Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab Quiz 2

Lunule

Has primary structural role in defining the free edge of the distal nail plate The proximal region of the thickened nail matrix (white crescent moon)

Mechanical Stage

Holds the slide in position for viewing and has two adjustable knobs that control the precise movement of the slide

Hair Bulb

In the hair bulb the cells grow and divide to build the hair shaft.

Free Edge

It's there to function as part of a grip for the finger.

Substage light

Located in the base. The light from the lamp passes directly upward through the microscope

Light control knob

Located on the base of arm. This dial allows you to adjust the intensity of the light passing through the specimen

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

Polarity- membrane always has one free surface called the apical surface Specialized contacts Supported by connective tissue Avascular but innervated Regeneration

Hair Matrix

Produces the actual hair shaft and the inner and outer root sheaths of hair

Eponychium

Protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to bacteria

Body

Protecting the ends of the fingers and toes

Epidermis

Provides the waterproof level of skin and gives us our skin tone. It is the most superficial levels of skin.

Tactile Corpuscle

Responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure Mechanoreceptor cell, type of nerve endings in skin

Dermis

Right under the epidermis and is made of elastic tissue and fibrous. It gives the skin its flexibility and strength.

Sweat Gland: Apocrine

Secrete basic components of eccrine sweat plus proteins and fat-rich substances. Apocrine sweat is a good nutrient for medium for microorganisms typically found on the skin.

Nail Folds

Skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail, to hold in the nail

Arrector Pili Muscle

Small bands of smooth muscle that connect each hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis, contract during cold or fright causing goose bumps

Condenser

Small non magnifying lens located beneath the stage that concentrates the light on specimen

Melanocyte

Spidery black cells that produce the brown to black pigment called melanin. The melanin provides a protective pigment umbrella over the nuclei of the cells

Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. __________ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened.

Squamous

Identify the four layers of the epidermis shown in Figure 7.2 on page 95.

Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

Iris diaphragm lever

The iris diaphragm is a shutter within the condenser that can controlled by lever to adjust the amount of light passing through the condenser

Stage

The platform that the slide rests on while being viewed

Hyponychium

The region beneath the free edge of the nail, protects edge of fingers and toes

Hair Shaft

The region projecting from the surface of the skin

Your lab microscope is parfocal. What does this mean?

The slide should be almost in focus when changing to higher magnifications

Free Nerve Ending

They detect pain and transfer that sense to the brain.

Dermal Papillae

They help adhesion between the dermis and epidermis. It also provides larger surface area to nourish epidermis level. -Connects epidermis to blood supply -provides nutrients to the hair follicle (when relating to scalp)

Nail Matrix

Thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth. As nails grow, they become keratinized and die (non-living material)

Blood is a type of connective tissue T or F?

True

insulates against heat loss

adipose

How are epithelial tissues classified?

arrangement of layers, shapes

Transitional epithelium is actually stratified squamous with special characteristics how does it differ structurally? How does this difference change its function

changes shape based on when organ is stretched changes function by being found in places like bladder which needs to stretch

includes nonliving extracellular matrix

connective

most widespread tissue in the body

connective

anchors packages and supports body organs

connective tissue

attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones

dense regular tissue

How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function

endocrine: lose their surface ducts as they develop secrete hormones into extracellular fluid exocrine: remain ducts secrete into body

Lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface

epithelium

cells may absorb secrete and filter

epithelium

synthesizes hormones

epithelium

three general characteristics of connective tissue

large amount of extracellular matrix, common origin of mesenchyme, varied degree vascularity

Where is ciliated epithelium found

lining of trachea female reproductive tract

All connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as

mesenchyme

major function is to contract

muscle

pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat

muscle

forms nerves and the brain

nervous tissue

most involved in regulating and controlling body functions

nervous tissue

transmits electrical signals

nervous tissue

All of the following are examples of connective tissue except bones neurons ligaments tendons

neurons

Explain why a buccal swab shouldn't cause bleeding

no blood supply

describe five general characteristics of epithelial tissue

polarity supported by connective tissue specialized contacts avascular regeneration

what functions performed by connective tissue

protection, support, binding of other body tissues, transport of substances

lining of the stomach

simple columnar

tubules of the kidney

simple columnar

alveolar sacs of lungs

simple squamous

forms the thin serous membrane; single layer of flattened cells

simple squamous

Type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations and its cells are spindle shaped

smooth

The microscope slide rests on the ___________ while being viewed

stage

How does the function of simple epithelial differ from squamous

stratified has more layers for protection simple allows more movement of materials

Which type of epithelium is removes with a buccal swab

stratified squamous

lining of esophagus

stratified squamous

lining of the trachea

stratified squamous

what role does ciliated epithelium play

sweeps mucus away from lungs and propels ova

Groups of cells that are anatomically similar and share a function are called

tissues

lining of bladder

transitional

how are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure

wide variety of structures based on function. non living matrix causes support

How clean the lenses of your microscope

with special lens paper and cleaner

Hair Root

Contained in hair follicle. New cells are created in the hair root. As they enlarge and divide, they are pushed up and out, causing visible hair growth

Sweat Gland: Eccrine

Distributed all over body, produce clear perspiration consisting primarily of water, salts, and urea. Under control of nervous system and help regulate body heat by secreting sweat when external or internal temperature is high

If the ocular lens magnifies a specimen 10X and the close objective lens used magnifies the specimen 35X what is total magnification being used to observe the specimen?

350

How many primary tissues types are found in the human body?

4 Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

Sensory Nerve Fiber

A nerve that carries sensory information to the CNS

Hair Papilla

A piece of dermal tissue protrudes into the hair bulb from the peripheral connective tissue sheath to provide nutrition to the growing hair

Hair Follicle

A structure formed from both epidermal and dermal cells; beneath surface of the skin and embeds hair root

Root

Attaching the nail firmly to end of fingers and toes

Base

Bottom of the microscope

Bone

Function:-Protects + supports -Provides lever for muscles to act on -Store calcium + minerals -Has morrow- site for blood cell formation Location: This tissue is found in bones.

Simple columnar

Function:Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action Location: Nonciliated type lines most the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

Cardiac

Function:As it contracts, cardiac muscle propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control Striated Location:The walls of the heart

Nerve

Function:Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands), supporting cells support and protect neurons Location:Brain, spinal cord, nerves

stratified cuboidal

Function:Protection Location: They are located in the largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary gland.

Simple cuboidal

Function:Secretion and absorption Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface Location:

pseudostratified columnar

Function:Simple columnar epithelium that secretes substances in particular mucus Location: Located in the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract. Also nonciliated type in male's sperm carrying ducts Cilia moves particles out of airway

Hyaline Cartilage

Function:Supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists comprehensive stress Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx Joint surfaces

Fibrocartilage

Function:Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock Location:Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of the knee joint

Elastic cartilage

Function:The main purpose of this is to maintain the shape of a structure but to still allow great flexibility. Location: Mainly found in the external ear to support it but is also found on the epiglottis.

Skeletal

Function:Voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, voluntary control Striated Location: skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

Areolar

Function:Wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages phagocytize bacteria, plays important role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid Holds organs in place Attaches epithelial tissue to underlying tissues Serves as reservoir for water and salts of surrounding tissue Cells obtain nutrients from and release waste into areolar connective tissue Location:Widely distributed under epithelia of body, forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

How many types of muscle tissue are there?

3 cardiac smooth skeletal

Nail Bed

Extension of the stratum basale beneath the nail

You should always begin an observation with oil immersion lens. T or F?

False

Sebaceous Gland

Found all over the skin and is a mix of oily substances and fragmented cells that helps to lubricate the skin. Active during puberty, leading to oilier skin

List five major functions of the epithelium in the body and give examples of cells or organs that provide each function

Function 1- allow nutrients to pass through ex. Simple squamous Function 2- Absortion ex. simple cuboidal (kidney) Function 3- Secretion of mucus ex. simple columnar Function 4- protection ex. stratified squamous Function 5- stretches ex. transitional

stratified columnar

Function: Protection and secretion Location:Rare in the body; but can be found in small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts in some glands.

stratified squamous

Function: Protects the underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Location:The nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina. The keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

Adipose

Function: Provides reserve fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs PIE Protects- "padding" Insulates- helps with preventing heat loss Energy Storage Location:Under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts

Simple squamous

Function: Simplest of the epithelia Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubrication substances in serosae (a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body) Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity

transitional

Function: Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine Location:Found in the urinary system organs subject to stretch such as the bladder

Dense Regular (White Fibrous)

Function: This tissue attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles and it also attaches bones to bones. It can withstand great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Location:It is found in tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses.

Spinal Cord

Function: connects a large part of the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Information (nerve impulses) reaching the spinal cord through sensory neurons are transmitted up into the brain. Location: