History Quiz Chapter 6

Which of the following was characteristic of women's reproduction during the late nineteenth century? a. Birth rates among middle-class women rose, as they were able to hire servants to help with household tasks. b. Birth rates among elite woman rose, as the economic burden of children was no longer a concern. c. Birth rates declined as a result of easily accessible contraception. d. Birth rates declined as the middle and leisure classes grew.

Birth rates declined as the middle and leisure classes grew. Explanation: Although access to contraception remained limited for many women, birth rates declined during the Gilded Age as more woman sought personal satisfaction and social contributions beyond motherhood.

According to Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the New Woman "feels more and more heavily the intensely personal limits of the more primitive home duties, interests, methods." What did Gilman imply about domesticity in this quote? a. Women thought that wage labor was undesirable. b. Women enjoyed working exclusively for the domestic sphere. c. Domesticity helped women find their purpose in life. d. Domesticity hindered women from realizing their talents.

Domesticity hindered women from realizing their talents. Explanation: This quote implies that domestic life prevented women from seeking more fulfilling pursuits than being a caregiver. Gilman said that women's lives were "limited" by working in the home, implying that this kept women from realizing their full potential as individuals.

How did industrialization of the New South reinforce racial segregation? a. Freedmen developed a monopoly on factory work, as they eagerly left agricultural labor. b. Freedwomen were not allowed to work in textile mills. c. Black women did not want to leave agricultural labor, so textile factories became dominated by poor white workers. d. White women were not allowed to work in factories.

Freedwomen were not allowed to work in textile mills. Explanation: Textile mills quickly became a white-only labor force, providing poor white women with some measure of racial privilege in such jobs.

How did industrialization of the New South reinforce racial segregation? a. White women were not allowed to work in factories. b. Black women did not want to leave agricultural labor, so textile factories became dominated by poor white workers. c. Freedmen developed a monopoly on factory work, as they eagerly left agricultural labor. d. Freedwomen were not allowed to work in textile mills.

Freedwomen were not allowed to work in textile mills. Explanation: Textile mills quickly became a white-only labor force, providing poor white women with some measure of racial privilege in such jobs.

What was the significance of the Minor v. Happersett Supreme Court decision for the women's suffrage movement? a. It determined that women's suffrage required a constitutional amendment. b. It demonstrated the efficacy of going through the courts to achieve women's suffrage. c. It restricted voting rights to citizens who owned property. d. It brought the issue of women's suffrage to national attention.

It determined that women's suffrage required a constitutional amendment. Explanation: The Minor v. Happersett decision determined that voting was a privilege, not a right, striking down the notion that women's right to vote was already codified in the Constitution. The decision confirmed that a constitutional amendment was needed to grant women's suffrage.

According to Ida B. Wells, how was the lynching of Thomas Moss characteristic of lynching across the South? a. It occurred in a large, urban center. b. The mob that perpetrated the lynching was composed of both white and black people. c. Those who were lynched committed violent crimes against white women. d. Allegations of rape were only made once the lynching was made public.

Allegations of rape were only made once the lynching was made public. Explanation: Wells discovered that allegations of sexual assault were only reported once the alleged assailant was lynched. According to Wells, such allegations were used to justify the brutal lynching of black men who had acquired wealth and/or property in their communities.

The Knights of Labor advocated and went on strike for what cause in the late 1880s? a. A twelve-hour workday b. An end to child labor c. An eight-hour workday d. Improving worker safety

An eight-hour workday Explanation: The Knights of Labor played a major role in the nationwide campaign to shorten the average workday to eight hours. This initiative gained national attention and was extremely important to many female workers.

Which of the following characterized the most common experiences of former slaves in the post-Civil War era? a. Most left to obtain land in the western states. b. They were able to buy their own land and build family farms. c. Most were unable to acquire land of their own and continued to provide agricultural labor for others. d. They were able to obtain educations and seek better work in the industrialized North.

Most were unable to acquire land of their own and continued to provide agricultural labor for others. Explanation: The federal government was unwilling to redistribute lands for former slaves, so many could not afford to purchase their own farms. Instead, most former slaves had to continue providing agricultural labor once freed.

Which of the following characterized the most common experiences of former slaves in the post-Civil War era? a. Most were unable to acquire land of their own and continued to provide agricultural labor for others. b. They were able to obtain educations and seek better work in the industrialized North. c. Most left to obtain land in the western states. d. They were able to buy their own land and build family farms.

Most were unable to acquire land of their own and continued to provide agricultural labor for others. Explanation: The federal government was unwilling to redistribute lands for former slaves, so many could not afford to purchase their own farms. Instead, most former slaves had to continue providing agricultural labor once freed.

Which of the following characterized the most common experiences of former slaves in the post-Civil War era? a. They were able to buy their own land and build family farms. b. Most left to obtain land in the western states. c. Most were unable to acquire land of their own and continued to provide agricultural labor for others. d. They were able to obtain educations and seek better work in the industrialized North.

Most were unable to acquire land of their own and continued to provide agricultural labor for others. Explanation: The federal government was unwilling to redistribute lands for former slaves, so many could not afford to purchase their own farms. Instead, most former slaves had to continue providing agricultural labor once freed.

What were some of the techniques Democrats used to disenfranchise black voters in the post-Reconstruction South? a. Poll taxes and literacy tests b. Opposing female suffrage c. Requiring voter identification cards d. Allowing only white men to serve in public office

Poll taxes and literacy tests Explanation: After restoring Democrats to power, many local and state governments began imposing methods to bar black men from voting. Many former slaves could not read or afford poll taxes, so such initiates were intended to keep black voters from participating in elections.

How did the experience of Reconstruction differ for white women depending on class? a. Poor white women felt the withdrawal of slave labor more acutely, because elite white women could afford to pay servants. b. Elite women felt the economic collapse of the Confederacy, and plantation-based agriculture specifically, more harshly than poor women. c. Elite women felt the presence of federal troops more acutely than poor women during Reconstruction. d. Poor white women suffered more from the economic collapse of the South, while elite white women felt the emancipation of slaves more acutely.

Poor white women suffered more from the economic collapse of the South, while elite white women felt the emancipation of slaves more acutely. Explanation: Poor women were devastated by the economic collapse in the South. For elite white women, the emancipation of slaves meant the loss of critical domestic labor, forcing many elite women to take over tasks such as laundry and cooking themselves.

Why were radical Republicans in favor of granting former slaves the right to vote? a. They had promised African American soldiers the right to vote in exchange for their military service. b. Radical Republicans recognized the political power of freed blacks in the South. c. Radical Republicans recognized that enfranchisement was the moral and just. d. President Lincoln had prioritized the enfranchisement of former slaves, and the radical Republicans wanted to honor his legacy.

Radical Republicans recognized the political power of freed blacks in the South. Explanation: After the Civil War, Republicans were determined to retain control of the federal government. Extending voting rights to freed slaves would guarantee political support within the defeated Confederacy.

How did the "New Woman" of the late nineteenth century differ from the "true woman" of the early nineteenth century? a. She believed women should be dedicated to motherhood. b. She emphasized exclusive public service. c. She emphasized domesticity. d. She was a part of the public sphere.

She was a part of the public sphere.

What was the name of the social and educational movement that gave many poor white women opportunities in the post-Civil War era? a. The Social Democrats b. The Progressives c. The New Departure d. The Grange

The Grange Explanation: The Grange was an early form of populism that sought to increase social and educational opportunities in America.

Refer to the images Figure 6.3 Class in Zoology, Wellesley College (1883-1884) and Figure 6.6 Science Class, Washington, D.C., Normal College (1899) What do these images reveal about the curriculum at women's colleges in the late nineteenth century? a. They fostered fierce competition between students. b. They were dedicated to providing rich, intellectually stimulating programs of study. c. They taught women traditionally female subjects that would be helpful in managing households. d. They fostered cooperation and collaboration between male and female students.

They were dedicated to providing rich, intellectually stimulating programs of study. Explanation: Both images show female participating in a variety of scientific studies. This illustrates that women's schools were dedicated to providing a diverse range of subject that were taught at men's colleges, including modern science.

Refer to the image Rike-Kumler Co. Department Store, Dayton, Ohio Which of the following late nineteenth century social changes does this image depict? a. The improvement of conditions for women's work b. The development of the leisure class c. The entrance of poor women into domestic work d. The decline of middle-class morals and manners

The development of the leisure class Explanation: This image depicts middle- and upper-class women at the store shopping for household and consumer items. This marks an important change, especially among middle-class women who had previously been responsible for producing household goods.

According to Bessie and Marie Van Vorst, why didn't female factory workers demand better working conditions? a. Their exhaustion from working so hard b. The lack of male supporters in the factory c. Their inability to have social lives d. The lack of class unity among women workers

The lack of class unity among women workers

What caused Ida B. Wells to begin a systematic investigation of lynching in the southern United States? a. The success of Alfreda Duster b. The murder of Thomas Moss c. The prejudice of Mrs. Ruffin d. The murder of Betty Moss

The murder of Thomas Moss Explanation: Thomas Moss was a black man who lived in Memphis, Tennessee, who was lynched when his business competed against a white man's. He and his family were friends with Wells, and inspired her investigation.

