Human Growth and Development Unit 7 Review

Occasionally on the news there are stories of people who put their own lives on the line to save someone else. Not only are these people heroes, they are truly selfless in their actions. Their altruistic behaviors are most closely related to

Agreeableness

Vaillant's research showed that at age 50, the best predictors of who would be dead at 75 to 80 years of age were

Alcohol abuse and smoking

According to a recent study, middle-aged adults report more __________ when discussing caring for aging parents than when supporting their emerging adults

Ambivalence

The term used in your textbook to describe middle-aged adults who care for their own adolescent or young adult children as well as their aging parents is the ___________

Ambivalent

The age structure of the population used to be represented by a pyramid and is now represented by a rectangle. This change represents

An increasing number of older adults as compared to children

Which of the following is a consistent finding regarding age identity

As adults become older their age identity is younger than their chronological age

Sleep deprivation in middle-age has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT

Improved cognitive functioning

According to Lachman, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in _____

Midlife

Which of the following is consistent with the position of Margie Lachman and her colleagues regarding the differences in perspectives of younger and middle-agedadults

Most midlife adults feel their sense of control is frequently challenged by outside demands

According to research by Rossi, which of the following were found to have the closest relationships during their adult years

Mothers and daughters

In a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, the primary reason middle-aged and older men cited for wanting a divorce was

No obvious problems; they just fell out of love

Levinson sees the twenties as a _____ phase of adult development.

Novice

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics generally changed the most across time for the adult

Nurturance of hostility

A study of healthy women ages 63 to 93 years old regarding their daily experiences revealed that

Older women reported less frequent negative emotions

A man in his mid-forties is MOST likely to notice

Joint stiffness

Accommodation of the eye experiences its sharpest decline between

40 and 59 years of age

Today the average life expectancy in the United States is

79 years

In a longitudinal study of individuals from their early thirties through their late sixties/early seventies

A significant increase in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood

When women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in

A tend and befriend pattern

The ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina that declines sharply between 40 and 59 years of age

Accommodation of the eye

________ for six months reduced menopausal symptoms in a group of sedentary women

Aerobic training

Questions such as, "To which age group do you belong?" and "How old do you feel?" reflect the concept of ________

Age identity

In Vaillant's longitudinal study, factors at age 50 that were linked with being in the "happy-well" group at age 75 to 80 years of age included all of the following EXCEPT

Being wealthy

Which of the following is the reason for the decrease in height with the advancement in age

Bone loss in the vertebrae

Which of the following is a sign of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood

Brittel fingernails

Which of the following statements about bone and joint functioning is TRUE

By the end of midlife, bones break more easily and heal more slowly

The disease that increases considerably in middle age, that may be accompanied by high blood pressure and high cholesterol

Cardiovascular disease

The level of cholesterol in the blood increases through the adult years and in midlife begins to accumulate on the artery walls, increasing the risk of

Cardiovascular disease

These disorders have increased since infectious disease rates have declined. They are characterized by a slow onset and a long duration, and account for 86 percent of total health spending in the United States

Chronic disorders

The midlife transition in which fertility decline

Climacteric

High blood pressure during middle-age has been linked to _________ in late adulthood

Cognitive impairment

Individuals in middle age are less susceptible to these, and the frequency of accidents also decrease

Colds and allergies

A recent study by Speech, Egloff, and Schukle found that _______ showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood

Conscientiousness

The ________ life-events approach focuses on the ways life events and the circumstances surrounding the events influence development

Contemporary

Accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase in middle age, according to Horn

Crystallized intelligence

The ________ model of personality development states that with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability in personality

Cumulative personality

According to research, grandparents who are raising their grandchildren are at increased risk for developing

Depression

Which of the following has NOT been identified as a way to reduce levels of bad cholesterol in middle-aged Americans

Diets high in protein

Which of the following is MOST typical of the vision-related issues faced by middle-aged persons

Difficulty viewing close objects

The ability to reason abstractly, which steadily declines from middle adulthood on, according to Horn

Fluid intelligence

Which of the following statements about novices and experts is TRUE

Experts process more information automatically than novices

Which of the following places individuals on a continuum from affectionate to reserved

Extraversion

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a

Fight-or-flight manner

Which of the following is NOT one of the main reasons that grandparents are thrust back into the "parenting" role they thought had shed

Filling the "empty nest"

