Human Anatomy Chapters 12-15
Match the description: Basal ganglia involved in motor activities; related to Huntington's disease
Corpus Striatum
Define contralateral projection
Crossing over of nerve fibers to the opposite side of the body
What type of neuron process receives stimuli?
Dendrites
At a chemical synapse, ____________ are found only in the plasma membrane of the ____________ cell.
Receptor proteins; Postsynaptic
Which descending fiber tract originates from the primary motor cortex?
The pyramidal pathways
All of the following are innervated by the parasympathetic division except
blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles
What is the collective name for all of the axons that project inferiorly from the spinal cord?
cauda equina
The lateral horns found in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord contain
cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
The blood-brain barrier of the CNS is missing or markedly reduced in which of the following locations?
choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
Which term describes the specific region of skin monitored by a single spinal nerve?
dermatome
Housed within the tympanic cavity, the three auditory ossicles are the
malleus, incus, and stapes
During a crisis, the rapid stimulation of many sympathetic neurons produces the phenomenon called
mass activation
Postganglionic axons from the prevertebral ganglia innervate which of the following?
most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
Which of the following does not describe the sympathetic division of the ANS?
nicknamed the "rest-and-digest" division
Which structural classes of neurons are always sensory in function?
Unipolar and bipolar
What is the structural classification of most sensory neurons?
Unipolar neurons
A structure that detects stimuli is known specifically as a
receptor
Which set includes only general senses?
temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure
Within the cauda equina is a thin strand of pia mater called the
filum terminale
At rest, tension in the suspensory ligaments of the lens
flattens the lens, focusing the eye for distant vision
White matter of the spinal cord is partitioned into ____________, each containing both ascending and descending ____________.
funiculi; tracts
Which of the following is not generally involved in a reflex?
inhibition of an effector by a stimulus from a motor neuron
Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement
Which spinal cord components contain cell bodies of interneurons and axons of sensory neurons?
posterior horns
The cell bodies of ganglionic neurons are located in ____________ outside the CNS.
posterior root ganglia
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are housed in each
posterior root ganglion
The axon of a ganglionic neuron is called a
postganglionic axon
Organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and lungs, are innervated by
postganglionic sympathetic nerves
Which cerebral cortical area coordinates learned, skilled motor activities?
premotor cortex
Sympathetic division splanchnic nerves end in the ________ ganglia, which are anterior to the vertebral column and aorta.
prevertebral
Which selection correctly pairs a stimulus with the location of its receptors?
rotation of the head, cupula
Which structures of the inner ear house the maculae?
saccule and utricle
Some parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed within the
sacral region of the spinal cord.
Which of the following is not a subdivision of the bony labyrinth?
scala media
All of the following are effectors innervated by the ANS except
skeletal muscle fibers
Within each intervertebral foramen, an anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite to form a
spinal nerve
Sympathetic preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion form
splanchnic nerves
A familiar type of monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates the length of skeletal muscle is the
stretch reflex
The visceral reflex center is housed within the
superior colliculus.
What are the two types of sympathetic ganglia?
sympathetic trunk and prevertebral
The ____________ division innervates visceral organs and tissues throughout the body, while the ____________ division innervates only visceral structures served by cranial nerves or lying in the abdominopelvic cavity.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Because of the location of its preganglionic neuron cell bodies, the sympathetic division is also called the ____________ division.
thoracolumbar
All sensory receptors act as ____________, converting various types of stimuli into ____________.
transducers; nerve impulses
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication and provides sensory information from the face, mouth, and anterior scalp?
trigeminal
Which cranial nerve has three divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular)?
trigeminal (CN V)
Nearly 80% of all parasympathetic preganglionic axons are transmitted through which cranial nerve?
vagus
Which cranial nerve plays the largest role in the autonomic control of visceral functions?
vagus
Collectively, the vestibule and semicircular canals compose an area called the
vestibular complex
The ____________ nerve monitors sensations of balance and equilibrium as well as hearing.
vestibulocochlear
Which brain region interprets incoming visual stimuli at a conscious level?
visual cortex of the occipital lobe
The outer region of the spinal cord, composed primarily of myelinated axons, is called the
white matter
Preganglionic axons enter the nearby sympathetic trunk ganglia by way of
white rami
A synapse between an axon terminal and a neuron cell body is classified as ______.
Axosomatic
Which of the following structures is in the somatic part of the human body?
Biceps Muscle
Neurons that have only two processes attached to the cell body are called
Bipolar
Slowly adapting deep-pressure receptors
Bulbous Corpuscles
Which one of the following is not a step in the conduction of a nerve impulse across a chemical synapse?
Calcium ions entering the synaptic cleft cause the endocytosis of synaptic vesicles
Which effectors are innervated by visceral motor neurons?
Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle, and Glands
Structurally, the nervous system consists of which two subdivisions?
Central and Peripheral
Match the description: Brain area that has folia and coordinates movements
Cerebellum
Name the structure that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?
Cerebral Aqueduct
Which term describes masses of gray matter deep inside each cerebral hemisphere?
Cerebral Nuclei
To what region of the brain do the neurons located in the thalamic nuclei send their axonal fibers?
Cerebral cortex
The four major regions of the brain are the ______.
Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Cerebellum
At an electrical synapse, presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes interface through
Gap Junction
The trigeminal nerve contains which class(es) of nerve fibers?
General Sensory and somatic motor
Touch, vibration, and proprioception are examples of
General somatic senses
The word root glia, as in "glial cells," most nearly means
Glue
Where do synapses occur? CNS, grey or white matter?
Grey matter
Which cranial nerve innervates the tongue muscles
Hypoglossal
Match the description: Control of temperature, autonomic nervous system, hunger, and water balance
Hypothalamus
Match the description: Part of the diencephalon with vital centers controling heart rate, aspects of emotions, and blood pressure
Hypothalamus
Which region of the diencephalon controls the ANS and endocrine system, body temperature, circadian rhythms, and various emotions and behavioral drives?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following statements is false about the choroid plexus?
It forms the blood-brain barrier.
Rapidly adapting deep-pressure receptors
Lamellar Corpuscles
Which description refers to oligodendrocytes?
Large, bulbous cells with slender cytoplasmic extensions
Synapses are categorized on the basis of
Point of contact and mode of impulse transmission
Match the description: Associated with fourth ventricle and contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII
Pons
Which structure contains some autonomic centers involved in regulating respiration?
Pons
Which two parts of the brain most directly control normal breathing?
Pons and Medulla Oblongata
The primary motor cortex is located in which cerebral structure?
Precentral gyrus
What accounts for the gray color of gray matter?
Presence of Nissl bodies and absence of myelin
Which cortical region is responsible for the conscious awareness of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature?
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Name the white fiber tracts that connect the cerebral cortex to more caudal regions of the CNS?
Projection fibers
Which type of neuronal pool utilizes nerve impulse feedback to repeatedly stimulate the circuit?
Reverberating circuit
What forms myelin in the PNS?
Schwann Cells
Which neuroglia make myelin in the PNS?
Schwann Cells
In the PNS, components of the afferent division include
Sensory Neurons
A monosynaptic reflex is an example of?
Serial Processing
The anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
are called intercostal nerves
The central white matter consists of which three groups of axons?
association, commissural, and projection tracts
Which of the following structures is not part of the central nervous system?
A nerve
Which sequence lists the cranial meninges in order from superficial to deep?
Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater
An example of an effector is a
Gland.
Which neurons are located only within the CNS?
Interneurons
What types of photoreceptor cells are found in the retina?
rods and cones
The anterior funiculi are interconnected by the
white commissure
What regulates ionic composition of the fluid around neurons in the CNS?
Astrocytes
What removes neurotransmitters in the CNS?
Astrocytes
Which neuroglia are common in regions where synapses occur?
Astrocytes
With regard to control of effectors, ____________ is to involuntary as ____________ is to voluntary.
Autonomic; Somatic
Most nerves are composed of?
Axons of afferent and efferent neurons
An example of an effector is a _____.
A gland
A multipolar neuron that synapses on a gland cell is functionally classified as
A visceral motor neuron
Which nervous system divisions or components contain no afferent neurons?
ANS and SNS
Which cranial nerve innervates the strenocleidomastoid and trapezius
Accessory
Axon regeneration in the CNS is restricted by which of the following factors?
All of the above
Cerebrospinal fluid performs which of the following functions?
All of the above
Myelination affects nerve impulse conduction in which of the following ways?
Allows saltatory conduction from one neurofibril node to the next
Which two meninges border the space that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid?
Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater
From the subarachnoid space, excess cerebrospinal fluid flows into the dural venous sinuses through the
Arachnoid Villi
Whereas bronchial refers to the airways in the lungs, brachial refers to the ____.
Arm
The ____________ is the only functional class of neuron entirely restricted to the ____________ nervous system.
Association neuron; Central
The largest and most abundant of the CNS glial cells, ____________ help form the blood-brain barrier.
Astrocytes
A nerve impulse involves ____________ across a neuron's plasma membrane.
Changes of voltages and movement of ions
Which structure produces cerebrospinal fluid in each ventricle?
Choroid Plexus
What are the brain nuclei?
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies
Myelinated axons that extend between the cerebral hemispheres are called
Commissural Tracts
In terms of nerve impulse conduction, unmyelinated is to ____________ as myelinated is to ____________.
Continuous; Saltatory
Match the description: Thick tract between the two cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
Nerves are bundles of parallel axons in the PNS that have three successive connective tissue wrappings, called the
Endoneurium, Perineurium, and Epineurium
What lines the central cavity of the brain?
Ependymal Cells
Which pair names only neuroglia of the central nervous system?
Ependymal cells and Astrocytes
The glial cells that help produce CSF in the CNS are
Ependymal cells.
Although classified as glial cells, ____________ are also ____________ that line the cavities in the brain and spinal cord and help form the choroid plexus.
Ependymal cells; Epithelial cells
Which cranial nerve innervates muscles of facial expression
Facial
Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?
Facial Nerve
What emotional response does the amygdala stimulate?
Fear
A patient suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that damaged the postcentral gyrus in her right cerebral hemisphere. As a result, she _______.
Feels no sensation of the left side of her body
What is the corpora quadrigemina?
Four brain nuclei
Pain, itch, and temperature receptors
Free nerve endings
Efferent neurons transmit nerve impulses ______.
From the CNS to muscles or glands
Because of its major roles in controlling emotions, drives, and memory, damage to the ____________ could drastically alter an individual's personality.
Limbic System
What neural structures pass through the vertebral foramen in the region of lumbar vertebra L3?
Lumbar Spinal nerves L3-L5 & Sacral Spinal nerves S1-S5
Why is white matter white?
Majority of nerve fibers in these regions are myelinated
What type of stimulus do encapsulated receptors respond to?
Mechanoreceptors
Match the description: Region where there is a crossover of fibers of pyramidal tracts
Medulla
What are CNS phagocytes?
Microglia
Which glial cells behave much like certain leukocytes?
Microglia
In what part of the brain stem is the cerebral aqueduct located?
Midbrain
Match the description: Brian region that contains the cerebral aqueduct
Midbrain
Match the description: Houses the substantia nigra and red nucleus
Midbrain
Which functional division of the nervous system includes the SNS and ANS?
Motor
Destruction of the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord results in loss of ______.
Motor Control
Which of the following parts of a neuron occupies the gray matter in the spinal cord?
Motor neuron cell bodies
Neurons with numerous dendrites and a single axon are structurally classified as ______.
Multipolar Neurons
What structural type is most abundant? What neurons in the PNS are of this type?
Multipolar neurons and motor neurons
Contain intrafusal fibers and secondary sensory endings
Muscle spindles
Which term describes the collection of lipids and proteins that may form a protective coating around an axon?
Myelin
The synaptic knob of a neuron may contact another neuron anywhere except on its
Myelin sheath
Which of the following is not a part of the CNS?
Neurolemmocyte
Which glial cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves?
Neurolemmocytes
Which types of glial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system?
Neurolemmocytes and Satellite cells
A ganglion is a collection of?
Neuron cell bodies
Afferent neurons of the PNS synapse in the CNS with?
Neuron cell bodies in the gray matter
Which of these cells transfer and process information?
Neurons
The two distinct cell types that compose all nervous tissue are_____.
Neurons and Glial cells
Although they outnumber ____________ by as much as ten to one, ____________ account for only about half of the total volume of the nervous system.
Neurons; Glial cells
At a chemical synapse, the presynaptic membrane releases a signaling molecule called a
Neurotransmitter
Name the type of sensory receptor that responds to painful stimuli; what is the structure of the receptor?
Nociceptors; free nerve endings
Which cranial nerve innervates four extrinsic eye muscles
Oculomotor
What forms myelin in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
Which neuroglia make myelin in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
Their methods are different, but ____________ in the CNS and ____________ in the PNS perform similar functions.
Oligodendrocytes; Neurolemmocytes
What type of sensation is pain from a pulled muscle?
Somatic Sensory
Are proprioceptors part of the somatic or visceral sensory system?
Somatic sensory system
What type of sensation is taste?
Special Visceral Sensory
Match the description: Involved in visual and auditory reflexes; found in midbrain
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
The point at which two excitable cells contact to exchange information is called a
Synapse
The slightly expanded tips of telodendria are called _____.
Synaptic Knobs
Collectively, glial cells do all of the following except
Synthesize neurotransmitters and conduct nerve impulses
Discriminative touch receptors in hairless skin
Tactile Corpuscles
Contain nerve needings wrapped around thick collagen bundles in a tendon
Tendon organs
Match the description: All inputs to cerebral cortex must first synapse in one of its nuclei
Thalamus
Name the connective tissue wrapping that encloses a bundle of nerve fibers into a fascicle?
The Perineurium
What part of the diencephalon functions as the main visceral control center?
The hypothalamus
Which area of the cerebral cortex plans complex movements?
The premotor cortex
Name the structure that connects the two cerebellar hemispheres?
The vermis
The tetrahedron-shaped cavity between the pons and cerebellum is the
Third Ventricle
In which direction are afferent signals carried?
Towards to CNS
Which cranial nerve allows chewing of food
Trigeminal
Which cranial nerve is anesthetized during dental work
Trigeminal
Which cranial nerve is the major sensory nerve of the face
Trigeminal
Which nerve is the "great sensory nerve of the face"?
Trigeminal Nerve
Structural categories of neurons include which of the following?
Unipolar, Bipolar, and Multipolar
Which cranial nerve helps to regulate heart activity
Vagus
Which one of the following contains only motor fibers?
Ventral Root
What subdivision of the nervous system regulates contraction oft the muscle tissue in the heart?
Visceral Motor (Autonomic)
What type of sensation is nausea?
Visceral Sensory
Which of the following areas is most likely to store visual memories?
Visual association area
Which portion of the spinal cord, gray or white matter, provides the two-way conduction pathway for signals between the body and the brain?
White Matter
Do Schwann cells cover unmyelinated axons in the PNS?
Yes but axons are not wrapped by concentric layers
In regions where the two layers of the dura mater separate, the gap between them is called
a dural venous sinus
Sensory information of which a person becomes consciously aware is called
a sensation
The epineurium is
a thick, dense irregular connective tissue layer enclosing the nerve.
All parasympathetic division synapses use ________ as a neurotransmitter.
acetylcholine
The first step involved in a typical neural reflex is
activation of a receptor by a stimulus
The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system
all of the above
Which structure contains motor axons only?
anterior root
Coordinating skeletal muscle movements and maintaining equilibrium are two of several important functions of the
cerebellum
The subdivision of the brain that does not initiate somatic motor movements, but rather coordinates and fine-tunes those movements is the
cerebellum.
The substance that fills the subarachnoid space is
cerebrospinal fluid
Branches of which plexuses innervate anterior neck muscles, the skin of the neck, and parts of the head and shoulders?
cervical
The four principal nerve plexuses are the
cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
Effects of stimulation by the parasympathetic division are more ____________ than those of the sympathetic division.
discrete and localized
The tough, protective ____________ extends between adjacent vertebrae to fuse with the connective tissue surrounding the spinal nerves.
dura mater
The spinal cord meninges, in order from the outermost to the innermost, are the
dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
Between the dura mater and the inner walls of the vertebrae is the
epidural space
Proprioceptors include all of the following except
epithelial tactile complexes
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression and several glands, and conducts gustatory impulses from the anterior part of the tongue?
facial
Every spinal nerve receives a ____________ ramus that carries postganglionic axons from a ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.
gray
Which set includes only special senses?
gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition
Which description of the cerebellum is incorrect?
has prominent folds called gyri covering the left and right hemispheres
Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are actually produced by the ____________, which also controls the activities of the anterior pituitary as well as numerous autonomic functions, emotions, drives, and natural rhythms.
hypothalamus
Which of the following is not a function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
increases digestive system motility and activity
Reflexive turning of the head and eyes in the direction of a sound is controlled by the ____________ of the mesencephalon.
inferior colliculi
Movements of fluid within the ____________ result in the sensations of both hearing and equilibrium.
inner ear
Corpus callosum is to commissural as ____________ is to projection tracts
internal capsule
Parasympathetic ganglia located within the wall of a target organ are called
intramural ganglia
If its receptor and effector are on the same side of the body, a reflex arc is termed ____________; if on opposite sides, it is ____________.
ipsilateral; contralateral
Two layers of smooth muscle in the ____________ allow it to control the diameter of the ____________.
iris; pupil
A splanchnic nerve in the sympathetic division of the ANS
is formed by preganglionic axons that travel to prevertebral ganglia.
The large, onion-shaped pressure receptors in deep connective tissues are
lamllar corpuscles
Which thalamic nuclei relay visual information from the optic tract to the visual cortex and mesencephalon?
lateral geniculate nuclei
Which one of the following characterizes the parasympathetic division?
long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons
Which of the following describes a sympathetic postganglionic axon?
long, unmyelinated axon
The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the
longitudinal fissure
Which body regions are innervated by the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?
lower limbs
Which cranial nerves innervate the extrinsic eye muscles?
oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
Cranial nerves with purely sensory functions include which of the following?
olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear
The two openings in the bony wall between the inner and middle ear are the
oval window and round window
The ____________ division's conservation of energy and promotion of sedentary activities, such as digestion, are reflected in its common nickname.
parasympathetic
Which cerebral lobe is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?
parietal lobe
Nerves from the brachial plexuses innervate the
pectoral girdles and upper limbs
Parasympathetic preganglionic axons arising from the spinal cord form
pelvic splanchnic nerves