Why is it difficult for historians to gain accurate information about women's participation in the nineteenth century labor force? a. Women did not begin participating in the labor force until the early twentieth century. b. Women's income was rolled into their husbands' or fathers' income taxes, making it difficult to determine how many women received wages. c. Women did not receive standard wages until the nineteenth century. d. The national census did not begin counting working women until 1890.

The national census did not begin counting working women until 1890. Explanation: It is difficult for historians to get precise numbers on women's labor because did not being including women in a methodical way until 1890.

Why did the American Equal Rights Association collapse after the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified? a. The Association had achieved its goal with the passing of the Fifteenth Amendment and amicably dissolved to pursue other interests. b. The Fifteenth Amendment created a fracture between Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, dividing the Association and causing it to collapse. c. The passing of the Fifteenth Amendment exacerbated tensions between advocates of black suffrage and women's suffrage, making the historical alliance at the heart of the American Equal Rights Association untenable. d. The Fifteenth Amendment focused on black women's suffrage, causing a divide within the American Equal Rights Association.

The passing of the Fifteenth Amendment exacerbated tensions between advocates of black suffrage and women's suffrage, making the historical alliance at the heart of the American Equal Rights Association untenable. Explanation: The Fifteen Amendment sought to protect black male suffrage more forcefully, but once again left out women's suffrage. This caused a rift within the Association, as many women's rights leaders formed other groups that focused solely on white women's suffrage.

What long-term effect did Reconstruction have on the women's rights movement? a. The passing of the Fourteenth and Fifteen Amendments fractured alliances within women's rights groups along racial lines. b. The radicalization of women's rights advocates during Reconstruction alienated many supporters, forcing the issue of women's suffrage to the margins of American society. c. Women's rights leaders were able to capitalize on the rapid change occurring during Reconstruction and won key victories in several southern states for women's suffrage. d. Women's rights leaders learned new methods of organization and protest from the radical Republicans in Congress that reshaped the suffrage movement.

The passing of the Fourteenth and Fifteen Amendments fractured alliances within women's rights groups along racial lines. Explanation: Women's rights groups that emerged during Reconstruction increasingly focused on white women's suffrage, abandoning former commitment to the interrelation and hierarchies of race and gender in American society.

How did middle-class women's economic role change during the Gilded Age? a. They were expected to become consumers, instead of producing goods for the household. b. Middle-class women were expected to become educated and join the professional class. c. They were expected to seek employment outside of the home, instead of performing domestic labor. d. Middle-class women were expected to work in newly developed shopping centers.

They were expected to become consumers, instead of producing goods for the household. Explanation: As higher productivity and income enabled middle-class women to hire domestic servants, their role shifted from producing goods for the household to purchasing manufactured goods. Middle-class women provided a critical market for the rapidly growing manufacturing sector.

According to Bessie and Marie Van Vorst's findings in The Woman Who Toils, why did women choose to work in factories? a. They needed the income and preferred factory work to being a domestic servant. b. They enjoyed the freedom and companionship of factory work. c. Factories provided a good opportunity to meet men. d. Factory work enabled them to earn a wage and attend school.

They enjoyed the freedom and companionship of factory work. Explanation: Many of the women the Van Vorsts met enjoyed the freedom brought by factory work. Working in a factory enabled women to break out of the daily routine of domestic life, work with other women, and earn a wage to spend at their discretion.

How did rising incomes affect women's domestic responsibilities after the Civil War? a. They increased birthrates, which led to more work for women. b. They encouraged women to produce more goods for the household. c. They led women to neglect domestic duties. d. They freed middle-class women from domestic labor.

They freed middle-class women from domestic labor. Explanation: Middle- and upper-class women engaged in leisurely activities after the Civil War, which meant that they spent less time engaged in household production. Instead, these women hired lower-class women to work as their servants to take care of the household.

Which of the following characterized women's clubs by the end of the nineteenth century? a. They were racially integrated. b. They were examples of successful collaboration across class distinctions. c. They had taken over nongovernmental civic life. d. They were viewed as radical, political organizations.

They had taken over nongovernmental civic life. Explanation: The proliferation of women's clubs in the nineteenth century opened new spaces for women in public life, as they championed a variety of civic issues, effectively commandeering nongovernmental civic life from men by the end of the century.

Refer to the image Figure 6.5 Class in American History, Hampton Institute (1899-1900) How is this image characteristic of black educational institutions in the post-Civil War South? a. They did not allow interracial education. b. They were segregated based on gender. c. They tended to focus on secondary education. d. They prepared students for science-based careers, with bachelorette level training.

They tended to focus on secondary education. Explanation: Black schools that emerged during Reconstruction tended to focus on secondary education to best serve the large freed population in the South that had previously been barred from formal education. Reflecting this trend, the students in this image appear to be younger, secondary-age students.

