the National Party, led by J. B. M. Hertzog, merged with the South African Party of Jan Smuts to form the United Party.

1948 Election

In the 1948 general election, the National Party (NP) won the most seats on its policy of racial segregation, known as Apartheid.

Shepstone system

Indirect ruling system incorporating chiefs and customary law into colonial rule.

Communist Party of South Africa

It was founded in 1921, was declared illegal in 1950 by the governing National Party, and participated in the struggle to end the apartheid system. It is a partner of the Tripartite Alliance with the African National Congress and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and through this it influences the South African government.

Jan van Riebeeck

Johan Anthoniszoon "Jan" van Riebeeck was a Dutch navigator and colonial administrator who arrived in Cape Town in what then became the Dutch Cape Colony of the Dutch East India Company.

Kimberly

Kimberley is the capital city of South Africa's Northern Cape Province. Also known as the "City of Diamonds."

Chief Moeshoeshoe

King of Lesotho during the troubles.

South African Party

Moderate party in SA led by Jan Smuts. The party was intended to project a more moderate platform than that of the Afrikaner Bond. This party also advocated more peaceful relations with neighboring states, especially the Transvaal. Schreiner originally formed the party to oppose the "personal domination of Mr. Rhodes." Eventually, the Afrikaner Bond would lend their support to form a new government.

Great Trek

Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal.

Cape Constitution (1853)

Non-racial franchise, yet a property owning requirement to qualify.

Programme of Action adopted by ANC

Programme of Action called on the ANC to embark on mass action, involving civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts and other forms of non-violent resistance.

Solomon Plaatje

Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje was a South African intellectual, journalist, linguist, politician, translator and writer. Plaatje was a founder member and first General Secretary of the South African Native National Congress, which became the Africal National Congress.

Reconstruction (1902-1910)

South Africa begins to develop after the Second Boer War.

"Practical Apartheid"

Ultimately the Sauer commission did not enforce the total segregation to the extent originally envisioned. Rather, it resulted in the immediate implementation of 'practical Apartheid', which allowed some African people to enter and work in urban areas, with the complete implementation of total Apartheid envisioned as a future goal.

Industrial Conciliation Act

Workers "regulated by any Native Pass Laws and regulations" (black workers) were excluded from the definition of workers and so not permitted to join a union.

Chief Shaka

a Zulu chief who used a strong military force to create an organized, central state

Accommodationism

a black who adapts to the ideals or attitudes of whites.

Sauer Report (1947)

argued that the flood of black migrants into the urban space had to be reversed. Apartheid was the only way forward for South Africa.

Total Segregation

in 1948, segregation was fully implemented.

lobola

is property in cash or kind, which a prospective husband or head of his family undertakes to give to the head of a prospective wife's family in consideration of a customary marriage.

Natives Land Act of 1913

restricted ownership of African land to 7%. Black ownership fell to extremely low levels and led to segregation amongst the races known as "black spots."

African National Congress (ANC)

the main organization that opposed apartheid and pushed for majority rule in South Africa; later a political party

Treaty of Vereeniging, 1902

the peace treaty, signed on 31 May 1902, that ended the Second Boer War between the South African Republic and the Republic of the Orange Free State, on the one side, and the United Kingdom on the other. South Africa would now become a British colony.

Clements Kadalie

was South Africa's first black national trade union leader.

Nelson Mandela

was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, peace activist, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election.

Abdullah Aburdahman

was a South African politician and physician, born in Wellington, South Africa. He was the first coloured city councillor of Cape Town, and leader of the anti-segregationist movement African Political Organization established in 1902.

D.F. Malan

was a South African politician who served as Prime Minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954. His National Party government came to power on the program of apartheid, which is a program of segregation. The foundations of apartheid were firmly laid down during his tenure as prime minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954.

Louis Botha

was a South African politician who was the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa—the forerunner of the modern South African state. A Boer war hero during the Second Boer War, he would eventually fight to have South Africa become a British Dominion.

