human sexuality exam 3
Discuss the role of socialization on gender identity
While individuals are typically socialized into viewing gender as a masculine-feminine binary, there are individuals who challenge and complicate this notion. These individuals believe that gender is fluid and not a rigid binary. Gender stereotypes can be a result of gender socialization: girls and boys are expected to act in certain ways that are socialized from birth.
Discuss the effects of pornography
-addiction -emotional bond w/ artificial world -sex w/o intimacy -great deception to what sex is
Explain the issues associated with prejudice & discrimination
-everyone to fight together for social & political strategies to eliminate prejudice & discrimination such as: -working for formal antidiscrimination laws -fighting to overturn laws about sexual acts specfically aimed at gays -preventing violent attacks on gays -interact & educate about gay people -establish gay rights for marriage
Understand the coming out process
-gradual step by step process sometimes occurring over years -risky, difficult and yet emotional satisfying in the end, because its better than living a lie of being straight -identity confusion, assumption, acceptance, identity synthesis & commitment
Outline the basic criteria for a paraphilia
-individual feels personal distress about interest behaviors -has psychological distress about it -or injury to another person -involving unwilling or not - consenting partners. must last 6 months
orgins of sexual orientation
-not a choice, inborn characteristic -may be genetic orgins, also depending on balance of hormones in uterine during pregnancy -"exotic becomes erotic" theory combines nature & nuture. inborn tendancies combined w/ early nonsexual play with peers may determine ones sexual orientation
Discuss what men can do to help prevent rape
-rape prevention efforts -shut down victim blaming and rape jokes -teach sons/young boys NOT TO RAPE!!!
Describe what someone should do if they are raped
-report -preserve evidence (dont shower) -obtain medical care -seek emotional support
Identify the types of treatment for paraphilias
-the most difficult behavior problems to treat or cure among adults. because the sexual arousal and orgasm that typically accompany the behaviors are among the most rewarding events a person can experience, and the behavior therefore becomes deeply ingrained. Types of therapy include incorporation therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy, aversion therapy, covert sensitization, orgasmic reconditioning, and medications.
kinsey continuum
0- Exclusively heterosexual with no homosexual 1- Predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally homosexual 2- Predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual 3- Equally heterosexual and homosexual 4- Predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual 5- Predominantly homosexual, only incidentally heterosexual 6- Exclusively homosexual
Describe the significance of Stonewall in the gay and lesbian rights movements
1969 the stonewall riot sparked movement of gay rights movement Patrons of Stonewall Inn, countrys few gay bars at the time rose up & fought violently against police harassment First gay rights movement in the United States
Turner Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder in which a female is born with only one X chromosome. Heart irregularities, non-functional ovaries, short stature, may possess down syndrome features.
Klinefelter Syndrome
A genetic condition in which a male is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome. more rounded body, lack of facial hair, enlarged breasts, smaller testicles, completely infertile, slightly lower IQ
Define paraphilias
A group of disorders involving unusal sexual behaviors.
Discuss the Kinsey continuum
Alfred Kinsey developed a rating scale for measuring degrees of sexual orientation rather than placing it into distinct categories positioned people on the seven-point scale — where a rating of 0 meant that you were "exclusively heterosexual" and a rating of 6 meant that you were "exclusively homosexual" — based on hours of interviews
Explain what is meant by internet porn or "cyberporn"
An estimated 420 million pages of pornography exist on the Internet (often called cyberporn), and 35% of all Internet downloads each month are from pornographic sites. That equals over 1.5 billion downloads. Much of the Internet use for sexually explicit materials is by college students.
Identify what is known about child pornography and the law
Child pornography was decreasing in the 1980s as law enforcement was becoming increasingly effective in arresting and stamping out makers and users. However, today child pornography is growing at an alarming rate on the Internet, and worldwide attempts at controlling it have been minimally effective. The Internet has made all forms of sexually explicit materials easily available to anyone, anywhere.
describe sexual reassignment surgery female-male
In female to male surgery, the breasts, uterus and ovaries are removed (in two separate procedures). A "neophallus" can be constructed using tissue from the forearm or other parts of the body that allows sexual sensation, an expensive procedure. Extending the urethra to allow standing urination has proved to be perhaps the most difficult part of the process, Bowers said.
describe sexual reassignment surgery male-female
In male to female surgery, the testicles and most of the penis are removed and the urethra is cut shorter. Some of the skin is used to fashion a largely functional vagina. A "neoclitoris" that allows sensation can be created from parts of the penis. Men retain their prostates.
Explain the legal issues, including the difference between legalization and decriminalization
In simple terms, the result of legalization of prostitution would be similar to the current system of brothels in Nevada, where prostitution is limited and controlled by the state and violation of state limits and controls, such as health, safety, and financial statutes, may be criminal offenses. Decriminalization of prostitution would remove all criminal laws relating to prostitution and equate the sex trade with any other commerce that a person chooses to pursue, as long as it adheres to the same laws governing all legal business practices.
Discuss the laws related to sexual orientation
No federal law identifies sexual orientation as a characteristic of a protected class of individuals in cases of discrimination. Twenty-four states omit sexual orientation from antidiscrimination laws. Conversely, approximately half of all states have added sexual orientation as a protected class in at least some of their discrimination laws. Sodomy laws have existed in all states in the past. However, the 2003 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Lawrence v. Texas made all such laws unconstitutional.
What is meant by rape?
Rape is defined by the U.S. Department of Justice as "The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." Other nonconsensual sexual acts are often referred to as sexual assault.
Evaluate common myths associated with rape
Rape myths typically blame the victim and remove responsibility for the crime from the perpetrator. Two common examples are: "If she didn't want it, how come she dressed like that?" and "Women secretly want to be raped."
Discuss male rape
Rapes of men by men and rapes of men by women, though rare, do occur. Studies have found that approximately 22% of women and 2% of men have been victims of a forced sexual act. -may be higher but men feel more guilt and shame admitting it.
Describe the connection between prostitution and STIs
Rates of STIs are high among sex trade workers, owing to the same risk factors faced by the general population: multiple sex partners, unprotected sex, and drug abuse. Rates of STIs among male prostitutes and transgender female prostitutes are particularly high.
Benefits of decriminalization/leaglization
Reduce or eliminate the rampant victimization of prostitutes by pimps, johns, and the other criminal elements now associated with prostitution. Help control STIs Remove many prostitutes from street work and allow them to work in a safe, controlled environment. Redirect more of our limited law enforcement resources into fighting other, more serious crimes. Eliminate the profit motive in human trafficking Eradicate a significant source of income for criminal networks. Allow governments to receive tax benefits from the regulation of sex trade businesses.
Discuss the development of biological sex
Refers to the objectively measurable organs, hormones, and chromosomes. Female = vagina, ovaries XX chromosomes Male = penis, testes, XY chromosomes Intersex = combination of the two
Discuss society's criteria for judging paraphilias
Societies tend to gauge the degree of abnormality of a paraphilia using various criteria, including the legality of the act; whether or not the act victimizes others; how harmful the act is to the person performing it and to others; and whether the person engaging in the act is able to maintain normal, intimate relationships with others.
Discuss who becomes a prostitute
Some women enter the profession of prostitution by choice, but most are forced into it through international human trafficking, drug abuse and addiction, or coercion by pimps. . The profile of clients of prostitutes ("johns" or "tricks") does not differ significantly from males in general. The most common activity requested by clients is oral sex. The debate over the legalization or decriminalization of prostitution in the United States is often a heated one, but states show few signs of changing the legal status of prostitution.
Discuss why rape is underreported
Some women who are victims of rape, in an attempt to put the trauma behind them, resist reporting the crime and having tests to collect evidence to arrest and convict their attackers. Unfortunately, the underreporting of rape is widespread and leaves rapists free to prey on more victims.
Describe the research findings on the effects of pornography on violence
Studies show little effect of nonviolent pornography on men's attitudes toward women, but violent pornography may increase men's callousness toward women. Violent and degrading pornography has also been shown to increase men's self-reported likelihood of rape, but this has not been demonstrated to translate into actual rape behavior. the violence may be more important than the sexual content in the effects of violent pornography on men's attitudes toward women.
Summarize what is known about the connection between prostitution and drug use
Studies show that most girls enter prostitution to pay for their addiction to crack or injectable drugs. Prostitutes' age at first intercourse, whether voluntary or not, is significantly younger than that of nonprostitutes or they begin using once prostituting
Describe the effectiveness of treatment of paraphilias
Success rates for treatment are generally poor, with high rates of repeat arrests of paraphilic sexual offenders.
Describe the physical, psychological and emotional toll of rape
Survivors of rape may experience -shock over what happened to them; -continuing fear of their attacker; -terror over the idea of another attack; -anxiety or depression over their loss of personal control over their own body; -rage at the perpetrator or themselves that this could have happened; -and embarrassment, guilt, and shame stemming from (their false) perception that the rape was somehow their fault
Explain why nearly all paraphilias occur in men
The one possible exception is sexual masochism (sexual gratification from receiving pain), which is found in both men and women. The greater prevalence of paraphilias in men may be due to the fact that in most Western cultures, males are given greater "permission" to be sexual in their thinking, language, and behaviors and therefore have a greater opportunity to experiment with unusual sexual activities.
Describe the characteristics of clients of prostitutes
The profile of clients of prostitutes ("johns" or "tricks") does not differ significantly from males in general. In fact, most johns are employed, middle- to upper-class, educated, heterosexual, married males.
Discuss the alcohol-rape connection
The vast majority of rapes on college campuses occur in an atmosphere of heavy use of alcohol by the victim and usually by the perpetrator as well. A diabolical trend on the dating scene is rapists who slip date rape drugs into women's drinks, rendering them unconscious and unable to resist or even remember the sexual assault that follows.
Explain the possible effect of hormones on gender development
Women have predetermined characteristics like being: more caring, protective and loyal than men. Men have predetermined characteristics like being: more aggressive, competitive and dominant than women. The fundamental cause of our gender differences is our genetic makeup, more specifically, the DNA found in our two 23rd chromosomes - the chromosomes that dictate which sex we are.
Explain what is meant by "date rape drugs"
a drug that causes temporary loss of memory or inhibition, surreptitiously given to someone in order to facilitate rape or sexual abuse.
Discuss what is meant by "intersexed"
a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male. appearing to be female on the outside, but having mostly male-typical anatomy on the inside. Or a person may be born with genitals that seem to be in-between the usual male and female types--for example, a girl may be born with a noticeably large clitoris, or lacking a vaginal opening, or a boy may be born with a notably small penis, or with a scrotum that is divided so that it has formed more like labia
define sexual orientation
a person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
Explain the clinical criteria for paraphilias
a sexual behavior may be diagnosed as a paraphilic disorder if the person has experienced: recurring, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors related to the paraphilia for a period of at least six months and the person has acted on those urges and the urges have caused marked distress or interpersonal difficulties.
Discuss gender differences in agression, intuition, communication, sexual urges and desire.
agression: men are more agressive in physical & verbal aspects females more agressive in social rejection & malicious gossip women have better intuition males have higher sexual desire & interest, although they do overlap significantly communication patterns & goals are different for men & women
Define pornography
as the presentation of sexual behavior in books, pictures, films, or other media solely to cause sexual excitement.
How gender stereotypes develop
begin in early childhood
Discuss the development of gender identity
biological & environmental factors children develop their gender identity through observing and imitating the gender-linked behaviors of others and then being rewarded or punished depending on what they imitate. also transmitted through society According to proponents of queer theory, gender identity is not a rigid or static identity but can continue to evolve and change over time.
describe the dangers, pitfalls and joys of coming out
danger that your loved one wont accept you for who you are joyful because they can live a happier and healthier life once out
Define homophobia & discuss the relationship between homophobia & hate crimes
dislike of or prejudice against homosexual people. Violence against nonheterosexuals is the second most common hate crime in the United States. Only violence based on race is more common. Gay bashing may be a defense mechanism against the bashers' own homosexual desires. Research indicates that men who deeply fear their own gay tendencies may be the most likely to commit violent acts against gay men to "prove" that they are straight.
Differentiate pornography, erotica, and obscenity
erotica: sexually explicit works expressing physical desire, passion, and attraction among people who freely choose to engage in sexual activities together. Erotica typically goes beyond "raw sex" and includes psychological and emotional factors as well. Erotica is seen as sexual sharing, whereas pornography is interpreted as sexual using. obscenity: the state or quality of being obscene; obscene behavior, language, or images.
define sexual harassment
harassment (typically of a woman) in a workplace, or other professional or social situation, involving the making of unwanted sexual advances or obscene remarks.
Explain what is meant by "rape trauma syndrome"
is the psychological trauma experienced by a rape victim that includes disruptions to normal physical, emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal behavior. similar to PTSD
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
is when a person who is genetically male is resistant to male hormones (called androgens). As a result, the person has some or all of the physical traits of a woman, but the genetic makeup of a man.
Discuss the types of rape: stranger, acquaintance, date and partner
most common in intimate partners and aquaintances. following strangers and then family members. Most rapists are known to their assailants. By far the most common types of rapes (approximately 70%) occur between a perpetrator and victim who know each other through dating, friendship, or an intimate relationship.
Explain transgenderism
person who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person's sex at birth.
Describe what is known about perpetrators of child sexual assault
relatives of the child or someone the child knows
Describe what is known about the quality of same sex marriages
same sex couples tend to experience less hostility and are generally more upbeat and happier than straight couples
define the difference between sex, gender, and gender identity
sex- biologically if you were born male or female. gender- 100% social construct, society tells us male/female because of gender roles gender identity- how you, in your head think about yourself. The chemistry that composes you and how you interpret that (woman, genderqueer, man)
describe the non-coercive paraphilias: sexual masochism, fetishism, transvestic fetishism, and autoerotic asphyxia
sexual masochism: sexually aroused by being bound, beaten, or otherwise made to suffer physical pain or humiliation fetishism: gratification is linked to an abnormal degree to a particular object, activity, part of the body. rubber, baby, feet transvestic fetishism: sexual arousal by crossdressing autoerotic asphyxia: choking
Describe the effects of child sexual abuse on victims
tend to be long-lasting and include emotional distress, psychological disorders, future relationship problems, and numerous medical conditions.
Explain the various types of male and female prostitution
the most common of which are referred to as streetwalkers brothel workers: sex workers that do service at a brothel call girls: A call girl is a person who works as a prostitute but not in a brothel or on the street.. Male prostitutes' customers are typically other men. When males are hired by women, the men tend to function more as escorts, and their interaction may or may not include sex.
define prostitution
the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.
Explain the prevalence of sexual abuse
the truth about child sexual abuse is distorted due to underreporting and variations in definitions. in 2012, the total number of reported cases of child abuse and neglect was nearly 680,000. Of those, 63,000, or 9.3% were instances of sexual abuse This percentage was borne out in a large national survey of adults which found 10.4% reporting sexual abuse as children 25% were men and 75% were women. However, another survey of 17-year-olds found self-reports of past sexual abuse of 11% for girls, but 2% for boys
Describe coercive paraphilias: voyeurism, exhibitionism, frotteurism, sexual sadism, & pedophilia
voyeurism: peeping tom, sexual gratification from watching people undress, having sex, etc exhibitionism: sexually aroused by flashing genitalia at unsuspecting people frotteurism: sexual arousal by rubbing up against another person. on bus, train, concert, etc sexual sadism: sexual arousal from inflicting pain on someone else pedophilia: recurrent & powerful sexual urges & fantasies or behaviors involving sexual activity w/ pre-pubescent children. has to be at least 16 yrs of age w/ a 5 yr age difference