Human Anatomy Chapters 12-15

Réussis tes devoirs et examens dès maintenant avec Quizwiz!

Match the description: Basal ganglia involved in motor activities; related to Huntington's disease

Corpus Striatum

Define contralateral projection

Crossing over of nerve fibers to the opposite side of the body

What type of neuron process receives stimuli?

Dendrites

At a chemical synapse, ____________ are found only in the plasma membrane of the ____________ cell.

Receptor proteins; Postsynaptic

Which descending fiber tract originates from the primary motor cortex?

The pyramidal pathways

All of the following are innervated by the parasympathetic division except

blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles

What is the collective name for all of the axons that project inferiorly from the spinal cord?

cauda equina

The lateral horns found in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord contain

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

The blood-brain barrier of the CNS is missing or markedly reduced in which of the following locations?

choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

Which term describes the specific region of skin monitored by a single spinal nerve?

dermatome

Housed within the tympanic cavity, the three auditory ossicles are the

malleus, incus, and stapes

During a crisis, the rapid stimulation of many sympathetic neurons produces the phenomenon called

mass activation

Postganglionic axons from the prevertebral ganglia innervate which of the following?

most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

Which of the following does not describe the sympathetic division of the ANS?

nicknamed the "rest-and-digest" division

Which structural classes of neurons are always sensory in function?

Unipolar and bipolar

What is the structural classification of most sensory neurons?

Unipolar neurons

A structure that detects stimuli is known specifically as a

receptor

Which set includes only general senses?

temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure

Within the cauda equina is a thin strand of pia mater called the

filum terminale

At rest, tension in the suspensory ligaments of the lens

flattens the lens, focusing the eye for distant vision

White matter of the spinal cord is partitioned into ____________, each containing both ascending and descending ____________.

funiculi; tracts

Which of the following is not generally involved in a reflex?

inhibition of an effector by a stimulus from a motor neuron

Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?

initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement

Which spinal cord components contain cell bodies of interneurons and axons of sensory neurons?

posterior horns

The cell bodies of ganglionic neurons are located in ____________ outside the CNS.

posterior root ganglia

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are housed in each

posterior root ganglion

The axon of a ganglionic neuron is called a

postganglionic axon

Organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and lungs, are innervated by

postganglionic sympathetic nerves

Which cerebral cortical area coordinates learned, skilled motor activities?

premotor cortex

Sympathetic division splanchnic nerves end in the ________ ganglia, which are anterior to the vertebral column and aorta.

prevertebral

Which selection correctly pairs a stimulus with the location of its receptors?

rotation of the head, cupula

Which structures of the inner ear house the maculae?

saccule and utricle

Some parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed within the

sacral region of the spinal cord.

Which of the following is not a subdivision of the bony labyrinth?

scala media

All of the following are effectors innervated by the ANS except

skeletal muscle fibers

Within each intervertebral foramen, an anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite to form a

spinal nerve

Sympathetic preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion form

splanchnic nerves

A familiar type of monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates the length of skeletal muscle is the

stretch reflex

The visceral reflex center is housed within the

superior colliculus.

What are the two types of sympathetic ganglia?

sympathetic trunk and prevertebral

The ____________ division innervates visceral organs and tissues throughout the body, while the ____________ division innervates only visceral structures served by cranial nerves or lying in the abdominopelvic cavity.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Because of the location of its preganglionic neuron cell bodies, the sympathetic division is also called the ____________ division.

thoracolumbar

All sensory receptors act as ____________, converting various types of stimuli into ____________.

transducers; nerve impulses

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication and provides sensory information from the face, mouth, and anterior scalp?

trigeminal

Which cranial nerve has three divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular)?

trigeminal (CN V)

Nearly 80% of all parasympathetic preganglionic axons are transmitted through which cranial nerve?

vagus

Which cranial nerve plays the largest role in the autonomic control of visceral functions?

vagus

Collectively, the vestibule and semicircular canals compose an area called the

vestibular complex

The ____________ nerve monitors sensations of balance and equilibrium as well as hearing.

vestibulocochlear

Which brain region interprets incoming visual stimuli at a conscious level?

visual cortex of the occipital lobe

The outer region of the spinal cord, composed primarily of myelinated axons, is called the

white matter

Preganglionic axons enter the nearby sympathetic trunk ganglia by way of

white rami

A synapse between an axon terminal and a neuron cell body is classified as ______.

Axosomatic

Which of the following structures is in the somatic part of the human body?

Biceps Muscle

Neurons that have only two processes attached to the cell body are called

Bipolar

Slowly adapting deep-pressure receptors

Bulbous Corpuscles

Which one of the following is not a step in the conduction of a nerve impulse across a chemical synapse?

Calcium ions entering the synaptic cleft cause the endocytosis of synaptic vesicles

Which effectors are innervated by visceral motor neurons?

Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle, and Glands

Structurally, the nervous system consists of which two subdivisions?

Central and Peripheral

Match the description: Brain area that has folia and coordinates movements

Cerebellum

Name the structure that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

Cerebral Aqueduct

Which term describes masses of gray matter deep inside each cerebral hemisphere?

Cerebral Nuclei

To what region of the brain do the neurons located in the thalamic nuclei send their axonal fibers?

Cerebral cortex

The four major regions of the brain are the ______.

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Cerebellum

At an electrical synapse, presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes interface through

Gap Junction

The trigeminal nerve contains which class(es) of nerve fibers?

General Sensory and somatic motor

Touch, vibration, and proprioception are examples of

General somatic senses

The word root glia, as in "glial cells," most nearly means

Glue

Where do synapses occur? CNS, grey or white matter?

Grey matter

Which cranial nerve innervates the tongue muscles

Hypoglossal

Match the description: Control of temperature, autonomic nervous system, hunger, and water balance

Hypothalamus

Match the description: Part of the diencephalon with vital centers controling heart rate, aspects of emotions, and blood pressure

Hypothalamus

Which region of the diencephalon controls the ANS and endocrine system, body temperature, circadian rhythms, and various emotions and behavioral drives?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following statements is false about the choroid plexus?

It forms the blood-brain barrier.

Rapidly adapting deep-pressure receptors

Lamellar Corpuscles

Which description refers to oligodendrocytes?

Large, bulbous cells with slender cytoplasmic extensions

Synapses are categorized on the basis of

Point of contact and mode of impulse transmission

Match the description: Associated with fourth ventricle and contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII

Pons

Which structure contains some autonomic centers involved in regulating respiration?

Pons

Which two parts of the brain most directly control normal breathing?

Pons and Medulla Oblongata

The primary motor cortex is located in which cerebral structure?

Precentral gyrus

What accounts for the gray color of gray matter?

Presence of Nissl bodies and absence of myelin

Which cortical region is responsible for the conscious awareness of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature?

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Name the white fiber tracts that connect the cerebral cortex to more caudal regions of the CNS?

Projection fibers

Which type of neuronal pool utilizes nerve impulse feedback to repeatedly stimulate the circuit?

Reverberating circuit

What forms myelin in the PNS?

Schwann Cells

Which neuroglia make myelin in the PNS?

Schwann Cells

In the PNS, components of the afferent division include

Sensory Neurons

A monosynaptic reflex is an example of?

Serial Processing

The anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11

are called intercostal nerves

The central white matter consists of which three groups of axons?

association, commissural, and projection tracts

Which of the following structures is not part of the central nervous system?

A nerve

Which sequence lists the cranial meninges in order from superficial to deep?

Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater

An example of an effector is a

Gland.

Which neurons are located only within the CNS?

Interneurons

What types of photoreceptor cells are found in the retina?

rods and cones

The anterior funiculi are interconnected by the

white commissure

What regulates ionic composition of the fluid around neurons in the CNS?

Astrocytes

What removes neurotransmitters in the CNS?

Astrocytes

Which neuroglia are common in regions where synapses occur?

Astrocytes

With regard to control of effectors, ____________ is to involuntary as ____________ is to voluntary.

Autonomic; Somatic

Most nerves are composed of?

Axons of afferent and efferent neurons

An example of an effector is a _____.

A gland

A multipolar neuron that synapses on a gland cell is functionally classified as

A visceral motor neuron

Which nervous system divisions or components contain no afferent neurons?

ANS and SNS

Which cranial nerve innervates the strenocleidomastoid and trapezius

Accessory

Axon regeneration in the CNS is restricted by which of the following factors?

All of the above

Cerebrospinal fluid performs which of the following functions?

All of the above

Myelination affects nerve impulse conduction in which of the following ways?

Allows saltatory conduction from one neurofibril node to the next

Which two meninges border the space that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid?

Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater

From the subarachnoid space, excess cerebrospinal fluid flows into the dural venous sinuses through the

Arachnoid Villi

Whereas bronchial refers to the airways in the lungs, brachial refers to the ____.

Arm

The ____________ is the only functional class of neuron entirely restricted to the ____________ nervous system.

Association neuron; Central

The largest and most abundant of the CNS glial cells, ____________ help form the blood-brain barrier.

Astrocytes

A nerve impulse involves ____________ across a neuron's plasma membrane.

Changes of voltages and movement of ions

Which structure produces cerebrospinal fluid in each ventricle?

Choroid Plexus

What are the brain nuclei?

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies

Myelinated axons that extend between the cerebral hemispheres are called

Commissural Tracts

In terms of nerve impulse conduction, unmyelinated is to ____________ as myelinated is to ____________.

Continuous; Saltatory

Match the description: Thick tract between the two cerebral hemispheres

Corpus Callosum

Nerves are bundles of parallel axons in the PNS that have three successive connective tissue wrappings, called the

Endoneurium, Perineurium, and Epineurium

What lines the central cavity of the brain?

Ependymal Cells

Which pair names only neuroglia of the central nervous system?

Ependymal cells and Astrocytes

The glial cells that help produce CSF in the CNS are

Ependymal cells.

Although classified as glial cells, ____________ are also ____________ that line the cavities in the brain and spinal cord and help form the choroid plexus.

Ependymal cells; Epithelial cells

Which cranial nerve innervates muscles of facial expression

Facial

Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

Facial Nerve

What emotional response does the amygdala stimulate?

Fear

A patient suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that damaged the postcentral gyrus in her right cerebral hemisphere. As a result, she _______.

Feels no sensation of the left side of her body

What is the corpora quadrigemina?

Four brain nuclei

Pain, itch, and temperature receptors

Free nerve endings

Efferent neurons transmit nerve impulses ______.

From the CNS to muscles or glands

Because of its major roles in controlling emotions, drives, and memory, damage to the ____________ could drastically alter an individual's personality.

Limbic System

What neural structures pass through the vertebral foramen in the region of lumbar vertebra L3?

Lumbar Spinal nerves L3-L5 & Sacral Spinal nerves S1-S5

Why is white matter white?

Majority of nerve fibers in these regions are myelinated

What type of stimulus do encapsulated receptors respond to?

Mechanoreceptors

Match the description: Region where there is a crossover of fibers of pyramidal tracts

Medulla

What are CNS phagocytes?

Microglia

Which glial cells behave much like certain leukocytes?

Microglia

In what part of the brain stem is the cerebral aqueduct located?

Midbrain

Match the description: Brian region that contains the cerebral aqueduct

Midbrain

Match the description: Houses the substantia nigra and red nucleus

Midbrain

Which functional division of the nervous system includes the SNS and ANS?

Motor

Destruction of the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord results in loss of ______.

Motor Control

Which of the following parts of a neuron occupies the gray matter in the spinal cord?

Motor neuron cell bodies

Neurons with numerous dendrites and a single axon are structurally classified as ______.

Multipolar Neurons

What structural type is most abundant? What neurons in the PNS are of this type?

Multipolar neurons and motor neurons

Contain intrafusal fibers and secondary sensory endings

Muscle spindles

Which term describes the collection of lipids and proteins that may form a protective coating around an axon?

Myelin

The synaptic knob of a neuron may contact another neuron anywhere except on its

Myelin sheath

Which of the following is not a part of the CNS?

Neurolemmocyte

Which glial cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves?

Neurolemmocytes

Which types of glial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system?

Neurolemmocytes and Satellite cells

A ganglion is a collection of?

Neuron cell bodies

Afferent neurons of the PNS synapse in the CNS with?

Neuron cell bodies in the gray matter

Which of these cells transfer and process information?

Neurons

The two distinct cell types that compose all nervous tissue are_____.

Neurons and Glial cells

Although they outnumber ____________ by as much as ten to one, ____________ account for only about half of the total volume of the nervous system.

Neurons; Glial cells

At a chemical synapse, the presynaptic membrane releases a signaling molecule called a

Neurotransmitter

Name the type of sensory receptor that responds to painful stimuli; what is the structure of the receptor?

Nociceptors; free nerve endings

Which cranial nerve innervates four extrinsic eye muscles

Oculomotor

What forms myelin in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

Which neuroglia make myelin in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

Their methods are different, but ____________ in the CNS and ____________ in the PNS perform similar functions.

Oligodendrocytes; Neurolemmocytes

What type of sensation is pain from a pulled muscle?

Somatic Sensory

Are proprioceptors part of the somatic or visceral sensory system?

Somatic sensory system

What type of sensation is taste?

Special Visceral Sensory

Match the description: Involved in visual and auditory reflexes; found in midbrain

Superior and Inferior Colliculi

The point at which two excitable cells contact to exchange information is called a

Synapse

The slightly expanded tips of telodendria are called _____.

Synaptic Knobs

Collectively, glial cells do all of the following except

Synthesize neurotransmitters and conduct nerve impulses

Discriminative touch receptors in hairless skin

Tactile Corpuscles

Contain nerve needings wrapped around thick collagen bundles in a tendon

Tendon organs

Match the description: All inputs to cerebral cortex must first synapse in one of its nuclei

Thalamus

Name the connective tissue wrapping that encloses a bundle of nerve fibers into a fascicle?

The Perineurium

What part of the diencephalon functions as the main visceral control center?

The hypothalamus

Which area of the cerebral cortex plans complex movements?

The premotor cortex

Name the structure that connects the two cerebellar hemispheres?

The vermis

The tetrahedron-shaped cavity between the pons and cerebellum is the

Third Ventricle

In which direction are afferent signals carried?

Towards to CNS

Which cranial nerve allows chewing of food

Trigeminal

Which cranial nerve is anesthetized during dental work

Trigeminal

Which cranial nerve is the major sensory nerve of the face

Trigeminal

Which nerve is the "great sensory nerve of the face"?

Trigeminal Nerve

Structural categories of neurons include which of the following?

Unipolar, Bipolar, and Multipolar

Which cranial nerve helps to regulate heart activity

Vagus

Which one of the following contains only motor fibers?

Ventral Root

What subdivision of the nervous system regulates contraction oft the muscle tissue in the heart?

Visceral Motor (Autonomic)

What type of sensation is nausea?

Visceral Sensory

Which of the following areas is most likely to store visual memories?

Visual association area

Which portion of the spinal cord, gray or white matter, provides the two-way conduction pathway for signals between the body and the brain?

White Matter

Do Schwann cells cover unmyelinated axons in the PNS?

Yes but axons are not wrapped by concentric layers

In regions where the two layers of the dura mater separate, the gap between them is called

a dural venous sinus

Sensory information of which a person becomes consciously aware is called

a sensation

The epineurium is

a thick, dense irregular connective tissue layer enclosing the nerve.

All parasympathetic division synapses use ________ as a neurotransmitter.

acetylcholine

The first step involved in a typical neural reflex is

activation of a receptor by a stimulus

The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system

all of the above

Which structure contains motor axons only?

anterior root

Coordinating skeletal muscle movements and maintaining equilibrium are two of several important functions of the

cerebellum

The subdivision of the brain that does not initiate somatic motor movements, but rather coordinates and fine-tunes those movements is the

cerebellum.

The substance that fills the subarachnoid space is

cerebrospinal fluid

Branches of which plexuses innervate anterior neck muscles, the skin of the neck, and parts of the head and shoulders?

cervical

The four principal nerve plexuses are the

cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

Effects of stimulation by the parasympathetic division are more ____________ than those of the sympathetic division.

discrete and localized

The tough, protective ____________ extends between adjacent vertebrae to fuse with the connective tissue surrounding the spinal nerves.

dura mater

The spinal cord meninges, in order from the outermost to the innermost, are the

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

Between the dura mater and the inner walls of the vertebrae is the

epidural space

Proprioceptors include all of the following except

epithelial tactile complexes

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression and several glands, and conducts gustatory impulses from the anterior part of the tongue?

facial

Every spinal nerve receives a ____________ ramus that carries postganglionic axons from a ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.

gray

Which set includes only special senses?

gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition

Which description of the cerebellum is incorrect?

has prominent folds called gyri covering the left and right hemispheres

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are actually produced by the ____________, which also controls the activities of the anterior pituitary as well as numerous autonomic functions, emotions, drives, and natural rhythms.

hypothalamus

Which of the following is not a function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

increases digestive system motility and activity

Reflexive turning of the head and eyes in the direction of a sound is controlled by the ____________ of the mesencephalon.

inferior colliculi

Movements of fluid within the ____________ result in the sensations of both hearing and equilibrium.

inner ear

Corpus callosum is to commissural as ____________ is to projection tracts

internal capsule

Parasympathetic ganglia located within the wall of a target organ are called

intramural ganglia

If its receptor and effector are on the same side of the body, a reflex arc is termed ____________; if on opposite sides, it is ____________.

ipsilateral; contralateral

Two layers of smooth muscle in the ____________ allow it to control the diameter of the ____________.

iris; pupil

A splanchnic nerve in the sympathetic division of the ANS

is formed by preganglionic axons that travel to prevertebral ganglia.

The large, onion-shaped pressure receptors in deep connective tissues are

lamllar corpuscles

Which thalamic nuclei relay visual information from the optic tract to the visual cortex and mesencephalon?

lateral geniculate nuclei

Which one of the following characterizes the parasympathetic division?

long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons

Which of the following describes a sympathetic postganglionic axon?

long, unmyelinated axon

The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

longitudinal fissure

Which body regions are innervated by the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?

lower limbs

Which cranial nerves innervate the extrinsic eye muscles?

oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens

Cranial nerves with purely sensory functions include which of the following?

olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear

The two openings in the bony wall between the inner and middle ear are the

oval window and round window

The ____________ division's conservation of energy and promotion of sedentary activities, such as digestion, are reflected in its common nickname.

parasympathetic

Which cerebral lobe is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?

parietal lobe

Nerves from the brachial plexuses innervate the

pectoral girdles and upper limbs

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons arising from the spinal cord form

pelvic splanchnic nerves


Ensembles d'études connexes

Understanding personal tax returns*

View Set

Earth Sci.: Module 2: Rocks & the Rock Cycle: Instruction, Guided Notes, & Assignment

View Set

Social Psychology (Chapter 12) Quiz

View Set

Lesson 20: Personal Finance and Investments

View Set