Refer to the image Figure 6.5 Class in American History, Hampton Institute (1899-1900) How is this image characteristic of black educational institutions in the post-Civil War South? a. They were segregated based on gender. b. They did not allow interracial education. c. They prepared students for science-based careers, with bachelorette level training. d. They tended to focus on secondary education.

They tended to focus on secondary education. Explanation: Black schools that emerged during Reconstruction tended to focus on secondary education to best serve the large freed population in the South that had previously been barred from formal education. Reflecting this trend, the students in this image appear to be younger, secondary-age students.

How were black colleges established during Reconstruction different from older, prestigious white colleges? a. They were open to both men and women. b. They only taught vocation skills. c. They served exclusively as teaching colleges, to train black educators. d. They were public schools that relied on state funding.

They were open to both men and women. Explanation: Many of the black colleges founded during Reconstruction, like Howard University, admitted both men and women. Older white colleges remained largely male-only at this time.

Which of the following was characteristic of wealth in the post-Civil War era? a. Wealth was consolidated within the business elite. b. The number of millionaires decreased, as more people rose through the ranks of industrial labor. c. Due to successful advocacy by labor unions, wealth was evenly distributed by 1890. d. Women were able to join the ranks of millionaires through industrial growth and speculative investments.

Wealth was consolidated within the business elite. Explanation: Economic growth, spurred by the explanation of railroad networks, consolidated the wealth to key individuals and families that controlled the manufacturing and transportation industries. By 1890 the top 1 percent of the population in the U.S. owned 25 percent of the wealth in America.

How did southern women's experiences with the post-Reconstruction penal state differ depending on race? a. The criminal penalties were more harsh for white women because they were held to a higher moral standard than black women. b. Black women found that the penal state eliminated racial hierarchies, because it treated all convicts the same regardless of race. c. White women's labor was sold in the convict-lease program, whereas black women served their sentences in sex-segregated prison plantations. d. White female convicts received special treatment that was denied to black female convicts.

White female convicts received special treatment that was denied to black female convicts. Explanation: Black women often performed more manual labor, and in some states were denied access to the clemency and medical care that white female convicts received.

Refer to the image Figure 6.4 Basketball Team, Wells College (1904) How does this image reflect the careful balance of femininity enforced at women's colleges during the early twentieth century? a. Women wore traditional dresses while participating in physical education. b. Domestic responsibilities were emphasized in women's college curriculum. c. Women had to remain ladylike in fashion and behavior, even while pursuing interests that were not traditionally feminine. d. Fitness and athleticism were critical to ideals of femininity.

Women had to remain ladylike in fashion and behavior, even while pursuing interests that were not traditionally feminine.

Refer to the image Figure 6.7 Graduating Class, Medical College of Syracuse University (1876) Which of the following conclusions can be supported by this image? a. Women participated in medical programs alongside men. b. Black women could not earn medical degrees in the late nineteenth century. c. Women pursued medical degrees in segregated, all-women's schools. d. Women were banned from pursuing a medical degree in the late nineteenth century.

Women participated in medical programs alongside men. Explanation: This image illustrates that some institutions did allow coeducation of male and female medical students, overcoming society's fears of such practices.

How was the Congress of Representative Women of the 1893 World's Fair characteristic of women's federations in the late nineteenth century? a. Women's federations received public funds to pursue their platform. b. It prioritized women's suffrage over other women's rights. c. Decisions were made swiftly by a small board of effective leaders. d. Women were excluded from participating based on race.

Women were excluded from participating based on race. Explanation: African American women were excluded participating in the planning on the Woman's Building at the world fair. Like other women's federations, the Congress excluded participants based on race.

What was a key difference in societal views on wage earning between men and women in the late nineteenth century? a. Women were expected to earn enough to support a family. b. Men were expected to earn money to support just themselves. c. Women were expected to earn enough to support themselves. d. Women were expected to give their wages to their parents.

Women were expected to earn enough to support themselves. Explanation: Women were expected to earn enough money to support themselves until they were married, which employers used to their benefit. Employers argued that men provided most of the financial support to a family, which justified men being paid more than women.

What was the long-term impact of the Haymarket incident on female workers? a. Women realized the dangers of joining the labor movement and generally curtailed joining prolabor initiatives after the collapse of the Knights of Labor. b. The repression unleashed after the Haymarket incident caused other labor unions to become more inclusive, giving women more leadership opportunities within the labor movement. c. Women formed their own unions that were committed to nonviolence. d. Women were largely marginalized in the labor movement, as male-dominated organizations rose in the wake of the Knights of Labor.

Women were largely marginalized in the labor movement, as male-dominated organizations rose in the wake of the Knights of Labor. Explanation: After the collapse of the Knights of Labor, organizations like the American Federation of Labor became the dominant players in the labor movement. The AFL embraced women's traditional domestic responsibilities at home and pushed women to the margins as they were considered to be the cheap, unskilled labor the AFL sought to protect against.