In a recent study by Cox and others, _______ was strongly linked to middle-aged adults' positive social engagement in contexts such as family life and community activities

Generativity

According to George Vaillant's longitudinal studies, _______ in middle-age was more strongly related than _______ to whether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage at 75 to 80 years of age

Generativity; Intimacy

According to George Vaillant's longitudinal studies, _________ in middle-age was more strongly related than _________ to wether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage

Generativity; intimacy

Adult development experts are virtually unanimous in their belief that midlife crises

Have been exaggerated

Effects of middle age causes the first to decrease and the latter to increase

Height; weight

Hearing declines at age 40, with sensitivity to this type of pitch declining first

High pitches

Sensitivity to __________ sounds usually declines first among ________

High-pitched; men

Te results from an 18-year longitudinal study revealed that the longevity between African American and non-Latino white men is linked to

Higher marriage rates for non-Latino white men

The result from an 18-year longitudinal study revealed that the longevity gap between African American and non-Latino white men is linked to

Higher marriage rates for non-Latino white men

According to research on intergenerational relationships, in which of the following ways is an adult child most likely to be similar to his or her parents

In politics

Refers to the speed of processing information, memory, and expertise. All of these are affected in middle age

Information processing

A growing number of experts define the age group of 55 to 65 as this, which is more likely to be characterized by the death of a parent, the last child leaving the parental home, becoming a grandparent, preparing for retirement, and in many cases actual retirement

Late midlife

Refers to the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing. Studies indicate that not engaging in more of these is one of the top six regrets of U.S. adults, that not engaging in their activity in middle age is linked to risk of cognitive impairment in late adulthood, and individuals who do engage in high levels of were less likely to have Alzheimer disease

Leisure

What did Levinson's research conclude about women in midlife transition

Levinson reported that his stages, transitions, of the crisis of middle age hold for women as well as men

Cholesterol can be lowered in all of the following ways EXCEPT

Liposuction

A common complaint voiced by both adult children and their parents when adult children return home is a

Loss of privacy

The condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone

Male hypogonadism

One difference between earlier and current life-events approaches is that the later ones emphasize

Mediating factors

The time in middle age, usually in the late forties or early fifties, when a woman's menstural period ceases completely

Menopause

In sum, this period of life involves balancing work and relationship responsibilities in the midst of physical and psychological changes associated with aging

Middle adulthood

The developmental period that begins at approximately 40 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age

Middle adulthood

________ is the developmental period that has been traditionally defined as beginning at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extending to about 60 to 65 years of age

Middle adulthood

According to the Almeida & Horn study, which of the following is the difference in the experience of stressors between young adults and middle-aged adults?

Middle-aged adults experienced more "overload" stressors

Which of the following places individuals on a continuum from independent to conforming

Openness

Researchers increasingly are finding that ________ is linked to being healthier and living longer

Optimism

The Seattle Longitudinal Study concluded that middle age is a time of

Peak performance for verbal ability

The slowdown in learning new information has been linked to changes in _____, where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.

Working memory

Which of the following BEST explains why middle adulthood comes later and lasts longer now than in the early 1900s

People today have healthier lifestyles than people in the early 1900s

One of the most visible signs of change in middle adulthood, in which skin begins to wrinkle and sag, age spots appear, hair becomes thinner and grayer, and nails develop ridges and become thicker and more brittle

Physical appearance

Park suggested that religion may influence health in all of the following ways EXCEPT

Providing answers to existential questions

Which of the following is a common way to assess speed of information processing

Reaction-time task

Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength

Sarcopenia

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics was generally stable across time for the adult

Self-confidence

In middle age there is an increase in

Sleep-disordered breathing

In terms of visible signs of aging, a study of twins found that sagging facial skin and wrinkles were linked to

Smoking

According to Viktor Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are freedom, responsibility, and

Spirituality

_______ develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation

Stagnation

Can improve sexual functioning, muscle strength, and bone health

Testosterone replacement therapy

Sarcopenia is especially marked in

The back and legs

In a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, divorced adults reported that they had generally stayed in their marriages and postponed their divorces because of

Their children

Beginning in the late forties, these periods are more frequent and there is also less of the deepest type of sleep (stage 4)

Wakeful periods

In personality research aiming to predict future well-being, _______ tends to be more positive years later, and ________ tends to be more negative years later

extraversion; neuroticism