HRI 260

culture

"today's way of life is tomorrows culture", to be attractive market destination's culture as radically different from visitor's home culture, (cities that are popular culture destinations Eiffel tower in Paris, coliseum in Rome, and Opera House in Sydney)

destination competitiveness

"what makes a tourism destination truly competitive is its ability to increase tourism expenditure, to increasingly attract visitors while providing them with satisfying, memorable experiences, and to be so in a profitable way, while enhancing the well-being of destination residents and preserving the natural capital of destination for future generations."

businesses and organization sectors

-Accommodation, food and beverage, and retailing -Association -Attractions and events -Convention and exhibition -Destination marketing -Regulatory and coordinating -Transportation carrier -Travel trade intermediary -Miscellaneous

capital-intensive

A business process or an industry that requires large amounts of money and other financial resources to produce a good or service. A business is considered capital intensive based on the ratio of the capital required to the amount of labor that is required

government

About 85% of all U.S. outdoor recreation lands are owned by the federal government. Their primary job may have little to do with tourism as a primary use of the land.

ethnicity

As U.S. is a cosmopolitan mixture of different ethnic groups such as Scots, Irish, Germans, etc, at different generation, people want to visit their homeland back... Depending on generation, their travel behavior would be different. For example, the first generation people would want to stay their family and friends while second or third generation travelers visit the home country and stay hotels and spend more money because they may not have any relatives or friends any more and they pursue more comforts. And in their living country, they may hold ethnic festivals such as Greek festival

five elements of destination mix

Attractions Facilities Infrastructure Transportation Hospitality resources

DMO

Destination Management Organization

example of outbound tourism

If American travels Europe, this type of tourism is Outbound tourism for U.S.

example of inbound tourism

If Asian travels U.S. this is Inbound tourism for U.S

development stages

Increase in tourism increase in physical development average cost per job created may increase due to higher land prices and increased engineering costs because of the necessity of using sites that are more difficult to develop more infrustructure may then be necessary as the routism plant becomes more spread out geographically

subcategories of transportation

Modes, Ways, Terminals, Technology

NTO

National Tourism Office

NGO

Non-Government Organizations

characteristics of facilities

Tend to support rather than induce growth, if the level of services is lacking the destination will not be considered by the visitor, facilities can be the attraction (a resort hotel that draws visitors and satisfies their needs)

definition of tourism by world travel organization

The activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for one year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

example of international tourism

The combination of inbound and outbound tourism for a country is called International tourism.

Brand USA

The mission of brand USA is to encourage increased international visitation to the USA and to grow America's share of the global travel market. In doing so, we aim to bring millions of new international visitors who spend billions of dollars to the united states, creating tens of thousands of new American jobs

US Travel Association

To increase travel to and within the United States is the unique national organization that leverages the collective strength of those who benefit from travel to grow their business beyond what they can do individually.

natural resources

Visitor's viewpoint: natural resources are free of charge, Variety can be more attractive than sheer impressiveness (ex→ Great Britain may draw more visitors than a single great feature the Alps cannot)

example of internal tourism

Visits by American and Asian within U.S. are called Internal tourism.

example of national tourism

Visits by American to Europe plus visits by American within U.S. (outbound + domestic) is called National tourism.

infrastructure componenets

Water systems, Power, Communication networks, Sewerage/drainage, Health care, security.

how to attract people to an attraction

a destination should be developed enough to make the natural resource accessible to and attractive for visitors.

demonstration effects

a phenomenon that occurs when local residents, exposed to goods imported for visitor use, begin to demand those goods for themselves. This automatically increases the demand for imports

NTA responsibilities

all other responsibilities besides marketing responsibilities such as policy making and planning

visitor

alternative name for tourist

primary destination

attractive enough to be the primary motivation for tourism visits and one that is aimed at satisfying visitors for several days or longer. Attractions at a primary destination have to have sufficient breadth of appeal to entice visitors to stay for many days. There has to be sufficient things to do and see to keep all members of the party occupied. #1 motivation for tourists visits

technology

can help a destination transportation system in an easy and effective way. for example intelligent transportation systems help coordinate ground transportation in US in summary it is critical to develop infrastructure to provide safe and convenient travel to tourists and stimulate their visits, eventually increase in visitors in your area

support industries

catch all category including duty-free shops, laundries,

event

convenient to the market, shorter duration, can be moved, cost less to develop than site attraction (event attractions are short in duration and can be easily moved)

subcategories of increasing income

direct, indirect, induced

economic sustainability

economically efficient and resources are managed

secondary destination

either an interesting or necessary place to visit on the way to a primary destination, and it aims at satisfying visitors for one to two days. It may be interesting enough to attract tourists on their way somewhere else, or it may, in fact, be a required stop on the way to a final destination. attracts visitors for a shorter span of days

indirect employment

employment in construction, agriculture and manufacturing (this depends on the extent to which tourism is integrated with the rest of the local economy)

primary employment

employment in lodging, restaurants, attractions, transportation and sightseeing operations

subcategories of ownership

government, non-profit, private

example of domestic tourism

if American travels U.S., this type of tourism is Domestic tourism for U.S.

