Human Anatomy Chapter 4 Practice Questions

Which of the following cell types are wandering phagocytic cells found in the epidermis? A) Langerhans (dendritic) cells B) macrophages C) neutrophils D) mast cells E) neuroglia

A) Langerhans (dendritic) cells

The decrease in which of the following cells occurs with aging, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the immune system? A) Langerhans cells B) Merkel cells C) melanocytes D) keratinocytes E) tactile corpuscles

A) Langerhans cells

Vitamin D is required for normal intestinal absorption of ________. A) calcium and phosphorus B) phosphorus and magnesium C) magnesium and calcium D) sodium and potassium E) calcium and sodium

A) calcium and phosphorus

The cuticle is another name for the ________ of the nail. A) eponychium B) lunula C) bed D) hyponychium E) fold

A) eponychium

Which of the following terms refers to fine, unpigmented hairs, which first appear after roughly three months of development? A) lanugo B) vernix C) terminal D) vellus E) intermediate

A) lanugo

Sensible perspiration is a function of ________ glands. A) merocrine B) sebaceous C) apocrine D) milk-producing E) follicular

A) merocrine

Which of the following layers of the cutaneous membrane stores lipid reserves? A) reticular layer of dermis B) stratum basale C) stratum corneum D) papillary layer of dermis E) stratum granulosum

A) reticular layer of dermis

Sebum is produced by ________ glands. A) sebaceous B) eccrine C) apocrine D) sudoriferous E) merocrine

A) sebaceous

Folliculitis is a local inflammation of ________. A) sebaceous glands B) sudoriferous glands C) arrector pili D) apocrine glands E) merocrine glands

A) sebaceous glands

The epidermis is primarily composed of which type of epithelium? A) stratified squamous B) stratified cuboidal C) simple squamous D) simple columnar E) transitional

A) stratified squamous

Another name for the subcutaneous layer is the ________. A) superficial fascia B) integument C) reticular layer D) deep fascia E) papillary layer

A) superficial fascia

Variations in hair color reflect differences in hair structure and ________. A) variations in the pigments produced by melanocytes at the papilla B) age of the individual C) air bubbles in the medulla of the hair shaft D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) variations in the pigments produced by melanocytes at the papilla

Fine hairs covering the general surface of the body are ________. A) vellus hairs B) terminal hairs C) intermediate hairs D) heavily pigmented hairs E) None of the answers are correct.

A) vellus hairs

It takes ________ for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum. A) 10-24 hours B) 15-30 days C) 3-7 days D) 2-3 weeks E) 2-3 months

B) 15-30 days

The epidermis in a section of thin skin includes the following four layers. In what order do these occur, from the basal lamina to the superficial surface? (1) stratum granulosum (2) stratum corneum (3) stratum basale (4) stratum spinosum A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 4, 1, 2 C) 4, 3, 2, 1 D) 3, 2, 4, 1 E) 1, 3, 4, 2

B) 3, 4, 1, 2

________ secrete pheromones, and a viscous, cloudy, potentially odorous secretion. A) Ceruminous glands B) Apocrine glands C) Eccrine glands D) Merocrine glands E) Sebaceous glands

B) Apocrine glands

Specialized epithelial cells in the stratum basale, which release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings, are called ________. A) melanocytes B) Merkel cells C) Langerhans cells D) keratinocytes E) stem cells

B) Merkel cells

Why is the skin capable of repair, even after serious damage? A) Individual skin cells have a high metabolic rate. B) Stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components. C) Construction of scar tissue is easier than making normal skin. D) All layers of the skin have an excellent blood supply. E) There are abundant fibroblasts in the epidermis.

B) Stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components.

The subcutaneous layer consists of loose connective tissue with abundant ________. A) keratinocytes B) adipocytes C) Merkel cells D) melanocytes E) sebaceous glands

B) adipocytes

The blood supply to the skin is called (the) ________. A) brachial plexus B) cutaneous plexus C) hypodermis D) venous anastomosis E) None of the answers are correct.

B) cutaneous plexus

A single layer of dead, keratinized cells at the outer surface of the hair overlap and form the ________. A) cortex B) cuticle C) medulla D) soft keratin E) external root sheath

B) cuticle

The amount of melanin and carotene produced is under ________ control. A) environmental B) genetic C) emotional D) physiological factor E) All of the answers are correct.

B) genetic

The most abundant cells in the epidermis are ________. A) melanocytes B) keratinocytes C) Merkel cells D) Langerhans cells E) None of the answers are correct.

B) keratinocytes

The superficial layer of the dermis consists of ________. A) stratified squamous epithelial tissue B) loose connective tissue C) denser regular connective tissue D) dense irregular connective tissue E) simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

B) loose connective tissue

The most widely distributed type of sweat gland on the body is (the) ________. A) apocrine sweat gland B) merocrine sweat gland C) ceruminous gland D) myoepithelial gland E) None of the answers are correct.

B) merocrine sweat gland

The area of the skin that contains blood vessels supplying the epidermis is the ________. A) stratum basale of epidermis B) papillary layer of dermis C) reticular layer of dermis D) hypodermis E) stratum corneum of epidermis

B) papillary layer of dermis

Thermoregulation is the primary function of ________. A) the dermis B) sensible perspiration C) arrector pili muscle contraction D) sebaceous glands E) apocrine glands

B) sensible perspiration

The hypodermis is important in ________. A) connecting the dermis to the epidermis B) stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues C) preventing unacceptable water losses through the skin D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues

Eyebrows and eyelashes are examples of ________ hairs. A) vellus B) terminal C) intermediate D) club E) lanugo

B) terminal

Skin surfaces that lack hair contain specialized epithelial cells called ________, which are sensitive to touch. A) melanocytes B) keratinocytes C) Merkel cells D) merocrine glands E) Langerhans cells

C) Merkel cells

A bluish coloring of the skin that occurs as a result of extreme cold, or of circulatory or respiratory disorders is called ________. A) pale B) blushing C) cyanosis D) jaundice E) fading

C) cyanosis

Cerumen is commonly known as ________. A) salts B) proteins C) earwax D) water E) saliva

C) earwax

A hypodermic needle would penetrate the skin in which order? A) papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis, epidermis B) epidermis, reticular layer of dermis, papillary layer of dermis C) epidermis, papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis D) reticular layer of dermis, papillary layer of dermis, epidermis E) None of the answers are correct.

C) epidermis, papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis

The hair matrix is a layer of ________. A) loose connective tissue B) apocrine glands C) epithelium D) sebum E) dense connective tissue

C) epithelium

Merocrine sweat glands ________. A) are most common in the axilla B) are the same as apocrine glands C) function in thermoregulation D) are usually attached to hair follicles E) produce a potentially odorous secretion

C) function in thermoregulation

Which of the following characterizes step 2 of the regeneration of skin after an injury? A) bleeding at the site B) inflammatory response C) granulation tissue formation D) scar tissue formation E) activity leads to collagen fiber appearance

C) granulation tissue formation

Sebaceous glands are often associated with ________. A) nails B) merocrine sweat glands C) hair follicles D) apocrine sweat glands E) All of the answers are correct.

C) hair follicles

The integument is separated from the deep fascia around the other organs by (the) ________. A) epidermis B) dermis C) hypodermis D) cutaneous membrane E) None of the answers are correct.

C) hypodermis

Which type of gland can be precisely controlled, and its amount of secretion and the area of the body involved can be varied independently? A) apocrine sweat gland B) sebaceous gland C) merocrine sweat gland D) ceruminous glands E) mammary gland

C) merocrine sweat gland

Arrector pili consists of ________. A) skeletal muscle B) loose connective tissue C) smooth muscle D) adipocytes E) cardiac muscle

C) smooth muscle

Age-induced weakening of muscles and reduction in bone strength are compounded by the skin's diminished production of ________, which is required for effective calcium uptake. A) sebum B) vitamin B12 C) vitamin D D) vitamin A E) vitamin B1

C) vitamin D

Functions of merocrine sweat glands include which combination of the following? (1) lubricating the skin (2) thermoregulation (3) inhibiting the growth of microorganisms (4) excretion of water, electrolytes, and some drugs A) 1, 2 B) 1, 2, 3 C) 1, 3 D) 2, 3, 4 E) 4, 5

D) 2, 3, 4

In older individuals, wrinkling of the skin occurs because of ________. A) thinning of the dermis B) a decrease of elastic fiber network size C) weakening of the integument D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Nerve fibers in the skin are found in which of the following layers? A) epidermis B) reticular layer of dermis C) papillary layer of dermis D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following effects of aging causes the elderly to be at greater risk of overheating in warm environments? A) thinning of the epidermis of the skin B) a decrease in the number of Langerhans cells C) a decrease in melanocyte activity D) a decrease in glandular activity E) All of the answers are correct.

D) a decrease in glandular activity

Ceruminous glands are ________ glands. A) merocrine B) sebaceous C) follicular D) apocrine E) milk-producing

D) apocrine

In the dermis, repeated ultraviolet exposure can result in damage to ________, causing abnormal connective tissue structure and premature wrinkling. A) Langerhans cells B) Merkel cells C) sebaceous glands D) fibrocytes E) melanocytes

D) fibrocytes

Which of the following structures produce black, yellow-brown, or brown pigment in intracellular vesicles? A) tactile corpuscles B) Ruffini corpuscles C) lamellated corpuscles D) melanocytes E) Merkel cells

D) melanocytes

The two groups of sweat glands in the skin are ________. A) sebaceous and merocrine B) apocrine and endocrine C) holocrine and endocrine D) merocrine and apocrine E) adrenal and holocrine

D) merocrine and apocrine

The cells found in sweat glands that function to squeeze sweat out of the gland are called ________. A) neuroepithelial cells B) stratified columnar cells C) transitional cells D) myoepithelial cells E) None of the answers are correct.

D) myoepithelial cells

Thick skin can be found on the sole and the ________. A) scalp B) back of thorax C) abdomen D) palm E) knee surface

D) palm

Merkel cells are found in which epidermal layer? A) stratum corneum B) stratum spinosum C) stratum lucidum D) stratum basale E) stratum granulosum

D) stratum basale

The most superficial layer of the epidermis in which all the cells still possess a nucleus is the ________. A) stratum corneum B) stratum basale C) stratum spinosum D) stratum granulosum E) stratum lucidum

D) stratum granulosum

Each keratinocyte in the ________ contains tonofibrils. A) stratum corneum B) stratum basale C) stratum granulosum D) stratum spinosum E) papillary layer of dermis

D) stratum spinosum

Functions of the hair on the body include ________. A) protecting the skin from ultraviolet radiation B) cushioning blows C) providing insulating benefits D) providing nervous sensation E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

At the end of a hair's growth cycle, which of the following occurs? A) The follicle becomes mature. B) Club hairs form. C) Connections between the hair matrix and other structures break down. D) Old hair gets pushed toward the surface. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Skin color is due to ________. A) dermal blood supply B) thickness of the stratum corneum C) melanin D) carotene E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Wrinkles in the skin can be caused by ________. A) increasing age B) changes in levels of hormones C) the effects of ultraviolet radiation D) distortion of the dermis during pregnancy or weight gain E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Mammary glands are anatomically related to ________. A) sebaceous glands B) merocrine sweat glands C) sebaceous follicles D) eccrine sweat glands E) apocrine sweat glands

E) apocrine sweat glands

Hairs on the upper and lower limbs that change their distribution are called ________ hairs. A) vellus B) lanugo C) terminal D) pili E) intermediate

E) intermediate

Carotene normally accumulates inside ________. A) melanocytes B) Merkel cells C) Langerhans cells D) apocrine glands E) keratinocytes

E) keratinocytes

Which of the following parts of a hair is/are usually seen on the surface? A) cortex, medulla, shaft B) bulb, root, shaft C) follicle, bulb, cuticle, cortex D) hard keratin, bulb, root E) shaft only

E) shaft only

Calluses form when skin is subjected to mechanical stress, and cells in the ________ divide more rapidly. A) stratum corneum B) stratum spinosum C) stratum lucidum D) stratum granulosum E) stratum basale

E) stratum basale

Which epidermal layer is not distinguishable in thin skin, and stains poorly in thick skin? A) stratum spinosum B) stratum basale C) stratum corneum D) stratum granulosum E) stratum lucidum

E) stratum lucidum

t/f - Ceruminous glands are milk-producing glands found in the breasts.

False

t/f - Earwax is produced by modified sebaceous glands.

false

t/f - In aging humans, the blood supply to the dermis is increased at the same time that sweat glands become less active.

false

t/f - Merkel cells are located in the stratum spinosum.

false

t/f The stratum basale is the layer of cells superficial to the stratum spinosum.

false

t/f - During repair, the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network, is called granulation tissue.

true

t/f - The nail body covers the nail bed, but nail production occurs at the nail root.

true

t/f Large stem cells dominate the stratum basale.

true

t/f Sebaceous follicles communicate directly with the epidermis.

true