HRI 260
culture
"today's way of life is tomorrows culture", to be attractive market destination's culture as radically different from visitor's home culture, (cities that are popular culture destinations Eiffel tower in Paris, coliseum in Rome, and Opera House in Sydney)
destination competitiveness
"what makes a tourism destination truly competitive is its ability to increase tourism expenditure, to increasingly attract visitors while providing them with satisfying, memorable experiences, and to be so in a profitable way, while enhancing the well-being of destination residents and preserving the natural capital of destination for future generations."
businesses and organization sectors
-Accommodation, food and beverage, and retailing -Association -Attractions and events -Convention and exhibition -Destination marketing -Regulatory and coordinating -Transportation carrier -Travel trade intermediary -Miscellaneous
capital-intensive
A business process or an industry that requires large amounts of money and other financial resources to produce a good or service. A business is considered capital intensive based on the ratio of the capital required to the amount of labor that is required
government
About 85% of all U.S. outdoor recreation lands are owned by the federal government. Their primary job may have little to do with tourism as a primary use of the land.
ethnicity
As U.S. is a cosmopolitan mixture of different ethnic groups such as Scots, Irish, Germans, etc, at different generation, people want to visit their homeland back... Depending on generation, their travel behavior would be different. For example, the first generation people would want to stay their family and friends while second or third generation travelers visit the home country and stay hotels and spend more money because they may not have any relatives or friends any more and they pursue more comforts. And in their living country, they may hold ethnic festivals such as Greek festival
five elements of destination mix
Attractions Facilities Infrastructure Transportation Hospitality resources
DMO
Destination Management Organization
example of outbound tourism
If American travels Europe, this type of tourism is Outbound tourism for U.S.
example of inbound tourism
If Asian travels U.S. this is Inbound tourism for U.S
development stages
Increase in tourism increase in physical development average cost per job created may increase due to higher land prices and increased engineering costs because of the necessity of using sites that are more difficult to develop more infrustructure may then be necessary as the routism plant becomes more spread out geographically
subcategories of transportation
Modes, Ways, Terminals, Technology
NTO
National Tourism Office
NGO
Non-Government Organizations
characteristics of facilities
Tend to support rather than induce growth, if the level of services is lacking the destination will not be considered by the visitor, facilities can be the attraction (a resort hotel that draws visitors and satisfies their needs)
definition of tourism by world travel organization
The activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for one year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.
example of international tourism
The combination of inbound and outbound tourism for a country is called International tourism.
Brand USA
The mission of brand USA is to encourage increased international visitation to the USA and to grow America's share of the global travel market. In doing so, we aim to bring millions of new international visitors who spend billions of dollars to the united states, creating tens of thousands of new American jobs
US Travel Association
To increase travel to and within the United States is the unique national organization that leverages the collective strength of those who benefit from travel to grow their business beyond what they can do individually.
natural resources
Visitor's viewpoint: natural resources are free of charge, Variety can be more attractive than sheer impressiveness (ex→ Great Britain may draw more visitors than a single great feature the Alps cannot)
example of internal tourism
Visits by American and Asian within U.S. are called Internal tourism.
example of national tourism
Visits by American to Europe plus visits by American within U.S. (outbound + domestic) is called National tourism.
infrastructure componenets
Water systems, Power, Communication networks, Sewerage/drainage, Health care, security.
how to attract people to an attraction
a destination should be developed enough to make the natural resource accessible to and attractive for visitors.
demonstration effects
a phenomenon that occurs when local residents, exposed to goods imported for visitor use, begin to demand those goods for themselves. This automatically increases the demand for imports
NTA responsibilities
all other responsibilities besides marketing responsibilities such as policy making and planning
visitor
alternative name for tourist
primary destination
attractive enough to be the primary motivation for tourism visits and one that is aimed at satisfying visitors for several days or longer. Attractions at a primary destination have to have sufficient breadth of appeal to entice visitors to stay for many days. There has to be sufficient things to do and see to keep all members of the party occupied. #1 motivation for tourists visits
technology
can help a destination transportation system in an easy and effective way. for example intelligent transportation systems help coordinate ground transportation in US in summary it is critical to develop infrastructure to provide safe and convenient travel to tourists and stimulate their visits, eventually increase in visitors in your area
support industries
catch all category including duty-free shops, laundries,
event
convenient to the market, shorter duration, can be moved, cost less to develop than site attraction (event attractions are short in duration and can be easily moved)
subcategories of increasing income
direct, indirect, induced
economic sustainability
economically efficient and resources are managed
secondary destination
either an interesting or necessary place to visit on the way to a primary destination, and it aims at satisfying visitors for one to two days. It may be interesting enough to attract tourists on their way somewhere else, or it may, in fact, be a required stop on the way to a final destination. attracts visitors for a shorter span of days
indirect employment
employment in construction, agriculture and manufacturing (this depends on the extent to which tourism is integrated with the rest of the local economy)
primary employment
employment in lodging, restaurants, attractions, transportation and sightseeing operations
subcategories of ownership
government, non-profit, private
example of domestic tourism
if American travels U.S., this type of tourism is Domestic tourism for U.S.
social and cultural sustainability
increase people's control over their lives, compatible with culture and values of people, maintain and strengthen community identity
3 main economic impacts of tourism
increasing foreign exchange earnings, increasing income, and increasing employment
subcategories of increasing foreign exchange earnings
leakages and demonstration effects
ecological sustainability
maintain essential ecological processes, biological diversity and biological resources
modes
means how can you get there: road, sea, air, rail
ways
means how do you travel there: if you use a car you will use roadways, airplane airways, others are seaways and railways
accessibility
measured in (time, cost, frequency, comfort)
climate
most common marketing theme used to sell a tourism area, the destination must be accessible as well, destination should offer visitors something they cannot get at home, visitors like to be kept informed of the bad weather conditions they have left, destinations should have a variety of options of stuff to do not just one
private
motivation is that of profit marketing. So definitely they are looking for profit...What would be examples? For example, theme parks or resorts would be good examples of profit orgainzation. They will try to make short-run profit maximization, which eventually determines the long-run success of the attraction and the destination.
food and beverage
much of tourist spending is on food and beverages, menus can be designed to incorporate local foods to lower costs and increase visitor interests, note: food may also be an attraction
subcategories of drawing power
natural resources, climate, culture, history, ethinicity and accessibility
tourism multiplier
one dollar in tourism expenditures can be worth two dollars in economic value to other business and the economy
national government responsibilities
passport, visas, and customs, health, safety, security, air service, landing rights and seaports
site
physical nature resources, long duration, cannot be moved, cost more to develop both in time and money (ie Grand Canyon, they are permanent and their location is fixed)
2 categories under Scope
primary and secondary
subcategories of increasing employment
primary, and indirect employment
terminals
provides facilities of transportation modes and transfer between modes. example airport will service of bus from airport to city, or rental car services. It should have a function of coordination between modes
NTO responsibilities
research and promotion, support tourism business, media relations, public relation campaign, familiarization trips, promote destinations at trade, set and maintain quality standards for hotels, etc.
subcategories of permanency
site vs. event
lodging
sleeping accommodations, anywhere from a 5-star hotel to camp grounds, a friend or relatives place, lodging development → the characteristics of a market segment, competitors, mode of transportation affects lodging (wagons→ inns a day apart, automobiles→ the appearance of a motel, planes, trains, etc→ clusters of hotels around airports and train stations)
examples of private sectors
state agent, shop keeper, and banker
travel
the act of moving outside of one's usual environment
tourism
the activity that occurs when people travel
international tourism
the combination of inbound and outbound tourism for a country
direct
the first round of spending by visitors in the destination area
leakages
the monetary value of goods and services that must be imported to service the needs of tourism
carrying capacity
the number of tourists an area, attraction or heritage site can accommodate without damaging it. The right amount of tourism can help a community but too much can damage it.
indirect
the second round of expenditures by businesses who receive the first round of visitor spending
induced
the third and subsequent rounds of expenditures after the second round
objective of sustainable tourism
to improve the quality of life of the host community, provide a high quality experience for the visitor, and maintain the quality of the environment on which both the host community and the visitor depend
labor-intensive
tourism is more labor-intensive than other industries. the degree of labor intensity can be measured in terms of the cost per job created of the employment/output ratio.
regional government responsibilities
tourism planning and zoning
trip
travel of more than 100 miles from one's home environment
non-profit
usually oriented to some aspect of the social good. But, when nonprofit organizations get involved in works for the social good, such as historical preservation, their efforts can have great implications for tourism. Limited tourism may be a vehicle for getting sufficient revenue to continue the historical work, but they don't want to become too commercialized
internal tourism
visits by residents and non-residents within a country
domestic tourism
visits by residents within their own countries
outbound tourism
visits by the residents of a country to other countries
national tourism
visits by the residents of a country to other countries plus visits by residents within their own country (outbound + domestic)
inbound tourism
visits to a country by a non-resident of that country
historical
war (battlefields, monuments), religion (churches, shrines, pilgrimages), habitation (houses of famous historical or cultural figures, or dwellings that replicate historical living conditions), government (seats of governement, museums)
recreation
what happen during an individual's leisure time