History of the Church Chapter 7
Council of Hiereia
A local council convened by Constantine V to condemn the use of icons.
Icon
A two-dimensional or bas-relief image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or one of the saints which is used as an aid for Christian acts of piety. The general artistic style of icons reflects a certain mystical beauty of Christ the Savior and the saints. When rightly understood, the icon by virtue of what is represented, is seen as an invitation to prayer.
Alcuin
Appointed to Charlemagne's court; Known for revising the Roman lectionary; a scholar in Latin grammar and math
Codex Justinianus
Compiled under Emperor Justinian I, the codex was the collection and systemization of all Roman law as it had developed from his predecessors put together for the purpose of legal uniformity throughout the empire. It is the basis for canon law as well as the civil law throughout most of Europe.
Iconoclast
From the Greek word eikonoklastes meaning "image breaker," iconoclasts saw icons as occasions of idolatry and sought to destroy them and purify the practice of the Christian religion. They were condemned for at the Second Ecumenical Council of Nicae in 787.
Latria
God alone is worth of absolute adoration, known in Greek as Latria.
Iconophile
Greek for "lover of icons," this term refers to those who defend and promote the proper use of icons in Christian worship.
Monophysitism
Heresy claiming that there is only one nature in Christ and that his human nature is incorporated into the divine nature.
The Muslims refused to believe them because god cannot be perceived (caused a rift between religion)
How did the uses of icons in the church affect Leo's political desires of the unified state?
1100 years
How longDid Byzantium last?
The patriarch and pope showed an offer of reconciliation and stated regret of the split
How was the schism finally absolved?
Papal States
Land around Rome, Italy, won by Pepin on behalf of and given to the papacy, making the Pope a sovereign as well as spiritual leader. The Papal States were ruled by the Pope from 754 to 1870.
Filioque
Latin meaning "and the Son," this was first added at the Third Council of Toledo (589) to the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed to clarify that the Holy Spirit proceeded from both the Father and the Son. Later, the Partiarch of Constantinople and the bishops of the East refused the addition, thus contributing to the Great Schism.
Hagia Sophia
Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.
Caesaropapism
System in which the temporal ruler extends his own powers to ecclesiastical and theological matters. Such emperors appointed bishops and the Eastern Patriarch, directed the development of liturgical practices, and even aided the recruitment of monks.
Great Schism
The final split between the Eastern and Western Churches in the year 1054.
Iconoclasm
Thoughts or deeds of an iconoclast. Refers to periods in history when a large number of iconoclasts were present.
Dulia and Latria
Two types of adoration whose distinction was drawn at the Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. An icon may be venerated through acts of respect an honor, called dulia, but God alone is worth of absolute adoration, known in Greek as latria.
Law, art, and architecture
What advances was emperor Justinian responsible for?
They were defending icons
What caused monks to be killed?
The pope had jurisdiction in the church and owned part of Rome (too much power) Caesaropapism caused tension between the patriarch and the emperor of the east Eastern church rarely referred to the pope, West did so all the time Filioque Controversy (Nicene-Constantinople creed had "and the son" added to it)
What caused the Great schism?
The dispute over the Filioque The crowning of Charlemagne as western emperor The authority issue raised by the photius schism The reforming tendencies under the leadership of the papacy in the west Byzantium had increased its military strength and wanted to achieve a greater degree of independence from the west
What caused the final split between the east and west churches?
Domes (unity and power) and mosaics (the light of god)
What characterizes Byzantine architecture? What do they represent?
Stopped the Muslims from taking over the Roman Empire and almost wiping out Christianity
What did Charles Martel do to earn his nickname?
Learning, architecture, and art
What did Constantinople rise as the center of?
He ordered the destruction of icons because they caused idolatry
What did Leo order to achieve a unified state?
He deleted the pope's name from all liturgies
What did Michael Cerularius do after the pope refused to be excommunicated?
He attempted to excommunicate the pope because he objected to western practices
What did Patriarch Michael Cerularius attempt to do to the pope?
Rome (and Ravenna and Perugia); papal states
What did Pepin give the pope? What are they called?
Icons and their veneration
What did St. John of Damascus defend?
The fount of wisdom, which refers to the incarnation and gives permission to see god as man
What did St. John of Damascus write about?
Protect Rome
What did pepin agree to do for the pope?
He asked the to reconcile and accidentally caused riots
What did the emperor ask of the pope and patriarch Michael Cerularius?
Holy wisdom
What does Hagia Sophia mean?
Image
What does eikon mean?
To break
What does klan mean?
The pope laid the documents of excommunication for the patriarch on the altar at the mass
What event took place at the Divine Liturgy at the Hagia Sophia?
The emperor and Photius were excommunicated
What happened once Ignatius was reinstated?
Monophysitism and manichaeanism
What heresies influenced the belief on icons in the church?
The hammer
What is Charles Martel's nickname?
Reverence to saints through bowing and incense
What is dulia?
Codex Justinianus
What is the base for Canon law?
Papal authority. Western Church is Roman Catholic and has patriarchs; Easter Church is Christian and has the pope
What is the difference between the eastern and western Christianity?
Hague Sophia
What is the most famous architectural work under the reign of Justinian?
Ignatius
What patriarch did the emperor and Photius force to step down?
Iconoclasm
What served as the breaking point between the eastern emperors and the pope?
Political, religious, cultural, and economic
What was Byzantium's most important activities in the world of the former Roman Empire?
Muslims/ottoman turks
What was a constant threat to the empire?
Mayors of the palace
What was the official name of the carolingians?
1054
When did the final split between the east and west occur?
The Pope; threatened those who disobeyed him
Who endorsed Pepin? What did they do to the people?
Vigilius; he was disposed and exiled
Who forged papers saying that the pope betrayed the empire? What was done to the pope?
Constantine
Who founded the Byzantium empire?
Emperor Justinian
Who is considered the last great ruler in the Roman tradition?
Charles Martel
Who started the carolingian line?
Leo III; a Roman emperor
Who was Charlemagne crowned by? What was he crowned as?
The Franks and lombards
Who was Charlemagne the king of?
Scholarly laymen who was given the position of patriarch by the emperor
Who was Photius?
Greek
Who was the Byzantine culture modeled after?
Oriental
Who was the model of the Byzantine habits?
Romans
Who were Byzantine laws modeled after?
It's similar to honoring a photo of someone, the photo is not actually being worshipped, but the person it represents
Why is an icon not a violation of the first commandment?