What impact did the invention of the sewing machine have on women's labor? a. Women became entrepreneurs and established their own clothing stores. b. Women's labor was solidified as unskilled labor. c. Women learned a new skill valued in the industrialized economy. d. It provided wage-earning opportunities in the home.

Women's labor was solidified as unskilled labor. Explanation: The sewing machine broke down garment making into discrete, repetitive tasks where women focused on one aspect of production, rather than creating an entire garment. Dividing labor in this way made each woman easily replaceable, with no apprenticeship needed to learn the job.

What was the most important aspect of the late nineteenth century suffrage argument called the New Departure? a. Women's right to vote was already established and required no constitutional change. b. The right to vote was central to and inherent to being a national citizen, regardless of race. c. Women could vote with permission from their husband or father. d. Establishing women's right to vote required an entirely new legal doctrine.

Women's right to vote was already established and required no constitutional change. Explanation: The New Departure argued that it was only necessary to apply the existent constitutional provisions to women, as the Fourteenth Amendment codified suffrage as a central right of U.S. citizens.

Bessie and Marie Van Vorst used the phrase "pay with your life the living you make" in their study about wage-earning women. What does this suggest about working in factories during the early twentieth century? a. Working conditions were harsh and draining. b. Working in a factory paid well. c. Working in a factory was enjoyable. d. Working in a factory ended workers' social lives.

Working conditions were harsh and draining. Explanation: The working conditions were harsh and unforgiving in early twentieth century factories. This quote illustrates the difficult conditions the Van Vorsts witnessed when they posed as working-class women.

Why was the family wage system particularly harmful to black women? a. Black women tended to get married later in life, prolonging low wages. b. Black women were less likely to be single mothers and could not benefit from the family wage system. c. Working women with families were looked down upon. d. It reinforced that only white women should work in wage-earning positions.

Working women with families were looked down upon. Explanation: Black working women were three times as likely as their white female peers to be married. The family wage system reinforced the idea that women with families should not be wage earners, stigmatizing the work of many black women in the late nineteenth century.

African American women's clubs were different from white women's clubs in that they a. welcomed women of all ethnic backgrounds. b. focused exclusively on intellectual discussions of literature and culture. c. advanced broader platforms in an effort to advance entire communities. d. were less successful in securing the support needed for their public service initiatives.

advanced broader platforms in an effort to advance entire communities. Explanation: While expanding intellectual pursuits was important to black club women, they organized to address the specific needs of black Americans in the post-emancipation United States. African American women's clubs played a major role in advancing education and rights for freed people in the nineteenth century.

Women's rights leaders wanted to revise the Fourteenth Amendment to a. lower the voting age from twenty-one to eighteen. b. extend the right to vote to former slaves. c. grant only white women the right to vote. d. grant women the right to vote.

grant women the right to vote. Explanation: While it granted the right to vote regardless of race, the Fourteenth Amendment enshrined the notion that only male citizens could vote. Women's rights leaders sought to extend the right to vote to all citizens regardless of race or gender.

The central argument of voluntary motherhood was that women should a. have access to free and safe contraception. b. have access to legal and safe abortions. c. have control over when they engaged in sexual intercourse. d. be able to share knowledge about birth control methods.

have control over when they engaged in sexual intercourse. Explanation: Since contraception was difficult to acquire, many who supported voluntary motherhood argued that women should have ultimate control over when they had sex, and therefore when they had children.

The "sweating system" refers to the system of compensation that a. determined wages based on the collective labor of a sweat shop. b. paid women based on the amount they produced, rather than the hours that they worked. c. based wages on the number of hours clothing took to manufacture. d. paid men and women equally for the "sweat" labor involved with garment production.

paid women based on the amount they produced, rather than the hours that they worked. Explanation: The "sweating system" pushed the expenses and risk of production on to individual women. It based pay off of the quantity and quality of the garments produced, rather than the hours the spent to produce the garment.

Black women were particularly concerned by the black codes, because the laws a. forced women to remain field workers after emancipation. b. separated black children from their families. c. prevented black women from seeking retribution for sexual violence. d.prioritized the political freedom of black men.

separated black children from their families. Explanation: Apprenticeship laws allowed black children to be indentured without the consent of their parents. This practiced continued to disrupt black families and separated black women from their children.

Taken together, the images of "The New Woman" suggest a. the popular conception of the New Woman was reserved for white, leisure-class women. b. that men lost positions to the well-educated New Woman of the late nineteenth century. c. that the New Woman was welcomed by popular culture. d. that women of all classes could embody the ideals of the New Woman.

the popular conception of the New Woman was reserved for white, leisure-class women.