National Party

was a political party in South Africa founded in 1914 and disbanded in 1997. The party was originally an Afrikaner ethnic nationalist party that promoted Afrikaner interests in South Africa.

Jan Smuts (1870-1950)

was a prominent South African and British Imperial and later Commonwealth statesman, military leader and philosopher. In addition to holding various cabinet posts, he served as prime minister of the Union of South Africa from 1919 until 1924 and from 1939 until 1948. Although Smuts had originally advocated racial segregation and opposed the enfranchisement of black Africans, his views changed and he backed the Fagan Commission's findings that complete segregation was impossible. Smuts subsequently lost the 1948 election to hard-line Afrikaners who created apartheid. He continued to work for reconciliation and emphasized the British Commonwealth's positive role until his death in 1950.

Mineral Revolution

when British began migration to inland because of discovery of diamonds and gold around the Vaal River in 1886 - 1887 and led to increased racial segregation and black poverty because of taxes, labor systems, and pass system

Purified National Party

A hardline faction of Afrikaner nationalists, led by D. F. Malan, strongly opposed the merger. Malan and 19 other MPs defected to form the Purified National Party, which he led for the next fourteen years in opposition.

Mines and Work Act

Amended multiple times in the 20th-century. Helped to expand the color bar which prevented blacks from earning employment in certain positions.

Anton Lembede

Anton Lembede was a South African activist and founding president of the African National Congress Youth League. He has been described as "the principal architect of South Africa's first full-fledged ideology of African nationalism."

Walter Sisulu

Black African leader who, along with Nelson Mandela, opposed apartheid system in South Africa. Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu was a South African anti-apartheid activist and member of the African National Congress, serving at times as Secretary-General and Deputy President of the organization. He was jailed at Robben Island, where he served more than 25 years' imprisonment.

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

South African War (1899-1902)

British Empire fights Boer from Transvaal and Orange Free State in guerrilla campaign. British conquer and rule over inland territory.

Concentration camps

British concentration camps refers to internment camps operated by the British in South Africa during the Second Boer War in years 1900-1902.

Umvo Zabantsundu

By 3 November 1884, the first issue of Imvo Zabantsundu was published. Although this newspaper was known as the first black-owned newspaper during this era, it also became popular because it helped Africans to express themselves without any fear of prejudice and discrimination.

1924 Election

The 1924 South African general election was a realigning election in the Union of South Africa's House of Assembly held on 19 June 1924 to elect 135 members. Rising discontent with the government of Jan Smuts led to the defeat of his government by a coalition of the pro-Afrikaner National Party and the South African Labour Party, a socialist party representing the interests of the white proletariat.

African Political Organization

The African Political Organization, later known as the African People's Organization (APO), was a coloured political organisation in early-20th-century South Africa.[1] Founded in Cape Town in 1902, the organisation rallied South African coloureds against the South Africa Act 1909.

Die Burger (The Citizen)

The Afrikaner newspaper of South Africa. It was a supporter of the Nationalist Party and Apartheid for many years.

British Arrive on the Cape

The British wanted to exercise control over the trading route between GB and India, so British settlers arrived on the Cape in 1820.

Herero Genocide

The Herero and Nama genocide was a campaign of racial extermination and collective punishment that the German Empire undertook in German South West Africa against the Ovaherero and the Nama.

Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU)

The Industrial and Commercial Union was a trade union and mass based popular political movement in southern Africa. It was influenced by the syndicalist politics of the Industrial Workers of the World, as well as by Garveyism, Christianity, communism and liberalism.

Jameson Raid (1895)

The Jameson Raid was a botched raid against the South African Republic carried out by British colonial statesman Leander Starr Jameson and his Company troops and Bechuanaland policemen over the New Year weekend of 1895-96.

Pact Government

The June 1924 election propelled Hertzog to the position of prime minister through a coalition between the National and Labour parties known as the Pact government.

Natal Indian Congress

The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) was an organisation that aimed to fight discrimination against Indians in South Africa. The Natal Indian Congress was founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1894.