HLTH 3030 quiz questions
The Theory of Reasoned Action proposes that behavior is influenced by which of the following 1.Behavioral Intention 2.Attitude toward behavior 3.Perceived Behavioral Control 4. Subjective Norms #1 only #2 and #4 #1, #2, and #4 #1, #2, #3, and #4
#1,#2, and #4
Who were the originators of the TRA/TPB Model? -Prochaska and DiClemente -Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels -Albert Bandura -Moos and Trotman -Fishbein & Ajzen -Becker and Fishbein
Fishbein & Ajzen
Which of the following best illustrates the use of Self-Efficacy Theory to increase fruit and vegetable intake in XYZ community. -Replace junk food in the school vending machines with fruits and vegetables so students only have healthy snacks to choose from. -Hold vegetarian cooking classes at a local restaurant so residents can practice preparing new foods. -Send a brochure to community residents with information about how many daily servings of fruit and vegetables they need each so they can make the changes. -Implement a community garden so the residents can grow their own fruit and vegetables.
Hold vegetarian cooking classes at a local restaurant so residents can practice preparing new foods.
"How likely are you to stop smoking in the next 30 days" is an example of which construct? - attitudes -intention - subjective norms - perceived behavioral control
Intention
Rosa views an early diagnosis of breast cancer as positive, because she believes it would increase her chance of a cure, explaining why she chooses to have an annual mammogram. This is an example of which construct? -use a contract that includes incremental goals for increasing exercise behavior. -provide information about the positive benefits of eating and exercising. -provide incentives for adopting or maintaining a healthy behavior. -offer healthy cooking classes and provide nutrition education.
offer healthy cooking classes and provide nutrition education.
The physical environment affects health through which of the following mechanisms? Posing physical threats to individuals Exposing individuals to toxic substances Serving as a medium for transmitting water and airborne infectious diseases All of the Above
All of the Above
A community is A county A university NC Health educators A neighborhood All of the above
All of the above
When we refer to public policy in relation to the social ecological model, we are referring to: All of the above Federal policy State regulations Policy enforcement
All of the above
Which of the following are recognized as important influences on a person's health? The physical environment The policy environment The social environment A & C All of the above
All of the above
Who is (are)the originator(s) of the Socio-Ecological Model? Prochaska and DiClemente Green and Kreuter Among others, Moos, Bronfenner and Stokols The CDC (Marshall Kreuter) Rothman and Tropman Hochbaum, Kegels, and Rosenstock
Among others, Moos, Bronfenner and Stokols
A person's judgment of whether the expected outcome is good or bad is an part of which construct of the TRA/TPB? -Attitude -Subjective norms -Behavioral intention -Perceived behavioral control
Attitude
"Cigarettes are cool" is an example of which construct? -Attitudes -intention -perceived behavioral control -subjective norms
Attitudes
The intrapersonal level consists of which of the following? Attitudes, beliefs, and values Opinions, beliefs, and facts Cognitions, opinions, facts, and criticisms Experiences and rules
Attitudes, beliefs, and values
"Most smokers get lung cancer" is an example of which component of a particular construct? -Expected outcomes -Behavioral beliefs -Perceived control -Normative beliefs
Behavioral Beliefs
The innovation-decision process includes all of the following except? Answers: Persuasion Knowledge Confirmation Communication
Communication
Which of the following concepts/descriptors are associated with the Socio-Ecological Model? (select ALL correct answers - it is possible that more than one of the answers is correct) Community Level Individual Level Interpersonal Level Process Evaluation Localilty Development Maintenance
Community Level Individual Level Interpersonal Level
Jane thinks it will be easy to get a ride to the mammogram screening facility (even thought her car is not working). This is an example of which component of a construct in the TRA/TPB? -Control belief -Perceived power -Attitude -Expected outcome
Control belief
Who is (are) the originator(s) of the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change? -Lawrence Green and Marshall Kreuter -Prochaska and DiClemente -Rothman and Tropman -Moos and Stokols -The CDC (Marshall Kreuter)
Correct Prochaska and DiClemente
Public policy influences health by: Creating disincentives for unhealthy behavior Changing cultural values Making individuals feel stupid Providing direct services to individuals
Creating disincentives for unhealthy behavior
Choose a good change strategy for a smoker who is experiencing relapse. -Use a decision balance. -All of the answers provided. -Develop cues and reminders to assist the smoker -in their quitting efforts. -Increase awareness about the risks of smoking and benefits of quitting.
