Human Blood Groups

anti-A and anti-B -appear 2-8 months after birth, at maximum concentration at 10 years. *Antibody-A or Antibody- B (both or none) are found in the blood

(plasma antibodies) antibodies (agglutinins) ? -when do they appear? *Describe Antibodies in the blood

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn *Rh- mother becomes sensitized when Rh+ blood (from a previous pregnancy an Rh+ baby or a Rh+ transfusion) causes her body to synthesis Rh+ antibodies -RhoGAM **it involves pre-birth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth

Rh+ antibodies of a sensitized Rh- mother cross the placenta and attack and destroy the RBCs of an Rh+ baby *Describe what happens to the mother. -what drug can prevent the Rh- mother from becoming sensitized? **what does treatment involve?

* the most reactive and a patient is considered blood type Rh+ if they have D antigen (agglutinogens) on RBCs Yes.

(Rh group) *Rh D is? And a person is considered blood type Rh if? Do Rh frequencies vary among ethnic groups?

agglutination *agglutinated RBCs block small blood vessels, homeless, and release their hemoglobin over the next few hours or days *Hb blocks kidney tubules and causes acute renal failure

(plasma antibodies) each antibody can attack to several foregone antigens on several different RBCs at same time *Responsible for mismatched transfusion reaction?

*Presence or absence of antigens (agglutinogens) on RBCs -blood type A has A antigens -blood type B has B antigens -blood type AB has both A and B -blood type O has neither antigen -most common type O -rarest type=AB

*Your ABO blood type is determined by? -(facts)

-two antigens ( A and B ) on the surface of the RBCs -two antibodies in the plasma (anti-A and anti-b) * various types of antigens and spontaneously preformed antibodies **serious hemolytic reactions

-The ABO blood group consist of? *An individual with ABO blood may have? **agglutinogens and their corresponding antibodies cannot be mixed without?

they form in Rh- individuals exposed to Rh+ blood. *Rh- woman with an Rh+ fetus or transfusion of Rh+ blood (no problems with first pregnancy)

Anti-D agglutinins not normally present: form in?

when serum containing anti-A or anti-B agglutinins is added to blood, agglutination will occur between the agglutinin and the corresponding agglutinogens -positive reactions indicate agglutination

Blood Typing (describe it)

30 *ABO, RH -(M,N, Duffy, Kell, and Lewis) are mainly used for legalities

Humans have ___ varieties of naturally occurring RBCs antigens *The antigens of the ____ and ____ blood groups cause vigorous transfusion reactions when they are improperly transfused. -What are the other bloods groups and what are they mainly used for?

eight, (C, D, E) -Rh+ *Anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in Rh- individuals. *However, if an Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood, anti-Rh antibodies form. *A second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a typical transfusion reaction.

There are how many Rh agglutinogens? Which three are common? -presence of RH agglutinogens on RBCS is indicated as? (Just read and know the next statements)

mismatched blood is infused *diminished oxygen carrying capacity *clumped cells that impede blood flow *ruptured RBCs that release free hemoglobin into the bloodstream -circulating hemoglobin precipitates the kidneys and causes renal failure

Transfusion Reactions occur when? *a donor's cells are attacked by the recipients plasma agglutinins which causes? -what does circulating hemoglobin do?

glycoprotein antigens -unique to individual -recognize as foreign if transfused into another individual -promoters of agglutination and are referred to as agglutinogens *classify blood groups

What do RBCs membranes have on their external surfaces? -What are these antigens? *Presence or absents of these antigens are used to?

-antibody molecule binding to antigens -causes clumping of red blood cells

agglutination

antigens -used to distinguish self from foreign -foreign antigens generate an immune response *agglutination

complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that are unique to the individual -they are used for? *antigens on the surface of the RBC that is the basis for blood typing

antibodies -part of immune response to foreign matter -bind to antigens and mark them for destruction -forms antigen-antibody complexes *agglutinins

proteins (gamma globulins) secreted by plasma cells -they are apart of? -they bind to? -they form? *antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch