Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab Quiz 2
Lunule
Has primary structural role in defining the free edge of the distal nail plate The proximal region of the thickened nail matrix (white crescent moon)
Mechanical Stage
Holds the slide in position for viewing and has two adjustable knobs that control the precise movement of the slide
Hair Bulb
In the hair bulb the cells grow and divide to build the hair shaft.
Free Edge
It's there to function as part of a grip for the finger.
Substage light
Located in the base. The light from the lamp passes directly upward through the microscope
Light control knob
Located on the base of arm. This dial allows you to adjust the intensity of the light passing through the specimen
Characteristics of Epithelial tissue
Polarity- membrane always has one free surface called the apical surface Specialized contacts Supported by connective tissue Avascular but innervated Regeneration
Hair Matrix
Produces the actual hair shaft and the inner and outer root sheaths of hair
Eponychium
Protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to bacteria
Body
Protecting the ends of the fingers and toes
Epidermis
Provides the waterproof level of skin and gives us our skin tone. It is the most superficial levels of skin.
Tactile Corpuscle
Responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure Mechanoreceptor cell, type of nerve endings in skin
Dermis
Right under the epidermis and is made of elastic tissue and fibrous. It gives the skin its flexibility and strength.
Sweat Gland: Apocrine
Secrete basic components of eccrine sweat plus proteins and fat-rich substances. Apocrine sweat is a good nutrient for medium for microorganisms typically found on the skin.
Nail Folds
Skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail, to hold in the nail
Arrector Pili Muscle
Small bands of smooth muscle that connect each hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis, contract during cold or fright causing goose bumps
Condenser
Small non magnifying lens located beneath the stage that concentrates the light on specimen
Melanocyte
Spidery black cells that produce the brown to black pigment called melanin. The melanin provides a protective pigment umbrella over the nuclei of the cells
Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. __________ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened.
Squamous
Identify the four layers of the epidermis shown in Figure 7.2 on page 95.
Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
Iris diaphragm lever
The iris diaphragm is a shutter within the condenser that can controlled by lever to adjust the amount of light passing through the condenser
Stage
The platform that the slide rests on while being viewed
Hyponychium
The region beneath the free edge of the nail, protects edge of fingers and toes
Hair Shaft
The region projecting from the surface of the skin
Your lab microscope is parfocal. What does this mean?
The slide should be almost in focus when changing to higher magnifications
Free Nerve Ending
They detect pain and transfer that sense to the brain.
Dermal Papillae
They help adhesion between the dermis and epidermis. It also provides larger surface area to nourish epidermis level. -Connects epidermis to blood supply -provides nutrients to the hair follicle (when relating to scalp)
Nail Matrix
Thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth. As nails grow, they become keratinized and die (non-living material)
Blood is a type of connective tissue T or F?
True
insulates against heat loss
adipose
How are epithelial tissues classified?
arrangement of layers, shapes
Transitional epithelium is actually stratified squamous with special characteristics how does it differ structurally? How does this difference change its function
changes shape based on when organ is stretched changes function by being found in places like bladder which needs to stretch
includes nonliving extracellular matrix
connective
most widespread tissue in the body
connective
anchors packages and supports body organs
connective tissue
attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones
dense regular tissue
How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function
endocrine: lose their surface ducts as they develop secrete hormones into extracellular fluid exocrine: remain ducts secrete into body
Lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface
epithelium
cells may absorb secrete and filter
epithelium
synthesizes hormones
epithelium
three general characteristics of connective tissue
large amount of extracellular matrix, common origin of mesenchyme, varied degree vascularity
Where is ciliated epithelium found
lining of trachea female reproductive tract
All connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as
mesenchyme
major function is to contract
muscle
pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat
muscle
forms nerves and the brain
nervous tissue
most involved in regulating and controlling body functions
nervous tissue
transmits electrical signals
nervous tissue
All of the following are examples of connective tissue except bones neurons ligaments tendons
neurons
Explain why a buccal swab shouldn't cause bleeding
no blood supply
describe five general characteristics of epithelial tissue
polarity supported by connective tissue specialized contacts avascular regeneration
what functions performed by connective tissue
protection, support, binding of other body tissues, transport of substances
lining of the stomach
simple columnar
tubules of the kidney
simple columnar
alveolar sacs of lungs
simple squamous
forms the thin serous membrane; single layer of flattened cells
simple squamous
Type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations and its cells are spindle shaped
smooth
The microscope slide rests on the ___________ while being viewed
stage
How does the function of simple epithelial differ from squamous
stratified has more layers for protection simple allows more movement of materials
Which type of epithelium is removes with a buccal swab
stratified squamous
lining of esophagus
stratified squamous
lining of the trachea
stratified squamous
what role does ciliated epithelium play
sweeps mucus away from lungs and propels ova
Groups of cells that are anatomically similar and share a function are called
tissues
lining of bladder
transitional
how are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure
wide variety of structures based on function. non living matrix causes support
How clean the lenses of your microscope
with special lens paper and cleaner
Hair Root
Contained in hair follicle. New cells are created in the hair root. As they enlarge and divide, they are pushed up and out, causing visible hair growth
Sweat Gland: Eccrine
Distributed all over body, produce clear perspiration consisting primarily of water, salts, and urea. Under control of nervous system and help regulate body heat by secreting sweat when external or internal temperature is high
If the ocular lens magnifies a specimen 10X and the close objective lens used magnifies the specimen 35X what is total magnification being used to observe the specimen?
350
How many primary tissues types are found in the human body?
4 Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
Sensory Nerve Fiber
A nerve that carries sensory information to the CNS
Hair Papilla
A piece of dermal tissue protrudes into the hair bulb from the peripheral connective tissue sheath to provide nutrition to the growing hair
Hair Follicle
A structure formed from both epidermal and dermal cells; beneath surface of the skin and embeds hair root
Root
Attaching the nail firmly to end of fingers and toes
Base
Bottom of the microscope
Bone
Function:-Protects + supports -Provides lever for muscles to act on -Store calcium + minerals -Has morrow- site for blood cell formation Location: This tissue is found in bones.
Simple columnar
Function:Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action Location: Nonciliated type lines most the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
Cardiac
Function:As it contracts, cardiac muscle propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control Striated Location:The walls of the heart
Nerve
Function:Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands), supporting cells support and protect neurons Location:Brain, spinal cord, nerves
stratified cuboidal
Function:Protection Location: They are located in the largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary gland.
Simple cuboidal
Function:Secretion and absorption Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface Location:
pseudostratified columnar
Function:Simple columnar epithelium that secretes substances in particular mucus Location: Located in the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract. Also nonciliated type in male's sperm carrying ducts Cilia moves particles out of airway
Hyaline Cartilage
Function:Supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists comprehensive stress Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx Joint surfaces
Fibrocartilage
Function:Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock Location:Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of the knee joint
Elastic cartilage
Function:The main purpose of this is to maintain the shape of a structure but to still allow great flexibility. Location: Mainly found in the external ear to support it but is also found on the epiglottis.
Skeletal
Function:Voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, voluntary control Striated Location: skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
Areolar
Function:Wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages phagocytize bacteria, plays important role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid Holds organs in place Attaches epithelial tissue to underlying tissues Serves as reservoir for water and salts of surrounding tissue Cells obtain nutrients from and release waste into areolar connective tissue Location:Widely distributed under epithelia of body, forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries
How many types of muscle tissue are there?
3 cardiac smooth skeletal
Nail Bed
Extension of the stratum basale beneath the nail
You should always begin an observation with oil immersion lens. T or F?
False
Sebaceous Gland
Found all over the skin and is a mix of oily substances and fragmented cells that helps to lubricate the skin. Active during puberty, leading to oilier skin
List five major functions of the epithelium in the body and give examples of cells or organs that provide each function
Function 1- allow nutrients to pass through ex. Simple squamous Function 2- Absortion ex. simple cuboidal (kidney) Function 3- Secretion of mucus ex. simple columnar Function 4- protection ex. stratified squamous Function 5- stretches ex. transitional
stratified columnar
Function: Protection and secretion Location:Rare in the body; but can be found in small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts in some glands.
stratified squamous
Function: Protects the underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Location:The nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina. The keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.
Adipose
Function: Provides reserve fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs PIE Protects- "padding" Insulates- helps with preventing heat loss Energy Storage Location:Under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts
Simple squamous
Function: Simplest of the epithelia Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubrication substances in serosae (a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body) Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity
transitional
Function: Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine Location:Found in the urinary system organs subject to stretch such as the bladder
Dense Regular (White Fibrous)
Function: This tissue attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles and it also attaches bones to bones. It can withstand great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Location:It is found in tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses.
Spinal Cord
Function: connects a large part of the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Information (nerve impulses) reaching the spinal cord through sensory neurons are transmitted up into the brain. Location: