HSC4612 - Exam 3 - (Ch. 10-13)

During exercise at sea level, young, healthy untrained subjects generally maintain exercise arterial PO2 within A) 10-12 mm Hg of resting values. B) 20-25 mm Hg of resting values. C) 30-40 mm Hg of resting values. D) 1 mm Hg of resting values.

A) 10-12 mm Hg of resting values.

A by-product of anaerobic glycolysis in red blood cells that shifts the O2-Hb dissociation curve to the right at high altitude is A) 2-3 DPG B) 3-phosphoglycerate C) pyruvate D) phosphoenolpyruvate

A) 2-3 DPG

Prolonged exercise results in a significant increase in body core temperature. Calculate the increase in body core temperature during exercise given the following: Total energy expenditure during exercise = 600 Kcal Exercise efficiency = 20% Total heat stored during exercise = 192 Kcal Subject bodyweight = 60 Kg Amount of heat required to increase body temperature by 1°C = 0.83 kcal/kg Therefore, the total increase in body temperature following exercise would be A) 3.86°C B) 4.86°C C) 2.86°C D) 1.86°C

A) 3.86°C

The average VO2 max value for the young (e.g., 21 years old) male sedentary population is approximately A) 45 ml· kg-1· min-1. B) 83 ml· kg-1· min-1. C) 35 ml· kg-1· min-1. D) 22 ml · kg-1· min-1.

A) 45 ml· kg-1· min-1.

During exercise ____________ of energy produced is released as heat. A) 70-80% B) 20-30% C) <10% D) 50%

A) 70-80%

Which of the following track running events would have the greatest risk of acid-base disturbance? A) 800 meter run B) 10,000 meter run C) 100 meter sprint D) marathon

A) 800 meter run

Which of the following statements are true about heat shock proteins? A) All of these answers are correct. B) They assist cells in tolerating heat stress. C) Repeated bouts of exercise in warm or hot environments increase their synthesis in cells. D) They stabilize and refold damaged cellular proteins.

A) All of these answers are correct. - They assist cells in tolerating heat stress. - Repeated bouts of exercise in warm or hot environments increase their synthesis in cells. - They stabilize and refold damaged cellular proteins.

Regulation of body core temperature is important because A) All of these statements are correct. B) cellular structures and metabolic pathways are affected by temperature. C) high temperature can alter the structure and function of enzymes. D) low temperatures can promote abnormal cardiac function (e.g., arrhythmias).

A) All of these statements are correct. - cellular structures and metabolic pathways are affected by temperature. - high temperature can alter the structure and function of enzymes. - low temperatures can promote abnormal cardiac function (e.g., arrhythmias).

The central chemoreceptors that influence the control of breathing respond to changes in the A) PCO2 and H+ of cerebral spinal fluid. B) PCO2 and H+ of mixed venous blood. C) PO2, pH, and PCO2 of arterial blood. D) H+ of mixed venous blood.

A) PCO2 and H+ of cerebral spinal fluid.

Studies reveal that ventilation drifts upward during constant-load submaximal exercise performed in a hot and humid environment. This is likely due to A) a significant increase in blood temperature. B) all of these answers are correct. C) a higher arterial PCO2. D) a lower arterial PO2.

A) a significant increase in blood temperature.

According to Fick's law of diffusion, the rate of diffusion of a gas across a tissue is directly proportional to the A) all of these answers are correct B) difference in partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue. C) tissue area. D) diffusion coefficient of the gas.

A) all of these answers are correct - difference in partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue. - tissue area. - diffusion coefficient of the gas.

A decline in arterial PO2 to 70 mm Hg or below would likely result in A) an increase in alveolar ventilation. B) a decrease in alveolar ventilation. C) a prolonged breath-hold. D) no change in alveolar ventilation.

A) an increase in alveolar ventilation.

The respiratory system works in the regulation of acid-base balance by lowering A) arterial PCO2. B) blood levels of HCO3. C) None of these answers is correct D) arterial PO2.

A) arterial PCO2.

The most important of the blood buffers is/are A) bicarbonate. B) hemoglobin. C) platelets. D) blood proteins.

A) bicarbonate.

Compared to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, the myoglobin dissociation curve _______. A) both is much steeper at PO2's below 20 mm Hg and reaches a plateau at a much lower PO2 are correct B) reaches a plateau at a much lower PO2 C) is much steeper at PO2's below 20 mm Hg D) none of these answers is correct

A) both is much steeper at PO2's below 20 mm Hg and reaches a plateau at a much lower PO2 are correct

Endurance exercise facilitates a fast-to-slow fiber type shift in skeletal muscle. What type of shift occurs in the fiber type continuum from resistance training? A) fast-to-slow B) slow-to-fast

A) fast-to-slow

Exercise-induced hypoxemia that often occurs in elite endurance athletes during heavy exercise is likely due to A) impaired alveolar ventilation resulting in hypoventilation. B) chronic obstructive lung disease. C) a diffusion limitation secondary to a rapid red blood cell transit time. D) asthma.

A) impaired alveolar ventilation resulting in hypoventilation.

Exercise in the heat is associated with accelerated fatigue due, in part, to A) increased free radical production in the active skeletal muscles. B) all of these answers are correct. C) decreased muscle glycogen utilization. D) decreased lactate production.

A) increased free radical production in the active skeletal muscles.

Which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise? A) increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle B) increased M4 form of LDH C) increased pyruvate formation D) increased lactate production

A) increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle

Studies reveal that exercise training improves muscle buffering capacity. Which of the following exercise-induced changes is NOT responsible for training-induced improvements in muscle buffering capacity? A) increased muscle levels of citrate synthase B) increased levels of carnosine in muscle fibers C) None of these answers is correct D) increased content of hydrogen ion transporters

A) increased muscle levels of citrate synthase

Sodium bicarbonate has been ingested by athletes in an attempt to improve performance by A) increasing blood buffering capacity. B) increasing plasma volume. C) stimulating pulmonary ventilation to increase oxygen transport. D) decreasing muscle lactate production.

A) increasing blood buffering capacity.

The first line of defense in protecting against pH change during exercise is A) intracellular buffers. B) sodium bicarbonate levels in the blood. C) plasma bicarbonate. D) hemoglobin levels in the blood.

A) intracellular buffers.

Most of the O2 contained in the blood A) is bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin. B) exists in solution as a dissolved gas. C) is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin. D) is in the form of carboxyhemoglobin.

A) is bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin.

Endurance exercise training results in an increased turnover of mitochondria in skeletal muscle. The process of removing old and damaged mitochondria is called ______. A) mitophagy B) none of these answers is correct C) mitochondrial proteostasis D) mitochondrial biogenesis

A) mitophagy

Heat production can be increased through A) the action of thyroxine and catecholamines. B) shivering. C) All of these answers are correct. D) non-shivering thermogenesis.

All of these answers are correct. - the action of thyroxine and catecholamines. - shivering. - non-shivering thermogenesis.

At high environmental temperatures, which of the following variables impact the amount of heat loss by evaporation? A) amount of exposed skin B) all of these answers are correct C) convective currents D) ambient temperature and relative humidity

B) all of these answers are correct - amount of exposed skin - convective currents - ambient temperature and relative humidity

In a healthy individual resting at sea level, which of the following characteristics of arterial blood are correct? A) oxygen content of 20 ml O2/100 ml blood. B) all of these answers are correct. C) oxyhemoglobin saturation of 97-98%. D) PO2 of approximately 100 mm Hg.

B) all of these answers are correct. - oxygen content of 20 ml O2/100 ml blood. - oxyhemoglobin saturation of 97-98%. - PO2 of approximately 100 mm Hg.

Which of the following events are not primary sources of hydrogen ions during rigorous exercise? A) ATP breakdown and release of hydrogen ions B) anaerobic production of 3-phosphoglucose during glycolysis C) Aerobic metabolism of glucose resulting in the production of carbonic acid D) Increased production of lactic acid

B) anaerobic production of 3-phosphoglucose during glycolysis

Carbon dioxide is transported in arterial blood principally as A) carbon monoxide. B) bicarbonate. C) dissolved CO2 in solution in the blood. D) carbaminohemoglobin.

B) bicarbonate.

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs A) across approximately 300 million alveoli. B) both across approximately 300 million alveoli and in the respiratory zone are correct answers C) in the conducting zone. D) in the respiratory zone.