What was the impact of the Minor v. Happersett Supreme Court decision for citizens' voting rights? a. It narrowed the meaning of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, weakening citizens' voting rights protections. b. It strengthened black suffrage by affirming Mary Ann Shadd Cary's right to vote in the 1872 elections. c. It restricted voting rights to citizens who owned property. d. It affirmed the New Departure theory and codified women's right to vote.

It narrowed the meaning of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, weakening citizens' voting rights protections. Explanation: By defining suffrage as a privilege rather than a right, Minor v. Happersett opened up attacks on black male suffrage. The following years saw increasing restrictions on black suffrage and constitutional civil rights.

How did Plessy v. Ferguson reshape the South? a. It ensured that Reconstruction endured and that white supremacy did not regain its power in southern states. b. It gave a legal basis for returning black people to a kind of partial slavery in the labor force. c. It protected legal racial segregation in the South for decades. d. It eventually led to black men and women gaining the right to vote.

It protected legal racial segregation in the South for decades. Explanation: The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson established the concept of separate but equal. This legal doctrine allowed southern states to justify and legalize racial segregation in all areas of life in the South.

What role did the Freedmen's Bureau play in advancing black education during the Reconstruction era? a. It provided funds to build schools for freed people. b. It provided teachers to educate black children. c. It offered adult literacy classes for former slaves. d. It petitioned state governments for better founding of public schools.

It provided funds to build schools for freed people. Explanation: Freed people in the south were able to build their own schools, in part, due to the funding they received from the Freedmen's Bureau.

In what way did the Knights of Labor fail to live up to its mission? a. It prioritized the interests of skilled labor over unskilled labor. b. It did not advance issues that were important to female members. c. It turned to violent, undemocratic means of advancing workers' interests. d. It segregated and excluded workers of color.

It segregated and excluded workers of color. Explanation: The Knights of Labor claimed to be committed to advancing the interests of all workers in the face of unrestricted capitalism, regardless of industry or occupation. However, black laborers in the South were segregated into all-black chapters, and Chinese workers in the West were excluded entirely from the organization.

The following quote from The Woman Who Toils illustrates which of the phenomena of female wage laborers of the Gilded Era ? "As they pass, they draw their skirts aside from us, the cooperators who enable them to have the luxuries they do; from us, the multitude who stand between them and the monster Toil that must be fed with human lives." a. Wage-earning women were respected by society for their hard work and were praised by leisure-class women as ideals of womanhood. b. Wage-earning women were dependent on the charity and support of leisure-class women to supplement their small incomes. c. Leisure-class women were grateful for the toil of working-class women, and the comforts it provided the middle and upper classes. d. Leisure-class women looked down upon female wage-workers, even though their own comfort and socioeconomic position relied on wage-workers' labor.

Leisure-class women looked down upon female wage-workers, even though their own comfort and socioeconomic position relied on wage-workers' labor. Explanation: Female laborers were traditionally viewed two ways, either with pity for being impoverished and forced to work or condemned as selfish for choosing to work outside of the home. This quote shows the contempt that many leisure-class women felt toward female wage laborers, even though their material comforts and status were the result of the toil of working-class women.

What shift in female labor practices occurred in the late nineteenth century? a. More women became nonagricultural wage earners. b. White women increasingly turned to domestic service positions for employment. c. Women started to earn the same wages as men for the same work. d. Black women found new economic opportunities in the industrialized labor force.

More women became nonagricultural wage earners. Explanation: The late nineteenth century was marked by a dramatic increase in the number of women working in the nonagricultural labor force. The sheer number of women earning wages in this capacity doubled between 1870 and 1890.

In what ways did sharecropping mirror the slave-driven plantation economy of the pre-Civil War South? a. Black children were separated from their parents at a young age to serve as domestic servants. b. Black farm workers were monitored by white overseers. c. Black field workers did not own the land they worked and were not paid wages for their labor. d. Black men continued to work in the fields, while black women worked in more domestic settings.

Black field workers did not own the land they worked and were not paid wages for their labor. Explanation: Freed people worked on smalls farms parceled out by white landowners, but the sharecropper was indebted to the landholder, paying for the land and supplies from the year's yield. Due to the high prices set by landowners and the unpredictability of agricultural yields, many sharecroppers remained in a cycle of debt with little left for themselves and their families.

In what ways did sharecropping mirror the slave-driven plantation economy of the pre-Civil War South? a. Black children were separated from their parents at a young age to serve as domestic servants. b. Black men continued to work in the fields, while black women worked in more domestic settings. c. Black field workers did not own the land they worked and were not paid wages for their labor. d. Black farm workers were monitored by white overseers.

Black field workers did not own the land they worked and were not paid wages for their labor. Explanation: Freed people worked on smalls farms parceled out by white landowners, but the sharecropper was indebted to the landholder, paying for the land and supplies from the year's yield. Due to the high prices set by landowners and the unpredictability of agricultural yields, many sharecroppers remained in a cycle of debt with little left for themselves and their families.

In what ways did sharecropping mirror the slave-driven plantation economy of the pre-Civil War South? a. Black men continued to work in the fields, while black women worked in more domestic settings. b. Black field workers did not own the land they worked and were not paid wages for their labor. c. Black farm workers were monitored by white overseers. d. Black children were separated from their parents at a young age to serve as domestic servants.

Black field workers did not own the land they worked and were not paid wages for their labor. Explanation: Freed people worked on smalls farms parceled out by white landowners, but the sharecropper was indebted to the landholder, paying for the land and supplies from the year's yield. Due to the high prices set by landowners and the unpredictability of agricultural yields, many sharecroppers remained in a cycle of debt with little left for themselves and their families.

How did women's work experience differ in the late nineteenth century depending on race? a. Black women sought opportunities in the industrial labor force, while white women tended to remain in domestic service roles. b. Black woman typically returned to traditional responsibilities roles after marriage, while white women continued to earn wages outside of the home. c. Black women often continued to earn wages after they married, while white women returned to traditional domestic responsibilities. d. Black women continued to perform agricultural labor, white women were encouraged to gain education and join the professional class.

Black women often continued to earn wages after they married, while white women returned to traditional domestic responsibilities. Explanation: Black working women were three times as likely as their white female peers to be married. While society maintained that wives and mothers should stay in the domestic realm, many black women continued to work after marriage to shield their daughters from the risks of the workplace and to provide more income for their families.

How did black women's understanding of black male suffrage compare to white women's understanding? a. Black women understood black male suffrage as a community right rather than merely an individual right, while white women viewed it as an insult. b. Black women and white women understood black male suffrage to be yet another insult to their sex. c. Black women and white women viewed black male suffrage as an important expansion of voting rights. d. Black women were upset that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments only granted black men the right to vote, while white women viewed it as an important way to advance women's suffrage.

Black women understood black male suffrage as a community right rather than merely an individual right, while white women viewed it as an insult. Explanation: Though black women were still unable to vote, they recognized the importance of black male suffrage and civic engagement. Black women actively participated in community organizing and efforts to educate and influence black male voters. Many white women, on the other hand, viewed the enfranchisement of black men as yet another insult to their sex.

How did the experiences of Leonora Barry and Mary Kenney characterize women's experiences in nineteenth-century labor unions? a. Both women were appointed to leadership positions, illustrating the opportunity for advancement that nineteenth century labor unions offered women. b. Both women were unskilled laborers who gained opportunities in the Knights of Labor. c. While active members of the labor movement, both women left the labor force to return to domestic life once married. d. Both illustrated the lack of support from the male-dominated union leadership.

Both illustrated the lack of support from the male-dominated union leadership. Explanation: Barry often decried the "selfishness of their brothers in toil" at the Knights of Labor, while Kenney was dismissed from her post with the American Federation of Labor after only six months. Both women were fierce advocates of working women but lacked support in leadership to make lasting change for female members.

How did the mission of the Knights of Labor differ from that of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)? a. The Knights of Labor was inclusive to female skilled laborers while the American Federation of Labor allowed membership among both skilled and unskilled female laborers. b. The Knights of Labor was inclusive and protected both skilled and unskilled labor, while the American Federation of Labor was exclusive and protected skilled labor. c. The Knights of Labor excluded female workers, while the American Federation of Labor was inclusive of all laborers regardless of gender. d. The Knights of Labor excluded workers of color, while the American Federation of Labor included all laborers regardless of race.

The Knights of Labor was inclusive and protected both skilled and unskilled labor, while the American Federation of Labor was exclusive and protected skilled labor. Explanation: The Knights of Labor were dedicated to unifying the production class, regardless of skill or gender, while the AFL focused on protecting skilled workers.

Which of the following enabled more women to obtain a college education after the Civil War? a. The creation of all-female seminaries b. A belief in republican motherhood c. The founding of Oberlin College d. The Morrill Land Grant Act

The Morrill Land Grant Act Explanation: The Morrill Land Grant Act provided federal lands to states to support public institutions of higher education. While this act did not specify that women needed to be able to enroll in colleges, taxpayers forced the issue and demanded that their daughters be admitted.

What was the main difference between the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association? a. The NWSA was a more aggressive, radical women's rights organization. b. The NWSA worked closely with the radical Republicans to advance women's suffrage, while the American Woman Suffrage Association was fiercely critical of the administration. c. The American Woman Suffrage Association campaigned for women's suffrage in the South, while the NWSA sought enfranchisement in the North. d. The NWSA relied on old alliances with abolitionists to advance the rights of women and former slaves, while the American Woman Suffrage Association only advocated white women's suffrage.