Develop cues and reminders to assist the smoker -in their quitting efforts.
In the social ecological model, how are the societal levels related? Each one interacts with only the levels above it. Each one influences and is influenced by all the other levels. Each one interacts with only the levels below it. None of the above
Each one influences and is influenced by all the other levels.
This group of people represents the largest population. When they begin to adopt an innovation, it becomes mainstream Early Majority Laggards Early Adopters
Early Majority
Of the following, which best demonstrates the use of the Self-Efficacy construct of verbal persuasion? -Instructing teachers warn children they are not permitted to bring cookies to school for dessert. -Having pediatricians inform parents about health snack foods for their children. -Encouraging parents to commend their children for choosing fruit over chips as an after school snack. -Using role models to tell students about the benefits of eating healthier foods.
Encouraging parents to commend their children for choosing fruit over chips as an after school snack.
A grandfather realizing that smoking around his grandson is problematic for his grandson's asthma, is an example of which process of change? -Consciousness raising -Social liberation -Self-reevaluation -Environmental reevaluation
Environmental reevaluation
Jamal uses a condom because he expects to be protected from sexually transmitted infections and fatherhood. This is an example of which construct? -Expectations -Self-Efficacy Theory -Reinforcement -Reciprocal Determinsm
Expectations
"If I smoked, I would not develop a habit" is an example of which component of a particular construct? -Expected outcomes -Behavioral beliefs -Normative beliefs -Motivation to comply
Expected Outcomes
Attitudes are favorable judgments about a given behavior only. -False -True
False
Attitudes refer only to favorable judgments about a given behavior. -True -False
False
Health behavior is determined solely by personal choice. True False
False
The Socio-Ecological Model focuses primarily on the intrapersonal factors that help or hinder individuals to engage in healthy behaviors True False
False
The Socio-Ecological Model focuses primarily on the intrapersonal factors that help or hinder individuals to engage in healthy behaviors. True False
False
The most important role of communities in health promotion is to serve as a setting for intervention. True False
False
The physical environment influences behavior but not individual health. True False
False
Which of the following is true of the construct of mastery experiences in the Self-Efficacy Theory? -It is the most effective means by which to increase self-efficacy. -It enables people to keep trying to learn something new even after repeated failures. -It is based on people learning from others who are masters at the new behavior. -It requires an evaluation by others as to the extent of mastery.
It is the most effective means by which to increase self-efficacy.
Which of the following is a key and unique construct of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)? -Observational Learning -Behaviorism -Perceived Behavioral Control -Risk Benefit Calculation
Observational Learning
In the Social Cognitive Theory, anticipation of the probable outcomes that would ensue because of engaging in the behavior under discussion is known as: -Outcome expectancies -Self-efficacy -Self-control
Outcome Expectancies
"I can quit smoking if I try" is an example of which construct? -attitudes -intention -perceived behavioral control -subjective norms
Perceived Behavioral Control
In TRA/TPB, perception about how easy or difficult it is for performing the behavior in each condition identified in control beliefs is known as: -perceived severity -perceived behavioral control -perceived power -perceived susceptibility
Perceived behavioral control
All are constructs of Diffusion of Innovation except? Relative advantage Time Innovation Social system Communication channels
Relative advantage
The American Cancer Society supports, and promotes, advocacy efforts to initiate smoke-free communities across the country by banning smoking in public places, and raising taxes on cigarettes, as methods of reducing harm caused by tobacco. This approach of regulating behaviors, to positively influence health, is an example of which level in the Socio-Ecological Model? Intrapersonal Level Societal Level/Public Policy Community Level/Community Factors
Societal Level/Public Policy
"My wife's opinions are important to me" is an example of which construct? - attitudes - intention - perceived behavioral control - subjective norms
Subjective Norms
In TRA/TPB, the belief that most of the significant others in a person's life think that he/she should or should not perform the behavior is known as: -normative belief -behavioral belief -subjective norms -outcome evaluation
Subjective Norms
Which of the following demonstrates content on a flyer geared toward increasing the flu immunization rates of older adults, using the Health Belief Model construct of perceived susceptibility? -The dates and time vaccinations are available at the health department. -A list of possible symptoms. -The age groups most at risk for contracting the flu. -A detailed explanation of flu complications in the different age groups.
The age groups most at risk for contracting the flu.
According to the Social Cognitive Theory, the three factors that reciprocally influence the adoption of a new behavior involve which of the following? -the behavior, the person, and the environment -cognition, reward, and observation -memory, problem solving, and reasoning -punishment, reward, and reinforcement
The behavior, the person, the environment
How do the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action differ? -The theory of planned behavior adds the perception of control to the theory of reasoned action -The theory of reasoned action adds the perception of control to the theory of planned behavior -The theory of reasoned action considers self-efficacy, whereas the theory of planned behavior does not -The theory of planned behavior considers health behaviors, whereas the theory of reasoned action does not
The theory of planned behavior adds the perception of control to the theory of reasoned action
How do the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action differ? A. The theory of reasoned action adds the perception of control to the theory of planned behavior. B. The theory of reasoned action considers self-efficacy, whereas the theory of planned behavior does not. C. The theory of planned behavior considers health behaviors, whereas the theory of reasoned action does not. D. The theory of planned behavior adds the perception of control to the theory of reasoned action
The theory of planned behavior adds the perception of control to the theory of reasoned action
Which best describes the purpose of the Socio-Ecological Model? To take into account the physical environment and its relationship to people at individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels To involve community members in problem solving and in decision making (A process) To plan, implement, and evaluate health education/promotion programs To consider that individuals are at varying levels of motivation, or readiness, to change To explain and predict preventive health behavior To increase the capacity of communities to plan, implement, and evaluate comprehensive, community-based health promotion programs targeted towards priority health problems
To take into account the physical environment and its relationship to people at individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels
Which of the following is NOT a level identified in the social ecological model? Transpersonal level Community level Intrapersonal level
Transpersonal
A social system can be individuals, an informal or formal group of people, or organizations that are interrelated and engaged in solving a joint problem to accomplish a goal. True False
True
A unique feature of TRA/TPB is that it states that behavioral intention is the most important determinant of behavior. -True -False
True
Communicating through mass-media and one-on-one conversations are both examples of communication channels. True False
True
Community organizing seeks to expand participants' sense of self-interest to an ever-wider sphere, from the individual or family level to their block, neighborhood, city, state, and beyond. -True -False
True
Intention is the strongest predictor of behavior when the behavior is to be engaged in within a relatively short period of time. -True -False
True
Public policies can be used to facilitate or discourage specific behaviors. True False
True
Relationships can influence health behavior True False
True
The Socio-Ecological Model focuses attention on the individual, interpersonal, and community levels of influence, and the institutional, community, and public policy factors as targets of intervention. True False
True
The TRA/TPB states that in order for people to make a change in their health behavior, they must have an intention to do so, a positive attitude about the behavior, and a view that their social network will be supportive? -True -False
True
Two key concepts of the Socio-Ecological Model help to identify intervention points for improving and promoting health; first, behavior affects and is affected by multiple levels of influence, and second, individual behavior both shapes and is shaped by the social environment. True False
True
Value expectancy theories assume that individuals value their health. -True -False
True
A good strategy for a patient trying to quit smoking, is using a toothpick instead of smoking a cigarette. This is an example of which process of change? -Counter conditioning -Reinforcement management -Stimulus control -Environmental reevaluation
counter conditioning
Which construct of the Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on past success engaging in a similar behavior? -Verbal Persuasion -Somatic and Emotional States -Mastery Experiences -Vicarious Experiences
mastery experience
Which of the following best describes the "Community Level" of the Socio-Ecological Model? Work one-to-one or through the media to directly influence the knowledge, skills, behaviors, and attitudes of individuals Work with community citizens, leaders, groups, agencies, and organizations to form partnerships Work with employers and administrators to create/change rules, policies, structures, and ways of doing things in organizations Work with elected officials, community leaders, and citizens to create/change local, state, and national laws and policies work with family members, friends, and peers to create/provide encouragement, resources, and support to an individual in the process of behavior change
Work with community citizens, leaders, groups, agencies, and organizations to form partnerships
Theories are used as the basis for public health programs or interventions because they provide: -the reason why the health problems exist. -a possible explanation for health behavior. -the basis for funding decisions. -answers as to disease causality.
a possible explanation for health behavior
In what stage of the stages of change model do individuals make a commitment to change? -pre-contemplation -contemplation -preparation -action -maintenance
action
Health Belief Model suggests that: -actions on part of the individual could prevent threat or eliminate illness. -emphasizes the role of perceptions of vulnerability to an illness. -individuals believe in health. -all of the above
all of the above
The ecological approach to understanding factors influencing a particular health problem can be described as an emphasis on personal responsibility for health, with an understanding that individuals can be influenced by others. a framework in which health behavior is adaptive or maladaptive with respect to an ecological system. an understanding that the health behavior of a given individual is the product of a complex set of influences, such as personal attitudes, socio-cultural beliefs, the physical environment, and others. a focus on the interrelationship between genetic and social factors in producing health outcomes.
an understanding that the health behavior of a given individual is the product of a complex set of influences, such as personal attitudes, socio-cultural beliefs, the physical environment, and others.
The ecological approach to understanding factors influencing a particular health problem can be described as: an emphasis on personal responsibility for health, with an understanding that individuals can be influenced by others. a framework in which health behavior is adaptive or maladaptive with respect to an ecological system. an understanding that the health behavior of a given individual is the product of a complex set of influences, such as personal attitudes, socio-cultural beliefs, the physical environment, and others. a focus on the interrelationship between genetic and social factors in producing health outcomes.
an understanding that the health behavior of a given individual is the product of a complex set of influences, such as personal attitudes, socio-cultural beliefs, the physical environment, and others.
In TRA/TPB, the overall feeling of liking or disliking toward any given behavior is: -behavioral intention -attitude toward the behavior -behavioral belief -outcome evaluation
attitude toward the behavior
The Theory of Planned Behavior assumes the best predictor of a behavior is -behavioral intention -perceived control -attitudes -subjective norms
behavioral intention
Changing the legal limit for a DUI arrest would be consistent with which theoretical level of intervention? Community Intrapersonal Interpersonal Regional
community
Raising awareness of an issue may help people move from pre-contemplation to contemplation. This is an example of which process of change? -Dramatic relief -Social liberation -Consciousness raising -Self-reevaluation
consciousness raising
A person who attends a smoking cessation program because he/she is very interested in learning how to quit is considered to be in which stage of the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Theory)? -precontemplation -contemplation -maintenance -termination
contemplation
Which of the following is something you would do if you were using the Theory of Planned Behavior to reduce tobacco smoking among college students at ECU? -determine the social norms associated with smoking among the target population. -determine the target populations' views about the threat of smoking on their health. -both A. and B. above -none of the above
determine the social norms associated with smoking among the target population.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an example which process of change? -Self-reevaluation -Consciousness raising -Dramatic relief -Self-liberation
dramatic relief
According to Self-Efficacy Theory, efficacious people see difficult tasks as threats and avoid them. -true -false
false
The construct of perceived seriousness in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior cannot be changed unless the health issue is fatal. -true -false
false
The fact the model is called "Stages of Change" implies that the there are steps that must be completed in a sequence of pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance (and occasionally termination) for it to work effectively. -true -false
false
The most effective way to increase self-efficacy is through vicarious learning. -true -false
false
For a client at the Precontemplation stage of change, the health educator would most likely attempt to: -increase the clients perception of problems with current behavior -help the client to determine the best course of action -help the client to identify and use strategies to prevent relapse -suggest that the client become part of a support group
increase the clients perception of problems with current behavior
The underlying concept of the Health Belief Model explains that behavior results from: -individual beliefs and perceptions. -intention to engage in the behavior as a result of beliefs. -a series of stages and processes. -the relationship between the environment, societal beliefs, and the person.
individual beliefs and perceptions.