B) both across approximately 300 million alveoli and in the respiratory zone are correct answers

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _____ following the completion of the exercise session. A) minutes B) hours C) seconds D) days

B) hours

Metabolic acidosis can result from the overproduction of ketoacids, which can occur A) as a result of high levels of glucose metabolism. B) in uncontrolled diabetes. C) during exercise. D) all of these answers are correct.

B) in uncontrolled diabetes.

Which of the following endurance training adaptations does NOT result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles? A) decreased pyruvate formation B) increased glycogen utilization C) increased mitochondrial uptake of pyruvate D) increased H4 form of LDH

B) increased glycogen utilization

Which of the following physiological factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference? A) increased capillaries in the muscle B) increased hemoglobin in the blood C) increased mitochondria volume in the muscle D) increased muscle blood flow

B) increased hemoglobin in the blood

Endurance training has been shown to reduce the oxygen deficit in subjects performing a submaximal exercise. This is due to A) an increased maximal cardiac output. B) increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries. C) an increased heart rate. D) a greater anaerobic capacity

B) increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries.

The higher the relative humidity, the __________ vapor pressure gradient between the skin and the environment. A) higher B) lower C) No relationship exists between relative humidity and vapor pressure D) None of these answers is correct

B) lower

The term ventilation refers to the A) cooling of the airways by respiration. B) mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs. C) random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. D) oxygenation of blood as it travels through the lungs.

B) mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of calcinurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _____ following the exercise session. A) hours B) minutes C) days D) seconds

B) minutes

Acids are defined as A) molecules that combine with hydrogen ions. B) molecules that release hydrogen ions (H+). C) substances that raise the bicarbonate ion concentration of the solution. D) molecules that release hydroxyl ions (OH-).

B) molecules that release hydrogen ions (H+).

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and resistance (strength) training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone. Which of the following mechanisms have NOT been proposed to explain why concurrent training impedes strength development? A) neural factors B) none of above is correct C) Depressed muscle protein synthesis D) overtraining

B) none of above is correct

Which of the following could be a mechanism of heat gain in a hot and sunny environment? A) conduction B) radiation C) radio waves D) evaporation

B) radiation

Exercise performance in endurance events is impaired in a hot and humid environment. Which of the following physiological factors does NOT have a negative impact on exercise performance in a hot and humid environment? A) central nervous system dysfunction B) respiratory dysfunction C) cardiovascular dysfunction D) accelerated muscle fatigue

B) respiratory dysfunction

In a pulmonary function test, a FEV1/FVC ratio of 0.60 is A) higher than normal. B) suggestive of airway obstruction. C) considered normal. D) associated with a high VO2 max.

B) suggestive of airway obstruction.

Cold acclimation results in which of the following physiological adaptations? A) increased nonshivering thermogenesis. B) improved ability to sleep in cold environments. C) All of these answers are correct. D) improved ability to prevent large decreases in skin temperature during cold exposure.

C) All of these answers are correct. - increased nonshivering thermogenesis. - improved ability to sleep in cold environments. - improved ability to prevent large decreases in skin temperature during cold exposure.

Which of the following statements about body temperature homeostasis is correct? A) None of these statements is correct. B) Core temperature is constantly maintained at 34°C. C) Body temperature is a balance between heat loss and heat gain. D) Skin temperature is usually equal to core temperature.

C) Body temperature is a balance between heat loss and heat gain.

Which of the following transporters in skeletal muscles are responsible for moving hydrogen ions across the sarcolemma? A) sodium-hydrogen exchanger B) monocarboxylate transporter C) Both sodium-hydrogen exchanger and monocarboxylate transporter are correct D) lactate transporter

C) Both sodium-hydrogen exchanger and monocarboxylate transporter are correct

Repeated bouts of high intensity exercise (e.g., interval training) can reduce arterial pH to levels as low as A) 7.3. B) 7.2. C) None of these answers is correct. D) 7.1.

C) None of these answers is correct.

An increase in alveolar ventilation (at rest) resulting in hyperventilation will reduce arterial ______ and increase ______. A) O2; pH B) pH; PCO2 C) PCO2; pH D) None of these answers is correct

C) PCO2; pH

If a person who is resistance trained undergoes a period of detraining which skeletal muscle fiber type will atrophy the most? A) Type I B) Type IIa C) Type IIx

C) Type IIx

An increase in blood temperature and a decrease in blood pH would result in _____________ in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. A) none of these answers is correct B) no change C) a rightward shift D) a leftward shift

C) a rightward shift

Activation of rectus abdominis muscles would result in A) active inspiration. B) passive inspiration. C) active expiration. D) passive expiration.

C) active expiration.

Which of the following statements about myoglobin are true? A) myoglobin exists in relatively large quantities in slow-twitch muscle fibers B) myoglobin binds oxygen C) all of these answers are correct D) myoglobin shuttles oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria

C) all of these answers are correct - myoglobin exists in relatively large quantities in slow-twitch muscle fibers - myoglobin binds oxygen - myoglobin shuttles oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria

The primary adaptations that occur during heat acclimatization are A) a decreased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and a lower sweat rate. B) a decreased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and higher sweat rate. C) an increased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and a higher sweat rate. D) an increased plasma volume and lower sweat rate.

C) an increased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and a higher sweat rate.

Which of the extracellular buffers contributes the most to the cell's buffering capacity? A) hemoglobin B) all of these contribute equally C) bicarbonate D) extracellular proteins

C) bicarbonate

In the PowerPoint presentation I discussed that in resistance training heavy loads have a greater impact on increasing muscle strength and lighter loads have a greater impact on increasing muscle endurance. Which loads have the greatest impact on muscle hypertrophy if the exercise is taken to volitional fatigue? A) heavy B) light C) both heavy and light loads can have similar impacts on increasing muscle hypertrophy

C) both heavy and light loads can have similar impacts on increasing muscle hypertrophy

In response to a decrease in body temperature, humans often exhibit ____________ upon response to cold. A) shivering B) peripheral vasoconstriction C) both peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering are correct D) peripheral vasodilation

C) both peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering are correct

The transfer of heat from the body into molecules of cooler objects in contact with its surface is called A) evaporation. B) radiation. C) conduction. D) convection.

C) conduction.

Hypothermia is defined as a significant A) decrease in skin temperature. B) decrease in skin blood flow. C) decrease in body core temperature. D) increase in body core temperature.

C) decrease in body core temperature.

The most important muscle of inspiration is/are the A) internal oblique. B) rectus abdominis. C) diaphragm. D) external intercostals.

C) diaphragm.

A single bout of resistance exercise training results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within _____ following the exercise session. A) days B) seconds C) hours D) minutes

C) hours

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise? A) slower blood flow in muscle B) increased FFA transporters C) increased fat storage in the liver D) increased beta oxidation enzymes

C) increased fat storage in the liver

The most common and strongest acid produced in skeletal muscle during heavy exercise is ________________ acid. A) acetoacetic B) citric C) lactic D) phosphoric

C) lactic

After a 15-week program of endurance exercise training, which of the following cardiovascular variables does NOT decrease after 14 days of detraining? A) maximal cardiac output B) VO2 max C) maximal heart rate D) maximal stroke volume

C) maximal heart rate

The primary drive to increase ventilation during exercise is due to A) input from peripheral chemoreceptors. B) input from skeletal muscle mechanoreceptors. C) none of these answers is correct D) input from central chemoreceptors.

C) none of these answers is correct

Acidosis can occur due to A) a decrease in the H+ concentration. B) a loss of acids from the blood. C) none of these. D) an accumulation of bases in the blood.

C) none of these.

The carotid bodies are chemoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in arterial _______. A) PO2 only B) H+ and K+ concentrations C) pH, PCO2, and PO2 D) pH and K+ concentrations

C) pH, PCO2, and PO2

Which of the following is a training principle? A) sets B) reps C) periodization D) frequency

C) periodization

It is well known that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamyosin (mTOR) which results in increased protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR. These molecules are: A) IGF-1 and phosphatidic acid B) IGF-1 and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) C) phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) D) IGF-1 and Akt

C) phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)

An increase in blood levels of carbon dioxide results in a decrease in blood pH because an increase in PCO2 A) none of these answers is correct. B) promotes an increase in lactic acid production in the muscle. C) reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to release H+. D) decreases H+ ion levels in the plasma.

C) reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to release H+.

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle? A) overload B) reversibility C) specificity D) none of these

C) specificity

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal population is maximal A) arteriovenous O2 difference. B) systolic blood pressure. C) stroke volume. D) heart rate.

C) stroke volume.

The amount of gas moved per breath is called A) minute ventilation. B) minute volume. C) tidal volume. D) vital capacity.

C) tidal volume.

Which of the following is NOT an important function of the pulmonary system? A) to provide an interface for gas exchange between the external environment and the body. B) None of these answers is correct C) to cool the airways. D) regulation of acid-base balance during exercise.

C) to cool the airways.

The heart rate and ventilatory responses to a fixed submaximal work rate are lower (i.e., lower heart rate and lower minute ventilation) following an endurance training program. This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the A) AV node. B) central nervous system. C) trained skeletal muscles. D) spinal cord.

C) trained skeletal muscles.

A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ______% above resting levels. A) 10-20 B) 200-300 C) 50-60 D) 120-150

D) 120-150

Endurance exercise training programs (e.g., 3 days/week @ 60% VO2 max for 12 weeks) lasting typically result in a ______% improvement in VO2max. A) 1-5% improvement in VO2 max B) 5-10% improvement in VO2 max C) 10-15% improvement in VO2 max D) 15-20% improvement in VO2 max

D) 15-20% improvement in VO2 max

Following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above baseline for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals. A) 8-15 hours B) 15-24 hours C) 24-30 hours D) 30-48 hours

D) 30-48 hours

Which of the following conditions would result in the highest vapor pressure in the air? A) 30°C, 50% relative humidity B) 25°C, 75% relative humidity C) 20°C, 100% relative humidity D) 30°C, 75% relative humidity

D) 30°C, 75% relative humidity

Prolonged exercise results in a significant increase in body core temperature. Calculate the increase in body core temperature during exercise given the following: Total energy expenditure during exercise = 750 Kcal Exercise efficiency = 20% Total heat stored during exercise = 240 Kcal Subject bodyweight = 60 Kg Amount of heat required to increase body temperature by 1°C = 0.83 kcal/kg Therefore, the total increase in body temperature following exercise would be: A) 1.86 °C B) 2.86 °C C) 3.86 °C D) 4.82 °C

D) 4.82 °C Increase in body temperature following exercise = (Total heat stored) / (specific heat * body mass) Increase in body temperature = (240Kcals) / (0.83 * 60) = 4.82 °C

Heritability (i.e., genetics) determines approximately _____% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults. A) 25 B) 90 C) 35 D) 50

D) 50

Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, calculate the pH of blood given: pKa = 6.1 blood concentration of carbonic acid = 1.2 mEq/L blood concentration of bicarbonate = 24 mEq/L Your calculation reveals that the pH of blood is A) 7.2. B) None of these answers is correct. C) 7.3. D) 7.4.

D) 7.4.

Which of the following statements about a buffer is correct? A) a buffer resists pH change B) buffers often consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base C) a buffer removes hydrogen ions from solution D) All of these answers are correct

D) All of these answers are correct - a buffer resists pH change - buffers often consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base - a buffer removes hydrogen ions from solution

In healthy and untrained subjects, the alinear rise in minute ventilation observed during incremental exercise (i.e., ventilatory threshold) could be due to A) an increase in arterial pH. B) a significant decline in arterial PO2. C) an increase in arterial PCO2. D) a decrease in arterial pH.

D) a decrease in arterial pH.

Small changes in arterial PCO2 have ______________ effect on ventilation compared to small changes in PO2. A) the same B) none of these answers is correct C) a lesser D) a greater

D) a greater

At a low PO2, myoglobin has _______________ affinity for O2 than hemoglobin. A) none of these answers is correct B) a lower C) the same D) a higher

D) a higher

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in A) increased uptake of fatty acids. B) decreased utilization of muscle glycogen. C) sparing of blood glucose. D) all of these answers are correct.

D) all of these answers are correct. - increased uptake of fatty acids. - decreased utilization of muscle glycogen. - sparing of blood glucose.

The volume of gas that reaches the gas-exchange zone of the lung is termed A) anatomical dead space. B) minute ventilation. C) tidal volume. D) alveolar ventilation.

D) alveolar ventilation.

The ability of histidine to buffer hydrogen ions is because histidine contains A) None of these answers is correct. B) a free carbon atom that accepts hydrogen ions. C) bicarbonate molecules. D) an ionizable group.

D) an ionizable group.

An increase in body core temperature results in A) thyroxine release. B) shivering. C) cutaneous vasoconstriction. D) cutaneous vasodilation.

D) cutaneous vasodilation.

In the standing position, blood flow to the base of the lung is ______________ blood flow to the apex. A) the same as B) less than C) none of these answers is correct. D) greater than

D) greater than

Humans and other animals that maintain a rather constant body temperature are called A) cold-blooded animals. B) poiklotherms. C) None of these answers is correct. D) homeotherms.

D) homeotherms.

The body's thermostat is located in the A) cerebellum. B) brain stem. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus.

D) hypothalamus.

Which of the following factors contributes to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in VO2 max? A) None of these answers is correct B) increased maximal heart rate C) increased end diastolic volume D) increased maximal stroke volume

D) increased maximal stroke volume

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise? A) increased end-diastolic volume B) increased cardiac contractility C) decrease in total peripheral resistance D) increased peripheral resistance

D) increased peripheral resistance

Exercise-induced asthma could impair pulmonary gas exchange by A) lowering the drive to breathe. B) reducing blood flow to the lung. C) causing bronchodilation. D) increasing airway resistance.

D) increasing airway resistance.

The respiratory control center is located in the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) carotid bodies. D) medulla oblongata.

D) medulla oblongata.

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and resistance (strength) training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone. Which of the following mechanisms have NOT been proposed to explain why concurrent training impedes strength development? A) neural factors B) overtraining C) Depressed muscle protein synthesis D) none of above are correct

D) none of above are correct

A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio of 0.64 would indicate A) that ventilation is higher than blood flow in this region of the lung. B) an ideal V/Q ratio for optimal gas exchange. C) none of these answers is correct D) that blood flow is higher than ventilation in this region of the lung.

D) that blood flow is higher than ventilation in this region of the lung.

The primary source of heat production during exercise is A) the gastrointestinal tract. B) the heart. C) through the action of thyroxine and catecholamines. D) the contracting skeletal muscles.

D) the contracting skeletal muscles.

The increase in VO2 max that occurs following 4 months of endurance exercise training results from an increase in both maximal cardiac output and maximal a-vO2 difference. Relatively short durations of endurance exercise training (e.g., 1-4 months) increases VO2 max primarily by increasing A) the maximal heart rate. B) both the maximal cardiac output and the maximal heart rate are correct C) the maximal a-vO2 difference. D) the maximal cardiac output.

D) the maximal cardiac output.

A high percentage of body fat results in an increased ability to lose body heat during exercise. True OR False?

False

Following endurance training, maximal cardiac output during exercise is increased due to an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall (i.e., ventricular muscle mass increases). True OR False?

False

Research indicates that several months of endurance training results in significant changes in both lung structure and pulmonary function. True Or False?

False

The evaporation of 1,000 ml of sweat results in the loss of 1,000 kcal of heat. True OR False?

False

The initial decrease in VO2 max with detraining occurs because skeletal muscle adaptations (a-vO2 difference) are lost. True OR False?

False

The majority of evidence demonstrates that resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy is the result of muscle fiber hyperplasia. True OR False?

False

The principal buffer against acidosis during exercise is intracellular phosphate groups. True OR False?

False

The pulmonary system does not limit VO2 max in elite endurance athletes that exhibit exercise-induced hypoxemia. True OR False?

False

According to Dalton's law, the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of pressures of each gas in the mixture. True OR False?

True

An example of a strong base is bicarbonate (HCO3-). True OR False?

True

An increase in the hydrogen ion concentration in contracting skeletal muscle can impair performance by hydrogen ions competing with calcium ions for binding sites on troponin. True OR False?

True

Cold acclimatization results in an improved ability to sleep in a cold environment. True OR False?

True

Dehydration that results in a loss of 1-2% of body weight is sufficient to impair exercise performance. True OR False?

True

During exercise in a hot and humid environment, heat loss via evaporation is decreased compared to exercise in a cool and low humidity environment. True OR False?