social and cultural sustainability

increase people's control over their lives, compatible with culture and values of people, maintain and strengthen community identity

3 main economic impacts of tourism

increasing foreign exchange earnings, increasing income, and increasing employment

subcategories of increasing foreign exchange earnings

leakages and demonstration effects

ecological sustainability

maintain essential ecological processes, biological diversity and biological resources

modes

means how can you get there: road, sea, air, rail

ways

means how do you travel there: if you use a car you will use roadways, airplane airways, others are seaways and railways

accessibility

measured in (time, cost, frequency, comfort)

climate

most common marketing theme used to sell a tourism area, the destination must be accessible as well, destination should offer visitors something they cannot get at home, visitors like to be kept informed of the bad weather conditions they have left, destinations should have a variety of options of stuff to do not just one

private

motivation is that of profit marketing. So definitely they are looking for profit...What would be examples? For example, theme parks or resorts would be good examples of profit orgainzation. They will try to make short-run profit maximization, which eventually determines the long-run success of the attraction and the destination.

food and beverage

much of tourist spending is on food and beverages, menus can be designed to incorporate local foods to lower costs and increase visitor interests, note: food may also be an attraction

subcategories of drawing power

natural resources, climate, culture, history, ethinicity and accessibility

tourism multiplier

one dollar in tourism expenditures can be worth two dollars in economic value to other business and the economy

national government responsibilities

passport, visas, and customs, health, safety, security, air service, landing rights and seaports

site

physical nature resources, long duration, cannot be moved, cost more to develop both in time and money (ie Grand Canyon, they are permanent and their location is fixed)

2 categories under Scope

primary and secondary

subcategories of increasing employment

primary, and indirect employment

terminals

provides facilities of transportation modes and transfer between modes. example airport will service of bus from airport to city, or rental car services. It should have a function of coordination between modes

NTO responsibilities

research and promotion, support tourism business, media relations, public relation campaign, familiarization trips, promote destinations at trade, set and maintain quality standards for hotels, etc.

subcategories of permanency

site vs. event

lodging

sleeping accommodations, anywhere from a 5-star hotel to camp grounds, a friend or relatives place, lodging development → the characteristics of a market segment, competitors, mode of transportation affects lodging (wagons→ inns a day apart, automobiles→ the appearance of a motel, planes, trains, etc→ clusters of hotels around airports and train stations)

examples of private sectors

state agent, shop keeper, and banker

travel

the act of moving outside of one's usual environment

tourism

the activity that occurs when people travel

international tourism

the combination of inbound and outbound tourism for a country

direct

the first round of spending by visitors in the destination area

leakages

the monetary value of goods and services that must be imported to service the needs of tourism

carrying capacity

the number of tourists an area, attraction or heritage site can accommodate without damaging it. The right amount of tourism can help a community but too much can damage it.

indirect

the second round of expenditures by businesses who receive the first round of visitor spending

induced

the third and subsequent rounds of expenditures after the second round

objective of sustainable tourism

to improve the quality of life of the host community, provide a high quality experience for the visitor, and maintain the quality of the environment on which both the host community and the visitor depend

labor-intensive

tourism is more labor-intensive than other industries. the degree of labor intensity can be measured in terms of the cost per job created of the employment/output ratio.

regional government responsibilities

tourism planning and zoning

trip

travel of more than 100 miles from one's home environment

non-profit

usually oriented to some aspect of the social good. But, when nonprofit organizations get involved in works for the social good, such as historical preservation, their efforts can have great implications for tourism. Limited tourism may be a vehicle for getting sufficient revenue to continue the historical work, but they don't want to become too commercialized

internal tourism

visits by residents and non-residents within a country

domestic tourism

visits by residents within their own countries

outbound tourism

visits by the residents of a country to other countries

national tourism

visits by the residents of a country to other countries plus visits by residents within their own country (outbound + domestic)

inbound tourism

visits to a country by a non-resident of that country

historical

war (battlefields, monuments), religion (churches, shrines, pilgrimages), habitation (houses of famous historical or cultural figures, or dwellings that replicate historical living conditions), government (seats of governement, museums)

recreation

what happen during an individual's leisure time