Which level of the Socio-Ecological Model emphasizes family, friends, peers, and social support as important sources of influence in health-related behaviors? Social Support Level Policy Level Institutional Level Organizational Level Interpersonal Level Intrapersonal Level
interpersonal theory
Which of the following is true of the Health Belief Model? -It is the most commonly used theory in health education and promotion. -It was initially developed to explain why people did not exercise. -It is based on rational emotive therapy. -It examines behavior from a religious perspective.
it is the most commonly used theory in health education and promotion
All are reasons for rejection of an innovation except cost lack of motivation conflict with values and beliefs lack of skill
lack of motivation
What is NOT under one's volitional control? -whether you eat breakfast -what type of exercise you do (if any) -making a team -checking your blood pressure
making a team
A wife has consulted a health educator for advice on how to get her husband to exercise more. She says that her husband does not see any problem with being a "couch potato" and that he does not see any relationship between exercise and heart health. According to the transtheoretical model, the health educator might conclude that the woman's husband is in which stage of the TTM? -Maintenance -Action -Termination -Contemplation -Correct Precontemplation
pre contemplation
According to the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change), an individual is not ready for behavior change if he/she is in the ______________ stage. -Maintenance -Termination -Contemplation -Precontemplation
pre contemplation
Making someone aware of an issue is most important during which stage of the stages of change model? -pre-contemplation -contemplation -preparation -action -maintenance
pre-contemplation
The usual order for the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) of behavioral change is: -termination, contemplation, action, preparation, maintenance, precontemplation -precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination -preparaton, action, maintenance, contemplation, termination, precontemplation -action, maintenance, contemplation, termination, precontemplation, preparation
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
In the Transtheoretical Model, an individual who is intending to take action in the immediate future is in what stage? -Preparation -Precontemplation -Contemplation -Maintenance
preparation
Someone who is researching different types of smoking cessation aids (i.e., nicotine gum, nicotine patches, etc.) is in which stage of the stages of change model? -pre-contemplation -contemplation -preparation -action -maintenance
preparation
Which of the following is a strategy that could be used to reduce the barriers often associated with having a mammogram. - none are good strategies. -use testimonials to show that early screening and detection may help find cancer when it is easily treated. -provide free or low cost mammograms to community members. -provide information about the seriousness of breast cancer.
provide free or low cost mammograms to community members.
An individual believing that he or she can successfully engage in a behavior that promotes health is an example of: -self-efficacy . -motivation. -determination. -action.
self efficacy
The term used to describe when someone believes that his or her efforts can make a difference in changing a behavior is -Autonomy -Self-liberation -Self-efficacy -Self-motivation
self efficacy
According to the construct of mastery experiences in the Self-Efficacy Theory, attempting a new behavior is more likely if: -the new behavior is similar to something already done well. -observational opportunities of the new behavior are available. - an expert on the behavior provides guidance.
the new behavior is similar to something already done well
It is not uncommon for people to cycle back and forth between the stages of change -true -false
true
The Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) describes individuals' motivation and readiness to change a behavior. -true -false
true
An example of the process of "Countering Conditioning" is which of the following? -Discussing nutrition with your registered dietician -Taking a bag lunch to school -Use low fat substitutes instead of regular condiments -Self talk -Removing all ashtrays from your apartment
use low fat substitutes instead of regular condiments
A behavior under ________________ is one in which the person is able to decide, at will, to engage in or not. -volitional control -behavioral control -self-efficacy -motivation to comply
volitional control
Which is a good example of a "helping relationship" for an individual trying to loose weight? -Weight Watchers -Joining a local gym -Purchasing P90X -Attending a cycling class at their local gym
weight watchers
Theories are used as the basis for health education interventions because they identify: -the cause of the health problem. -why people behave the way they do. -the intervention group. -factors for evaluation.
why people behave the way they do