True

During exercise, a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve insures that more oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin to the working muscle compared to rest. True OR False?

True

During exercise, body temperature is regulated by making adjustments in the amount of heat that is lost. True OR False?

True

During resting conditions, the intrapleural pressure is typically lower than the intrapulmonary pressure. True OR False?

True

Following endurance training, afterload decreases during maximal exercise because there is a decrease in sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in the arterioles of the exercising muscles. True OR False?

True

In a "two-legged" maximal cycle ergometer test, if each leg were to vasodilate to the extent experienced in a one-legged VO2 max test, mean arterial blood pressure would fall below normal levels. True OR False?

True

In general, during exercise in a thermoneutral environment, the increase in core temperature is directly related to the exercise intensity. True OR False?

True

Individuals with a high percentage of body fat have an advantage over lean individuals in tolerance to cold. True OR False?

True

One of the principal means by which the kidneys regulate acid-base balance is by increasing or decreasing the bicarbonate concentration of the blood. True OR False?

True

Pre-cooling the body before performing prolonged exercise in a hot and humid environment has been shown to significantly improve performance. True OR False?

True

Reducing the number of motor units required to perform an exercise task may reduce the heart rate and ventilation required to perform the task. True OR False?

True

Research indicates that anyone can increase his or her VO2 max with training, yet a genetic predisposition is required to have a VO2 max comparable to that of an elite endurance athlete. True OR False?

True

The bicarbonate buffer system is involved in both intracellular buffering and blood buffering of hydrogen ions. True OR False?

True

Training in a cool environment while wearing warm clothing (e.g., sweats) promotes heat acclimatization. True OR False?

True

An increase in PCO2 in the blood results in the formation of bicarbonate in the red blood cell. Because bicarbonate carries a negative charge (anion), the removal of negatively charged molecule from the red blood cell is required to prevent an electrochemical imbalance across the cell membrane. This problem is avoided by A) movement of chloride molecules into the red blood cell. B) movement of chloride molecules out of the red blood cell. C) both movement of sodium molecules out of the red blood cell and movement of chloride molecules into the red blood cell are correct D) movement of sodium molecules out of the red blood cell.

A) movement of chloride molecules into the red blood cell.

During the first 10 weeks of a resistance training program, the initial increase in muscular strength are due primarily to A) neural adaptations. B) muscle fiber hyperplasia. C) muscle fiber hypertrophy. D) Both muscle fiber hypertrophy and muscle fiber hyperplasia are correct

A) neural adaptations.

The principal means of heat loss at rest in a cool indoor environment (20°C/low humidity) is via A) radiation. B) conduction. C) convection. D) evaporation.

A) radiation.

According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of a weak acid solution is determined by A) ratio of the concentration of the base in solution to the concentration of the acid. B) the dissociation constant of bicarbonate. C) All of these answers are correct. D) ratio of the concentration of the acid in solution to the concentration of the base.

A) ratio of the concentration of the base in solution to the concentration of the acid.

Which of the following plays an important role in acid-base balance during exercise? A) respiratory system B) None of these answers is correct C) kidneys D) increased production of bicarbonate in white blood cells

A) respiratory system

Compared to exercise in a cool environment, prolonged exercise in the heat A) results in a more rapid onset of muscular fatigue. B) decreases muscle lactate production. C) decreases the production of free radicals in the working muscles. D) increases muscle blood flow.

A) results in a more rapid onset of muscular fatigue.

In resting skeletal muscle fibers, Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) activation of mTOR is inhibited by ______. A) tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) B) none of these answers is correct C) IGF-1 D) phosphatidic acid

A) tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)

Calculate the total evaporation of sweat necessary to prevent heat gain in the body given the following information: Total body energy expenditure = 250 Kcal Exercise efficacy = 20% Evaporation of 1000 ml of sweat results in 580 Kcal of heat loss Therefore, the total evaporation of sweat necessary to prevent body heat gain in these conditions is A) 0.166 liters. B) 0.344 liters. C)None of these answers is correct. D) 0.276 liters.

B) 0.344 liters.

Under normal conditions at sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli region of the lung is A) 125 mm Hg. B) 100 mm Hg. C) 760 mm Hg. D) 159 mm Hg.

B) 100 mm Hg.

Endurance exercise training programs (e.g., 3 days/week @ 60% VO2 max for 12 weeks) lasting typically result in a ______% improvement in VO2 max. Multiple Choice A) 5-10 B) 15-20 C) 10-15 D) 1-5

B) 15-20

Evaporation of one liter of sweat would result in the loss of ________ kcal of heat. A) 540 B) 580 C) 500 D) 100

B) 580

Which of the following is true of the pH of arterial blood? A) The normal pH is 7.0. B) A pH of 7.0 would be considered acidosis. C) None of these is true. D) A pH of 7.0 would be considered alkalosis.

B) A pH of 7.0 would be considered acidosis.

In theory, concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training can impair muscle protein synthesis following a bout of resistance exercise. The proposed mechanism to explain this inhibition is _____________________________________. A) p38 activation of TSC2 B) AMP kinase activation of TSC2 C) AMP kinase activation of PGC-1ɑ D) AMP kinase activation of mTOR

B) AMP kinase activation of TSC2

Which of the following statements about pulmonary physiology is correct? A) The percentage of CO2 in the air is 0.0003. B) All of these answers are correct C) The percentage of O2 in the air at sea level is the same as at high altitude. D) The PO2 of inspired air at sea level is approximately 159 mm Hg.

B) All of these answers are correct - The percentage of CO2 in the air is 0.0003. - The percentage of O2 in the air at sea level is the same as at high altitude. - The PO2 of inspired air at sea level is approximately 159 mm Hg.

Which of the following events occurs during exercise at work rates above 60-80% VO2 max? A) a decrease in plasma bicarbonate concentration B) All of these answers are correct C) an increase in blood lactic acid concentration D) a decrease in blood pH

B) All of these answers are correct - a decrease in plasma bicarbonate concentration - an increase in blood lactic acid concentration - a decrease in blood pH

Which of the following training adaptations does NOT occur in skeletal muscles following 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training? A) increased activities of key glycolytic enzymes. B) None of these answers is correct. C) increased activities of myokinase and creatine phosphokinase. D) increased muscle buffer capacity.

B) None of these answers is correct.

Hyperventilation at rest can result in ___________ due to ____________. A) metabolic acidosis; increased blood levels of lactic acid B) alkalosis; decreased blood levels of carbon dioxide C) None of these answers is correct D) respiratory acidosis; increasing blood levels of carbon dioxide

B) alkalosis; decreased blood levels of carbon dioxide

Muscle pH is generally A) None of these answers is correct B) equal to blood pH. C) 0.4-0.6 pH units lower than arterial pH. D) 0.4-0.6 pH units higher than arterial pH.

C) 0.4-0.6 pH units lower than arterial pH.

Calculate the total evaporation of sweat necessary to prevent heat gain in the body given the following information: Total body energy expenditure = 500 Kcal Exercise efficacy = 20% Evaporation of 1000 ml of sweat results in 580 Kcal of heat loss Therefore, the total evaporation of sweat necessary to prevent body heat gain in these conditions is: A) 0.276 liters B) 0.344 liters C) 0.690 liters D) None of the above answers are correct

C) 0.690 liters (Total heat produced in kcals) / (580 kcal/L) = Liters evaporation necessary to prevent heat gain Total heat produced = kcals of total energy expenditure x 0.80 (500kcals x 0.80 ) / ( 580kcal/L) = 0.690 liters

Four-to-ten weeks of anaerobic training (high intensity exercise lasting 10-30 seconds) can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by ______ across individuals. Multiple Choice A) 65-75% B) 50-60% C) 3-25% D) 30-40%

C) 3-25%

Following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above baseline for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals. A) 20-25 hours B) 10-15 hours C) 40-50 hours D) 15-20 hours

C) 40-50 hours

High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e., individuals that achieve large increases in VO2 max) can achieve up to ______% improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program. A) 100 B) 35 C) 50 D) 20

C) 50

A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ______% above resting levels? A) 5-10 B) 20-50 C) 50-150 D) 200-300

C) 50-150

Heat acclimatization occurs generally within A) 1 to 2 days. B) 15 to 30 days. C) 7 to 14 days. D) less than 7 days.

C) 7 to 14 days.

A lack of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase would affect the ability of the body to both buffer the blood and to transport CO2. True OR False?

True