The NWSA was a more aggressive, radical women's rights organization. Explanation: The NWSA pursued a more aggressive campaign for women's rights, demanding full equality for women at the federal level and nothing less. By contrast, the American Woman Suffrage Association sought to work with the radical Republican agenda and campaigned for suffrage at the state level.

How did the mission of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) change over time? a. The WCTU initially sought to establish local welfare projects that increased people's access to education and vocational training, then shifted to changing individual people's drinking behavior. b. At first the WCTU only admitted white women, but then began admitting black women in 1890. c. The WCTU initially focused on changing individual drinking behavior, then expanded to challenge the liquor industry and advocate for public welfare projects. d. The WCTU initially worked to convince local saloons to stop selling liquor, then shifted its efforts to changing individual drinking habits.

The WCTU initially focused on changing individual drinking behavior, then expanded to challenge the liquor industry and advocate for public welfare projects.

Women's suffrage expanded in which region during the Reconstruction era? a. The Pacific Coast b. The North c. The South d. The West

The West Explanation: While national women's rights leaders met fierce resistance to women's suffrage at the federal level, western territories like Wyoming (1869) and Utah (1870) granted women the right to vote in territorial and local elections.

What long-term effect did Reconstruction have on the women's rights movement? a. The passing of the Fourteenth and Fifteen Amendments fractured alliances within women's rights groups along racial lines. b. Women's rights leaders were able to capitalize on the rapid change occurring during Reconstruction and won key victories in several southern states for women's suffrage. c. The radicalization of women's rights advocates during Reconstruction alienated many supporters, forcing the issue of women's suffrage to the margins of American society. d. Women's rights leaders learned new methods of organization and protest from the radical Republicans in Congress that reshaped the suffrage movement.

The passing of the Fourteenth and Fifteen Amendments fractured alliances within women's rights groups along racial lines. Explanation: Women's rights groups that emerged during Reconstruction increasingly focused on white women's suffrage, abandoning former commitment to the interrelation and hierarchies of race and gender in American society.

What was the relationship between the rise of women's clubs and the women's suffrage movement during the Gilded Age? a. From their inception, women's clubs became fierce advocates of women's suffrage. b. The proliferation of women's clubs in the Gilded Age led to increased opposition to women's suffrage. c. The proliferation of women's clubs in the Gilded Age laid the groundwork for widespread support of women's suffrage in the twentieth century. d. As the number of women's clubs grew, interest in women's suffrage declined as women found more ways to engage in public life.

The proliferation of women's clubs in the Gilded Age laid the groundwork for widespread support of women's suffrage in the twentieth century. Explanation: While many women's clubs initially sought to distinguish themselves from radical suffragists, the proliferations of clubs among the middle class provided a natural space for conversations about women's rights. Over time, women's clubs fostered support for suffrage among a large segment of middle-class women who would be critical to the twentieth century suffrage movement.

What opportunity did westward expansion offer women during the Reconstruction era? a. free land for former slaves to settle and start anew. b. The right to vote in local elections. c. The chance to escape the violence of the post-Civil War South. d. Leadership positions in territorial governments.

The right to vote in local elections. Explanation: While national women's rights leaders met fierce resistance to women's suffrage at the federal level, western territories like Wyoming (1869) and Utah (1870) granted women the right to vote in territorial and local elections.

Why do historians know more about homosocial relationships among leisure-class women than working-class women? a. Working class women were unwilling to share their relationships in oral histories, the primary source for historians of this era. b. Working-class women did not have the time to cultivate deep, lasting friendships with other women. c. The leisure class was better educated and more open minded to gender-fluid relationships. d. The sources that historians relay on, such as letters and diaries, were better preserved among leisure-class women.

The sources that historians relay on, such as letters and diaries, were better preserved among leisure-class women. Explanation: Much of the information about homosocial relationships comes from the letters and diaries of leisure-class women, which were preserved within families and given to archivists. Working-class women likely shared similar letters and passions, but the records of such were not well maintained because of their living conditions and social-economic status.

Which of the following defines lynching in the post-Reconstruction South? a. The legal process by which an individual was charged for sexual assault. b. The unlawful, racially motivated murder of an individual suspected of committing a crime. c. The hanging of a black person convicted of sexual assault. d. The unlawful imprisonment of a black person.

The unlawful, racially motivated murder of an individual suspected of committing a crime. Explanation: In the post-Reconstruction South, black people represented the vast majority of individuals who were lynched. Black men suspected of sexually assaulting or disrespecting white women were hanged by a lynch mob without evidence or a legal trial.