History of Sports

Public Schools Athletic League

(PSAL) organized in New York City by Luther Gulick in the early 10th Century to put on competitions between schools and also to keep youth (especially immigrant youth) our of trouble after school

YMCA

(Young Men's Christian Association) This was one place the Strenuous Life could be practiced was at the YMCA. Initially when it was founded in England in 1851 it focused more on the Christian part of its name but by the end of the 19th Century it had become synonymous with exercise and sports

Kolven

A game introduced to the New York colony by the Dutch. It most closely resembles the modern game of golf

Quarter Horses

A new breed of horse in the colonies that was much smaller than the British thoroughbreds with larger hindquarters bred to race shorter distances of a quarter mile or less

Needful Recreation

Activities deemed to appropriate in Pennsylvania. Similar to Puritan Lawful sport, needful recreation was allowed if it benefited the individual through exercise or providing food.

Cap Anson

Adrian Constantine Anson, nicknamed "Cap" and "Pop", was an American Major League Baseball first baseman.

What was the reason for King James issuing the "Book of Sports" in 1618?

All of the above - A worry that without exercise his male subjects would not be ready for war - An attempt to control his subjects - His belief that his subjects ought to be able to recreate on the Sabbath

Reserve Clause

Allowed clubs to reserve the rights of players for their careers. It left players with very little power when negotiating contracts and controlling their futures.

Victorian Counterculture

Also considered oppositional group. Didn't want restrictiveness of Victorian culture. Counterculture valued leisure time and liked sports and Victorians hated sports and competition and gambling.

Playground Movement

Also designed to keep children out of trouble it began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41 to 504 in a little more than a decade

Separate Spheres

As part of the Victorian middle class, there was a separation of sexes. The public sphere (business, politics) was the domain of men and the private sphere (the home, family) was the domain of women. Rarely did the two mix

Which of the following stakes horse races was run first?

Belmont Stakes

Which of the following was a banned sport, according to the "Book of Sports"?

Bowling

John Cox Stevens was associated with all of the following sports EXCEPT:

Boxing

Primogeniture

British cultural tradition of the first-born son inheriting the family fortune

Caledonian Clubs

Caledonia was the Roman name for Scotland and these clubs revolved around racing and track and field. They sprang up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country.

Paper Chases

Called "hare and hound" races in England they were essentially cross-country races in which torn up paper would mark the courses.

Which of the following activities would NOT be considered a "lawful sport" in Puritan New England?

Cards

Which of the following was not a trait of 19th Century Victorians?

Catholicism

The game of Toli was primarily associated with which native tribe?

Choctaw

Michael "King" Kelly

Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887

Mills Commission

Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man.

"Race of the Century"

Considered by many the first major sporting event that received national attention and promotion in newspapers--it pitted a northern horse Eclipse vs. southern horse Sir Henry in a sectional battle at Union race track on Long Island.

Which of the following was NOT a reason John Montgomery Ward and the Players' Union decided to form their own league in 1890?

Dislike of the current rules of the game

Puritans

English protestants in the 16th and 17th century who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices

Benjamin Franklin is most associated with which cultural movement?

Enlightenment

"Rough and Tumble" fighting was often banned in many areas of the Backcountry

False

A player was considered out if he hit a ball that was either caught on the fly or after one bounce

False

According to Knickerbocker Rules, the bases were 45 paces apart

False

According to the "Book of Sports" May Day festivities would not be allowed to continue

False

American Revolution no one participated in sports because it was illegal

False

In most cases immigrants stayed away from the Victorian Counterculture

False

Players could bat in any order they wanted and could change that order in the middle of the game

False

Players could throw at runners to get them out as long as they hit them below the neck

False

Tennis was primarily played by the lower classes of Great Britain

False

The Continental Congress outlawed all sports and games except for cock fighting

False

The Great Awakening was a good time for sports in America

False

The Second Great Awakening was shorter in length and not as widespread as the first Great Awakening

False

The Walking City was an urban center in which settled areas were no more than 5 miles from the center of town

False

James Gordon Bennett

First generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Herald newspaper

Walking City

First of the three stages of development of urban areas in which the edge of town was no more than two miles from the center of the city

What was the most popular game of Britain's "Festive Culture"?

Football

Henry Chadwick

Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a sportswriter for the New York Clipper writing about the game. He was credited with inventing the batting average and box score and eventually became known as "Father of Baseball"

Harry Wright

Former cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best of the early players. He was the player-manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings

Albert. G Spalding

Former star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings who would go on to become a sporting goods magnate. He wanted to prove baseball was a uniquely American sport

Alexander Joy Cartwright

Founding member of baseball fraternity, the New York Knickerbocker Base Ball Club

Toli

Game of stickball played by Native Americans most closely resembling lacrosse

Britain's Festive Culture

Games played in conjunction with the gathering of large groups of people in British society celebrating religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating life

Sporting Spectacles

Games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors. Victorians were against them because of the competitiveness and the gambling and money paid to the participants went against their basic beliefs.

John Cox Stevens

Heir to a steamboat fortune, Stevens used his wealth to stage and promote sporting events (particularly races) involving horses, yachts and people.

Which of the following was NOT a change to the rules of baseball implemented by the 1880s"?

Homerun outlawed

"Book of Sports"

King James' 1618 declaration of what sports were and were not allowed to be played on the Sabbath. The declaration came in response to the growing influence of the Puritans.

Sabbatarian laws

Laws passed in the colonies to restrict recreation on the Sabbath

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentary forces during the British Civil War. Was the titular ruler of Great Britain after the Civil War when there was no monarch.

Middle Class Victorianism

Named for the longest-serving monarch in British history (Victoria) it was a time period in which there was a belief that there was commonality between the middle class of the western industrialized world. The common themes included evangelical Protestantism, self-restraint and hard work.

Which of the following was a requirement for a team to join the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs?

New teams must be approved by existing teams

One Old Cat

Next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base

"Beer and Whiskey League"

Officially called the American Association, it was an early rival to the National League. It received its nickname by serving alcohol at games (sometimes the National League did not do that)

Town Ball

Once three more bases were added the game was first called Four Old Cat and eventually town ball. Town ball most closely resembles the modern game of baseball and the name derived from towns fielding teams to play the game

Which of the following rules of baseball similar to today's game was NOT employed by the NY Knickerbockers baseball club in the 1840s?

Overhand pitching

The Strenuous Life

Phrase coined by Theodore Roosevelt who believed the absence of a recent war had led to a feminization of the late-19th Century male. The Strenuous Life was designed to toughen up the American male through vigorous exercise and sports

Tavern

Place where men gathered to seek shelter, enjoy each others company and drink. The tavern could be found in every region of the colonies

Rough & Tumble

Popular violent sport with no rules in the Backcountry usually contested when there was a real or perceived slight to one's manhood. The ultimate goal of the sport was to gouge out the eye of your opponent

Elysian Fields

Portion of John Cox Stevens' property in Hoboken, New Jersey, that was donated for use as cricket fields and the New York Yacht Club.

William Hulbert

President of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876

Players' League

Professional Baseball league of the 19th century

Knickerbocker Base Ball Club

Recognized by many as the earliest organized baseball club. The club was reserved for gentlemen and was more interested in the social aspect of the club than the competitiveness of the games. They played the first organized games in Hoboken, NJ, at the Elysian Fields in 1845.

Rational Recreation

Recreation that was deemed appropriate by the Victorian middle class including reading newspapers, books, and playing musical instruments. Some sports where allowed but always under the umbrella of non-competitiveness.

Why did Republicanism tend to inhibit sports?

Republicans believed a successful republic could not be founded on the idle amusements of the decadent monarchies of Europe

College crew

Rowing (or crew) is a proud and historic collegiate sport that dates back to 1852

"Muscular Christianity"

Second half of the 19th Century movement that stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise. Writer Thomas Wentworth Higgenson was a leading proponent of the movement

Why was the Cincinnati club removed from the National League?

Sold beer and games and played on Sundays

Sporting Fraternities

Subcultures created by the counterculture for those who were interested in specific sports. It was also a place where men can find a surrogate brotherhood.

According to the Puritans, when did the Sabbath begin?

Sundown Saturday

In which are of the colonies would you NOT find taverns?

Taverns were found in all colonies

AAU

The Amateur Athletic Union is an amateur sports organization based in the United States.

Republicanism

The belief during the American Revolution that everything done by the colonists should be separate from Europe. The people in this new republic would have to be virtuous and idle recreation had no part in this society.

Positive Sports Ideology

The idea that sports and athletics is a positive alternative to the more negative aspects of city life

Royal Sports

The most popular athletic event in the most royal circles was the joust.

During the Revolution, George Washington allowed his men to play games (as long as they did not gamble on them)

True

Early American sporting fraternities were based on their British counterparts

True

George Whitefield was a charismatic preacher during the Great Awakening

True

In order to be Lawful Sport in New England, the activity had to be disassociated with British Festive Culture and refresh the participants to perform their worldly callings

True

King James in his "Book of Sports" commanded that no one could be arrested for participating in a lawful sport on the Sabbath as long as they first went to church

True

Non-members of the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club were allowed to play if there were not enough members present

True

Separate Spheres referred to the different worlds of males and females during the Victorian Era

True

Which belief was most associated with Arminianism?

Universal salvation

Luther Halsey Gulick

Was an instructor at the YMCA's headquarters in Springfield, MA, and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning.

William Cammeyer

a businessman who was a pioneer in the early days of Major League Baseball. He was the owner of the New York Mutuals franchise and even managed the team during the 1876 season.

"Nouveau Riche"

a term used, usually derogatory, to describe those whose wealth has been acquired within their own generation, rather than by familial inheritance.

Barn ball

an early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball of the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick

Enlightenment

an embrace of science and reason and a departure from religion and superstition

2nd Great Awakening

between 1800 and 1860 the number of evangelical Protestant churches grew twice as fas as the population movement seemed to last longer--spanning much of the first half of the century

Moses Fleetwood Walker

considered to be the last black major league baseball player prior to Jackie Robinson played for Toledo in the American Association

Which of the following venue would you most likely NOT find members of the Victorian Counterculture?

not saloons

Which of the following was 19th Century technological breakthrough NOT mentioned in Chapter 2?

not telegraph

Cincinnati Red Stockings

the first announced all-paid team 1869

Leonard Jerome

was known as a "playboy" in New York City